Chapter 12 Chapter 12 POLITICS OF THE POLITICS OF THE

ROARING TWENTIESROARING TWENTIES&&

Chapter 13Chapter 13THE ROARING LIFE OF THE ROARING LIFE OF

THE 1920’STHE 1920’S

World War I left much of the American public divided. The end ofthe war hurt the economy. Returning soldiers took jobs away from many women and minorities, or faced unemployment themselves. A wave of nativism and isolationism swept over Ameria as people became suspicious of foreigners and wantedto pull away from world affairs.

Favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born

people.

Ans--Nativism

Opposition to political and economic entanglements with other

countries.

Ans--Isolationism

Americans saw communism as a threat to their wayof life. Communism is an economic and politicalsystem that supports government control overproperty to create equality. Communists came to power in Russia through violent revolution. Communist leaders wanted workers to seize political and economic power. They wanted to overthrow capitalism. In the United States, about 70,000 peoplejoined the Communist Party. Still, the ideas of thecommunists, or “Reds,” frightened many people. Afear of communism, known as the “Red Scare,”swept the nation. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer set up an agency in the Justice Department to arrest communists, socialists, and anarchists, who opposed all forms of government. (The agency later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI.)

Concern that the communist party in the Us might lead to

violent, radical change.

Ans—Red Scare

People who proposed an economic and political system

based on one-party government and state ownership of property.

Ans--Communists

A person who opposes all forms of government.

Ans--Anarchist

Palmer’s agents trampled on people’s civil rights. Many suffered because of abuses of power during the Red Scare. One case involved two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti. Sacco and Vanzettiwere arrested for robbery and murder inMassachusetts. They admitted they were anarchists. But they denied committing any crime. The case against them was weak. But they were convicted anyway. Sacco and Vanzetti were executed in 1927.

Two Italian immigrants executed for armed robbery.

Ans—Sacco & Vanzetti

As a result of nativism, or anti-immigrant feelings, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act of 1921. It established a quota system. This set a limit on how many immigrants from each country could enter the United States every year. Also, the 1920s was a bad time for unions. Union membership declined from 5 million to 3.5 million for the following reasons:(1) immigrants were willing to work in poorconditions, (2) language barriers made organizingpeople difficult; (3) farmers who had migrated tocities were used to relying on themselves, and (4) most unions excluded African Americans.

In 1921, President Warren G. Harding invited several majorworld powers to the Washington Naval Conference. For the first time, nations agreed to disarm or reduce their weapons. Americans wanted to stay out of world affairs. But the United States still wanted France and Britain to repay the money they had borrowed during World War I. Those two nations had suffered during the war. Their economies were too weak for them to repay the loans. To make matters worse, Congress passed the Fordney-McCumber Tariff in 1922. This tariff protected American business from foreign competition. But the tariff made it impossible for Britain and France to sell their goods in the United States. As a result, France and Britain put pressure on Germany to pay its promised reparations. ButGermany’s economy had been destroyed. To avoid another war, American banker Charles Dawes negotiated a settlement to end the loan crisis. Under the Dawes Plan, as the solution was called, the U.S. loaned money to Germany to pay back Britain and France which then repaid their American loan.Thus, the U.S. ended up getting paid with its own money.

Some of Harding’s cabinet appointments were excellent. Other cabinet appointments caused problems. Some were part of the so-called Ohio gang. These were the president’s poker-playing buddies from back home. They caused the president a great deal of embarrassment. It became apparent to some that the president’s main problem was that he didn’t understand many of the country’s financial issues. This left him in the dark about practices going on in his own cabinet. He had to comply with whatever his advisers told him. Many of these people tookadvantage of the situation. One of the worst cases of corruption was known as the Teapot Dome scandal. It involvedpieces of land called Teapot Dome and Elk Hills. This land was owned by the government and held large reserves of oil. Albert B. Fall, Harding’s secretary of the interior, secretly leased the land to two oil companies. He received money and property inreturn. Harding was not charged with corruption himself. He suddenly died in 1923,of a heart attack and Calvin Coolidge became president.

President who wanted to “return to normalcy”. Friends in corrupt

cabinet drove this president to a heart attack.

