CHAPTER 12CHAPTER 12

FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE FOREIGN AFFAIRS IN THE YOUNG NATIONYOUNG NATION

Great SealGreat Seal

►Unfinished pyramid signifies strength Unfinished pyramid signifies strength and enduranceand endurance

Great SealGreat Seal

►Eagle is a symbol of national power.Eagle is a symbol of national power.►One talon has the One talon has the

arrows of war.arrows of war.►One talon has an One talon has an

olive branch of peace.olive branch of peace.

12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy

• New nation surrounded by unfriendly powersNew nation surrounded by unfriendly powers• Britain controlled Canada and refused to Britain controlled Canada and refused to

abandon forts in the Ohio Valleyabandon forts in the Ohio Valley• Spain controlled Florida and LouisianaSpain controlled Florida and Louisiana• Events in Europe were threatening the nationEvents in Europe were threatening the nation• Washington announced a policy of neutralityWashington announced a policy of neutrality• US would do nothing to aid either France or US would do nothing to aid either France or

BritainBritain

12.3 Dilemma 1: What Should President Adams 12.3 Dilemma 1: What Should President Adams Do to Protect American Ships?Do to Protect American Ships?

JAY TREATYJAY TREATY• Chief Justice John Jay made a treaty with Britain.Chief Justice John Jay made a treaty with Britain.• Britain pulled their troops out of the Ohio River Britain pulled their troops out of the Ohio River

ValleyValley

• France viewed the treaty as a betrayal by France viewed the treaty as a betrayal by

the Us and began attacking Americanthe Us and began attacking American

merchant ships.merchant ships.

DILEMMA 1DILEMMA 1

XYZ AFFAIRXYZ AFFAIR

President Adams sent 3 President Adams sent 3 envoys to envoys to

meet with French Foreign meet with French Foreign Minister Talleyrand.Minister Talleyrand.

• Talleyrand refused to meet and sent 3 agents Talleyrand refused to meet and sent 3 agents (XYZ).(XYZ).

• Agents wanted a large sum of money as a tribute.Agents wanted a large sum of money as a tribute.• ““Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”.Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute”.• Privateers launched a quasi-war against FrancePrivateers launched a quasi-war against France• Adams questioned whether going to war with Adams questioned whether going to war with

France was best for the country.France was best for the country.

12.4 WHAT HAPPENED: ADAMS PURSUES PEACE12.4 WHAT HAPPENED: ADAMS PURSUES PEACE

• Napoleon was eager to make peace with Britain and Napoleon was eager to make peace with Britain and US.US.

• Ordered an end to the seizure ofOrdered an end to the seizure of

US ships.US ships.• Agreed to end 1778 allianceAgreed to end 1778 alliance

with USwith US• In exchange, Americans agreedIn exchange, Americans agreed

that France didn’t have to paythat France didn’t have to pay

for all the ships it had seized.for all the ships it had seized.• Adams left nation at peace andAdams left nation at peace and

with no permanent alliances towith no permanent alliances to

drag us into war.drag us into war.

12.5 DILEMMA 2: HOW SHOULD PRESIDENT 12.5 DILEMMA 2: HOW SHOULD PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DEAL WITH PIRATES?JEFFERSON DEAL WITH PIRATES?

• Britain began taking American sailorsBritain began taking American sailors

to serve in the British navy.to serve in the British navy.• Said they were British desertersSaid they were British deserters• British warship, British warship, Leopard,Leopard, fired fired

on American warship,on American warship,

Chesapeake.Chesapeake.• twenty-one Americantwenty-one American

sailors were killed orsailors were killed or

wounded.wounded.

DILEMMA 2DILEMMA 2

PIRACYPIRACY

DILEMMA 2DILEMMA 2

• American ships faced the Barbary American ships faced the Barbary

pirates of North Africa.pirates of North Africa.• Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, andMorocco, Algiers, Tunis, and

Tripoli.Tripoli.• Washington and Adams paidWashington and Adams paid

tribute in exchange for thetribute in exchange for the

safety of American ships.safety of American ships.• The ruler of Tripoli demandedThe ruler of Tripoli demanded

more tribute.more tribute.

12.6 WHAT HAPPENED: JEFFERSON SOLVES 12.6 WHAT HAPPENED: JEFFERSON SOLVES HALF THE PROBLEMHALF THE PROBLEM

* * Jefferson sent a fleet of warships to Jefferson sent a fleet of warships to

protect American shipping in theprotect American shipping in the

Mediterranean.Mediterranean.

* In 1815, American and European naval* In 1815, American and European naval

forces destroyed the pirate bases.forces destroyed the pirate bases.

* Jefferson tried to convince France and* Jefferson tried to convince France and

Britain to leave American ships alone.Britain to leave American ships alone.

* Jefferson proposed an embargo.* Jefferson proposed an embargo.

* no foreign ships could enter US ports* no foreign ships could enter US ports

* no American ships could leave unless* no American ships could leave unless

trading with other US portstrading with other US ports

* seamen lost their jobs and merchants* seamen lost their jobs and merchants

lost money. lost money.

