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Chapter 12:Personality

PSY 100PSY 100Rick Grieve, Ph.D.Rick Grieve, Ph.D.Western Kentucky Western Kentucky

UniversityUniversity

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Definition of PersonalityDefinition of Personality

Personality: Personality: a characteristic pattern of a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behavior that persists thinking, feeling, and behavior that persists across time and situations.across time and situations.

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Freud and PersonalityFreud and Personality

psychoanalysispsychodynamic theoryJean Martin Charcot

hysterical symptoms caused by psychological traumaFreud impressed with Charcot's work

sparked an even greater interest in problems of the mind.

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Freud and Personality

Josef BreuerStudies on HysteriaAnna Ocatharsis

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Freud's theory of personalityFreud's theory of personality

Crucial Assumptions:Crucial Assumptions:Childhood experiences determine adult Childhood experiences determine adult personalitypersonalityUnconscious mental processes influence every day Unconscious mental processes influence every day behaviorbehaviorUnconscious conflict underlies abnormal behavior Unconscious conflict underlies abnormal behavior

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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

Structure of consciousnessStructure of consciousnessConsciousConscious

PreconsciousPreconscious

UnconsciousUnconscious

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Freud's theory of personalityFreud's theory of personalityStructure of PersonalityStructure of Personality

IdIdlibido libido pleasure principle pleasure principle immediate gratification immediate gratification

SuperegoSuperegoconscienceconscienceegoego--idealideal

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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

EgoEgoreality principlereality principledefense mechanismsdefense mechanisms

Compromise formationCompromise formation

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Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality

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Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms

RepressionRationalizationRegressionDenialSublimationIsolationProjectionDisplacementReaction formation

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Psychosexual developmentPsychosexual development

5 Psychosexual StagesOral Stage Anal Stage Phallic Stage

Oedipal ComplexElectra Complex

Latency Genital Stage

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Followers of PsychoanalysisFollowers of Psychoanalysis

Neo-Freudians

Alfred Adlerstriving for superiorityfeelings of inferiorityinferiority complex

Karen HorneyNo “anatomy is destiny”Womb envybasic anxietybasic hostility

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Followers of PsychoanalysisFollowers of Psychoanalysis

Carl Jungpersonapersonal unconsciouscollective unconsciousarchetypes

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Trait Theories of PersonalityTrait Theories of Personality

Trait: Trait: a predisposition to respond to situations in a a predisposition to respond to situations in a consistent wayconsistent way..Trait theories rest on two assumptions .Trait theories rest on two assumptions .

most traits exist in all people to some degree most traits exist in all people to some degree they assume that we can measure the degree to which a they assume that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person. trait exists in a person.

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Trait theoristsTrait theorists

Gordon Allportcardinal traitcentral traitsecondary traitcommon traitsindividual traits

Hans Eysenckextraverts introverts emotional stability and instability psychoticism

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Trait TheoristsTrait Theorists

The Big Five Personality Traitsemotional stability extraversion openness agreeableness conscientiousness

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The PersonThe Person--Situation DebateSituation Debate

What really determines how a person acts?Is it stable, internal characteristics or is it the situation in which he finds himself?Stable internal traits Demand characteristics

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Behavioral Theories of PersonalityBehavioral Theories of Personality

Dollard and MillerSkinner

operant conditioning (contingency management)

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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach

Includes a thinking person.Includes a thinking person.

Proposes that people have a subjective role in learningProposes that people have a subjective role in learning

2 step process2 step process1)1) Perceive the situation based on memories and expectationsPerceive the situation based on memories and expectations2)2) Actively alter the situation or environment to suit usActively alter the situation or environment to suit us

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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach

Albert Albert BanduraBandura

reciprocal determinism reciprocal determinism

selfself--efficacy efficacy

observational learning (modeling) observational learning (modeling)

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Social Cognitive TheorySocial Cognitive Theory

BBehavior

P/CPerson and

cognitive factors

EEnvironment

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Social Cognitive ApproachSocial Cognitive Approach

Walter Walter Mischel Mischel

competencies competencies

encodings encodings

expectancies expectancies

plans plans

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Humanistic Perspectives on PersonalityHumanistic Perspectives on Personality

Humanistic psychology stresses our potential as human beings for growth, creativity, and spontaneity.self-concept

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Rogers’ Approach

Conditional positive regardLove and praise being withheld unless he individual conforms to parental or social standards

Unconditional positive regardAccepting, valuing, and being positive toward another person regardless of the person’s behavior

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Rogers’ Approach

Self-conceptIndividuals’ overall perceptions of their abilities, behavior, and personality

EmpathyBeing a sensitive listener and understanding another’s true feelings

GenuinenessBeing open with our feelings and dropping our pretenses and facades

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Maslow’s Approach

Abraham Maslowactualization self-actualized a hierarchy of needs

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Maslow’s Approach

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Personality Assessment

Projective TestPresents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and then asks them to describe it or tell a story about it

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The Rorschach Inkblot Test

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Thematic Apperception Test

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Incomplete Sentences

My mother ___________________I feel best when _______________Men ________________________I was embarrassed when ________

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Self-Report Tests

Self-report testsDirectly ask people whether items describe their personality traits or notEmpirically derived

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MMPI

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely used and researched self-report personality test550 true/false items, such as:

I like to read magazinesI never have trouble falling asleepPeople are out to get me

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MMPI

1) Hysteria2) Depression3) Hypochondriasis4) Psychopathic Deviate5) Masculine/Feminine

6) Psychastenia7) Schizophrenia8) Paranoia9) Mania10) Social Introversion

MMPI Clinical ScalesMMPI Clinical Scales

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Other Self-Report Measures

NEO-PI16 Personality FactorBDI

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References

Lefton, L. A. (1994). Psychology (5th Edition). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Nairne, J. S. (1995). Psychology: The adaptive mind. Albany, NY: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Nairne, J. S. (1999). Psychology: The adaptive mind (2nd Ed.). Albany, NY: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

Santrock, J. W. (2002). Psychology (6th Edition). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.