Ans—Warren G. Harding

Secretary of Interior Albert Fall’s secret leasing of oil-rich public

land to private companies in return for money and land.

Ans—Teapot Dome Scandal

The new president, Calvin Coolidge said, “Thechief business of the American people is business.” Both Coolidge and his Republican successor, Herbert Hoover, favored government policies that promoted business and limited government interference. The automobile changed the American landscape. New roads were built, and new businesses sprang up such as gas stations, motels, and shopping centers. Automobiles ended the isolation of rural families and gave young people and women more independence. Cars also made it possible for people to live farther from their jobs. This led to urban sprawl, as cities spread out in all directions.

Favored conservative business interests. “The business of

America is business”.

Ans—Calvin Coolidge

The unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of

cities in rundown inner-city neighborhoods.

Ans—Urban Sprawl

Another major change was the spread of electricity. In the 1920s, electric power stretched beyond big cities to the suburbs. Americans began to use all kinds of electrical appliances. Radios, washing machines, and vacuum cleaners became popular. These appliances made housework easier. One result was more leisure time for families. Another effect was to increase the number of women working outside the home.

More consumer goods appeared on the market. Businesses used advertising to sell these goods. Adsdidn’t just give information about the product. Now, they used psychology. They tried to use people’s desire for youth, beauty, and popularity to sellproducts. Things that once were luxuries became necessities.

Most Americans had confidence in the prosperity of the 1920s. The national income rose from $64billion in 1921 to $87 billion in 1929. The stock marketreached new heights. However, business was not as healthy as it seemed. As workers produced more goods, businesses grew. But as businesses grew, business managers made much more money than workers did. Also, consumer debt rose to high levels.Businesses needed to sell all the goods they werenow producing. So they encouraged customers tobuy on the installment plan. Customers could make low payments over a period of time. That way people could afford to buy more. Banks provided money at low interest rates. Advertising also pushed the idea of buying on credit. Average Americans were spending more money than they actually had.

The 1920 census showed a change in America. For the first time, more Americans lived in large towns and cities than in small towns and on farms. The values that most Americans had grown up with were small-town values. They included conservative social standards, hard work, thriftiness, and close families. People knew their neighbors and followed the teachings of their churches. By the 1920s, urbanization, or the movement of Americans from rural areas to the cities, had increased. One clash between small-town and city values led to an era known as Prohibition. Prohibition was the ban on alcoholic beverages set forth in the Eighteenth Amendment. It took effect in 1920.

Most support for prohibition came from religious rural white Protestants. In cities, even respectable middle-class people flocked to speakeasies. These were hidden saloons and nightclubs that served liquor illegally. People also bought liquor from bootleggers, or smugglers who brought it in from Canada and the Caribbean. Bootleggers created a chain of corruption by bribing police officers and judges. Prohibition caused a general disrespect for the law. It also caused a great deal of money to flow out of lawful businesses and into organized crime. Underworld gangs took control of the illegal liquor business. The most famous gang was headed by Chicago’s Al Capone. Chicago became known for bloody gang killings. This rise in crime and violence led many people to demand the repeal of prohibition. Prohibition was repealed by the Twenty first Amendment in 1933.

The banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic

beverages.

Ans--Prohibition

During the 1920s, the nation saw the rise of Christian fundamentalism. This religious movement was based on the belief that everythingwritten in the Bible was literally true. Fundamentalists rejected the growing trust in science that most Americans had. They were also against the religious faiths of other people, especially immigrants.

A protestant religious movement grounded in the belief that all the stories and details in the Bible are

literally true.

Ans--Fundamentalism

These beliefs led fundamentalists to reject Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Fundamentalists believed that the Bible was correct in stating that the world and all its plants and animals were created by God in six days. They did not want evolution taught in schools. In 1925, Tennessee passed a law making it a crime to teach evolution. John Scopes, a young biology teacher from challenged the law. He openly taught about evolution. He was arrested, and his case went to trial. The ACLU hired Clarence Darrow, the most famous trial lawyer in the nation, to defend Scopes. William Jennings Bryan was the prosecutor. Scopes was guilty because he broke the law. But the trial was really about evolution and about religion in schools. Reporters came from all over the world to cover the Scopes trial (Monkey Trial). The highlight of the trial was when Bryan took the stand. Darrow questioned Bryan until Bryan said that while the earth was made in six days, they were “not six days of 24 hours.” Bryan was admitting that the Bible could be interpreted in different ways. Even so, Scopes was found guilty. His conviction was later overturned by the state Supreme Court. But the ban on teaching evolution remained a law in Tennessee.