12.7 DILEMMA 3:12.7 DILEMMA 3: WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT MADISON DO TO PROTECT SAILORS AND MADISON DO TO PROTECT SAILORS AND

SETTLERSSETTLERS• Madison offered France and Britain a deal.Madison offered France and Britain a deal.• If you agree to stop attacking ships,If you agree to stop attacking ships,• We won’t trade with your enemy.We won’t trade with your enemy.• Napoleon agreed but secretly keptNapoleon agreed but secretly kept

attacking ships.attacking ships.• British continued impressing sailors.British continued impressing sailors.• He began to think about abandoningHe began to think about abandoning

isolationism and go to war.isolationism and go to war.• New England merchants would be hurt because a blockade New England merchants would be hurt because a blockade

would keep trading ships from ports.would keep trading ships from ports.• Indians were killing settlers in the Ohio and Mississippi Indians were killing settlers in the Ohio and Mississippi

Valleys.Valleys.• Tecumsah and the Prophet were leaders.Tecumsah and the Prophet were leaders.• Southern senators “War Hawks” wanted war so that Canada Southern senators “War Hawks” wanted war so that Canada

could be added to the US.could be added to the US.

12.8 WHAT HAPPENED: MADISON LAUNCHES 12.8 WHAT HAPPENED: MADISON LAUNCHES THE WAR OF 1812THE WAR OF 1812

BATTLES ON LAND AND SEABATTLES ON LAND AND SEA• Congress declared war on Britain on July 17, 1812.Congress declared war on Britain on July 17, 1812.• On Sept. 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard PerryOn Sept. 10, 1813, Oliver Hazard Perry

defeated and captured a British fleetdefeated and captured a British fleet

on Lake Erie.on Lake Erie.• American troops couldn’t take overAmerican troops couldn’t take over

Canada.Canada.• In 1814, British army burned Washington DC.In 1814, British army burned Washington DC.• British attacked Ft. McHenry in BaltimoreBritish attacked Ft. McHenry in Baltimore

harbor.harbor.

WAR OF 1812WAR OF 1812

* * British bombarded the fort. British bombarded the fort.

* Francis Scott Key watched the * Francis Scott Key watched the bombardment.bombardment.

* wrote the * wrote the Star Spangled Banner Star Spangled Banner because because hehe

was impressed that the flag still stood.was impressed that the flag still stood.

BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANSBATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS

Andrew Jackson defended the city ofAndrew Jackson defended the city of

New Orleans.New Orleans.

2,000 British soldiers killed but only 202,000 British soldiers killed but only 20 Americans.Americans.

Greatest American victory.Greatest American victory.Unnecessary battle becauseUnnecessary battle becauseThe Treaty of Ghent hadThe Treaty of Ghent hadBeen signed 2 weeks earlier.Been signed 2 weeks earlier.

RESULTS OF THE WARRESULTS OF THE WAR

1.1. Indian resistance in the Northwest Indian resistance in the Northwest weakened after Tecumseh’s death.weakened after Tecumseh’s death.

2.2. National pride in the United States National pride in the United States increased.increased.

3.3. War had political effects:War had political effects:

a. Federalist party never recovered.a. Federalist party never recovered.

b. War heroes, William Henry Harrison and b. War heroes, William Henry Harrison and

Andrew Jackson, would be elected Andrew Jackson, would be elected president.president.

12.9 DILEMMA 4: WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT MONROE DO 12.9 DILEMMA 4: WHAT SHOULD PRESIDENT MONROE DO TO SUPPORT THE NEW LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS?TO SUPPORT THE NEW LATIN AMERICAN NATIONS?

MEXICO VENEZULA & MEXICO VENEZULA & ARGENTINAARGENTINA

LATIN AMERICA’S REVOLUTIONSLATIN AMERICA’S REVOLUTIONS

Miguel Hidalgo helped Mexico win independence from Spain in 1821.Miguel Hidalgo helped Mexico win independence from Spain in 1821.

Simon Bolivar helped Venezuela.Simon Bolivar helped Venezuela.

Jose de San Martin helpedJose de San Martin helpedArgentina. Europe was out of Mexico Argentina. Europe was out of Mexico and South America byand South America by 1825.1825.

12.10 WHAT HAPPENED: THE U.S. ISSUES THE MONROE 12.10 WHAT HAPPENED: THE U.S. ISSUES THE MONROE DOCTRINEDOCTRINE

• Spain wanted South America back.Spain wanted South America back.• Britain wanted the U.S. to help make sure that it Britain wanted the U.S. to help make sure that it

didn’t happen.didn’t happen.• President Monroe felt that the U.S. should stand on President Monroe felt that the U.S. should stand on

its own power and authority.its own power and authority.

MONROE DOCTRINEMONROE DOCTRINE

Leave the Americas to theLeave the Americas to the

Americans.Americans.