chapter 12. section 1 * western economic pressure forces china to open foreign trade & influence...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 12
*TransformationsAround the Globe
Section 1
*China Resists Outside Influence
*China & the West*Western economic pressure forces China to open foreign trade & influence
*1793, China rejects gifts brought by British ambassador
*China is strong politically because it is largely self-sufficient
*Agriculture, mining, manufacturing is highly productive
*China earns more from exports than it spends on imports
*British smuggle opium; many Chinese become addicted
*War Breaks Out*1839, Opium War erupts – fight caused by opium trade
*China loses the war to more modern British navy
*Treaty of Nanjing (1842) gives British control of Hong Kong
*1844, other nations win extraterritorial rights
*Rights mean foreigners exempt from Chinese laws at ports
*The Taiping Rebellion*Late 1830’s, Hong Xiuquan recruits followers to build new China
*1850’s, Hong’s army grows large, captures large areas in southeast
*1864, rebellion defeated by internal fighting & outside attacks by British & French
*At least 20 million people died in the rebellion
*Foreign Influence Grows
* 1862-1908, Dowager Empress Cixi rules China *Reforms in education, government, & military
*Prefers traditional way of life
* China suffers attacks from other nations & forced to grant more rights to other countries
* Europeans & Japan gain spheres of influence *Foreign nations controlled trade & investment
* U.S. declares Open Door Policy (1899)*Chinese trade open to all nations
*The Boxer Rebellion* Anti-government, anti-European peasants form secret organization – Society of Righteous & Harmonious Fists
*Known as “The Boxers”
*1900, they launch the Boxer Rebellion – their campaign for reforms
*Rebels take Beijing, but foreign army defeats them, ending the rebellion
*Rebellion fails, but Chinese nationalism emerges
Section 2
*Modernization in Japan
*Japan Ends Its Isolation* Treaty of Kanagwa – Japan opens two ports to American ships
* By 1860, Japan has trade agreements with many nations
* Meiji Era – time of reform by emperor, Mutsuhito
*Makes reforms & modernizing using Western models
*By early 1900, Japan had industrialized & is competitive with the West
*Imperial Japan *By 1890, has strong navy & large army
*In 1894, Japan gets Western nations to give up special rights
*Japan forces Korea to open 3 ports to trade with
* *Japan & China agree not to send troops to Korea
*China sends troops to put down rebellion in Korea
*Japan drives Chinese out of Korea & gains Chinese territory
*Russo-Japanese War
* 1903, Japan & Russia begin struggle over Manchuria
* Japan attacks Russia in 1904
* 1905, the Treaty of Portsmouth ends the war; Japan gained captured territories
*Treaty drafted by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt
*Signed off the coast of New Hampshire on a ship
*Japan Occupies Korea
* Japan makes Korea a protectorate
*1910, Japan completes the annexation of Korea
*Japan rules harshly in Korea which leads to Korean nationalism
Section 3
*U.S. EconomicImperialism
*Latin America After Independence* Economic system kept peasants in debt &
landowners grew wealthy
*Caudillos – military dictators – gain & hold power backed by the military
*Ruled in most of Latin American countries
*Reformers sometimes gain office, but eventually forced out
*Wealthy landowners support caudillos; poor have few rights
*Latin American Economies
* Depend on exporting 1 or 2 products
* Trains & refrigeration increase demand for L. Am. food
* L. Am. Imports manufactured goods
* Build few schools, roads, & hospitals
*Gov’t forced to borrow money from other countries
* Loans not repaid, property repossessed; foreign control increases
*The Monroe Doctrine
* Newly independent countries of Americas are insecure
*1823, Pres. James Monroe issues the Monroe Doctrine
*Europe cannot colonize anything in North or South America
*Cuba Declares Independence
* 1895, Jose Marti, Cuban writer, launches war for Cuban independence
*U.S. fights to help Cuba in 1898, leading to the Spanish-American War
*1901, Cuba nominally independent; US has significant control
*After war, Spain gives the U.S. – Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines
*Connecting the Oceans* U.S. wants faster way from going east to west by ship
*Pres. T. Roosevelt backs idea of building canal across Panama
*Colombia rejects Roosevelt’s $10 million canal offer
*1903, Panama gains independence from Colombia with the help of the U.S.
*In return, Panama gives land to U.S. to build canal & the canal opens in 1914
*The Roosevelt Corollary*U.S. gains influence in L. America
*Many U.S. business investments in Cuba & in other nations
*1904, T. Roosevelt issues update of the Monroe Doctrine
*The Roosevelt Corollary – U.S. can be the police power in North & South America
*U.S. uses the corollary to justify repeated military interventions
Section 4
* Turmoil & Change in Mexico
* Santa Anna & Mexican War* Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana dominates politics
in Mexico
*President four times from 1833-1855
* 1820’s Mexican officials encourage Americans to settle in TX*“Anglos” settle in TX & want more self-government
*Cause problems with Mexico
* 1835, Texans revolt & win independence
*Santa Anna looses power
* 1845, US annexes Texas; Mexico outraged
* 1846, war breaks out between US & Mexico
* Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends war
*Northern 3rd of Mexico to US
*Santa Anna, who had lost war, looses power again
* French Invade Mexico* Conservatives plot with Europeans to defeat Benito Juarez
*Liberal reformer who wanted to make changes
*1862, French sent army to Mexico & take control of country
*Put Austrian Archduke Maximilian as emperor
*Fighting continues for 5 years & Maximilian is defeated
*Juarez president again until death in 1872
* Diaz & “Order & Progress”
* Porfirio Diaz takes power in 1876
*Builds power & suppresses opponents
*Trades land for political support = elections meaningless
*Brings order to Mexico, but freedom is reduced
*Rich stay wealthy & poor suffer
*Unrest over harsh rule grows throughout Mexico
* Reformer Francisco Madero calls for armed revolt against Diaz
*“Pancho Villa” – leader from north
* Emiliano Zapata – leader from south
*Both Villa & Zapata have significant victories over Diaz’s army
*Diaz forced to step down – new elections in 1911
* Revolution & Civil War* 1911 – Madero elected President – unrest continues
* 1913, Madero resigns & General Victoriano Huerta takes over
* Rebels start fight that last 15 months & Carranza becomes President
* Civil War ends in 1919 with Zapata’s death
*Mexico gets new constitution which provides land reform, education, & worker’s rights