Most famous US trial lawyer. Know for his defense of John Scopes in the “Monkey Trial”.

Ans—Clarence Darrow

Court case in which the biology teacher John T. Scopes was tried for

challenging a Tennessee law that outlawed the teaching of evolution.

Ans—Scopes Trial

Young women also wanted to take part in therebellious, pleasure-loving life of the twenties. Manyof them demanded the same freedom as men. The new urban culture also influenced many women. Their symbol was the flapper. She was an emancipated young woman. She held new independent attitudes and liked the sophisticated new fashions of the day.She wore make-up, short skirts, short hair, and more jewelry than would have been proper only a few years before. She often smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol in public. She went dancing to new, exciting music. In the twenties, patterns of discrimination against women in the business world continued. Most women remained homemakers. Some women had to work and also run their homes. It was hard for them to combinethese roles.

America was becoming more prosperous. Business and industry required a more educated work force.These two factors caused a huge increase in the number of students going to high school. The nation’sschools were successful in teaching large numbers of Americans and immigrants to read. As a result of increased literacy, more peopleread newspapers than before.

Charles A. Lindbergh thrilled the nation by becoming the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Lindbergh took off from New York City in his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis. After 33 hours, Lindbergh landed outside of Paris, France. On his return to the United States, Lindbergh became the idol of America. In an age of sensationalism and excess, Lindbergh stood for the honesty and bravery the nation seemed to have lost.

Flew the Spirit of St. Louis solo, nonstop across the

Atlantic Ocean.

Ans—Charles Lindbergh

Between 1910 and 1920, hundreds of thousands ofAfrican Americans had moved from the South to the big cities of the North. This was called the Great Migration. It was a response to racial violence and economic discrimination against blacks in the South. By 1929, 40 percent of African Americans lived in cities. The National Association for the Advancementof Colored People (NAACP) worked to end violenceagainst African Americans. W. E. B. Du Bois led a peaceful protest against racial violence. Marcus Garvey voiced a message of black pride that appealed to many African Americans. Garvey thought that African Americans should build a separate society. Garvey promoted black-owned businesses. He also urged African Americans to return to Africa to set up an independent nation.

In the 1920s, many African Americans moved to Harlem, a section of New York City. This neighborhood was also the birthplace of the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a literary movement led by well-educated middleclass blacks. They took pride in their African heritage. They wrote about the problems of being black in a white culture. Jazz became more popular in the twenties. Musicians from New Orleans traveled North, and they brought jazz with them. The most important and influential jazz musician was Louis Armstrong. Many whites came to Harlem to hear jazz in night clubs. Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington led an orchestra there. He was a jazz pianist and one of the nation’s greatest composers.

A flowering of African-American artistic creativity during the 1920’s, centered in this community of New

York City.

Ans—Harlem Renaissance.

The Roaring Life of the 1920’s

Visual Reflection

The “Roaring Twenties” "Old" Culture "New" Culture

Emphasized Production Emphasized Consumption

Character Personality

Scarcity Abundunce

Religion Science

Idealized the Past Looked to the Future

Local Culture Mass Culture

Substance Image

The above graph indicates in a general sense what historians mean when they refer to the "old" and the "new" cultures of the 1920s. This list is not meant to be definitive. Source: Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984).

1. What is the message of these propaganda posters?

2. What product are these posters blaming as the enemy of the U.S.?

3. What action do you see in pictures? What are they searching for?

4. What prior knowledge do you have of this man below?

5. What could they be celebrating?

6. How do we see women of the 20’s shedding the old image for women?

7. How do we see women of the 20’sin the workplace?

8. What message is the artist sending in these political cartoons?

9. What role did the KKK have in the 1920s?

10. We see the voice of African Americans through what below?