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The Allies TurnThe Allies TurnChapter 11Chapter 11

The Allies Turn The Allies Turn the Tidethe Tide

Axis StrategyAxis StrategyGermany, Italy, JapanGermany, Italy, Japanno coordinated strategyno coordinated strategyno coordinated strategyno coordinated strategyshared common enemies shared common enemies individual dreams/goalsindividual dreams/goals

GermanyGermany conquer Europe; eliminate “inferior” conquer Europe; eliminate “inferior”

peoplepeopleItalyItalyyy

empire from Italy to East Africaempire from Italy to East AfricaJapanJapan

control West Pacific and Asiacontrol West Pacific and Asia

Allied StrategyAllied Strategy

FDR, Churchill, StalinFDR, Churchill, StalinGermany Germany –– most dangerousmost dangerous

Italy, Japan not as big of a threatItaly, Japan not as big of a threat Italy, Japan not as big of a threat Italy, Japan not as big of a threat Germany Germany –– power to attack Britain power to attack Britain

and USSRand USSR“Europe First” “Europe First”

Pacific Pacific –– secondary theater of warsecondary theater of war

Great Arsenal of DemocracyGreat Arsenal of Democracy

300,000 planes300,000 planes80,000 landing craft80,000 landing craft100 000 tanks armored cars100 000 tanks armored cars100,000 tanks, armored cars100,000 tanks, armored cars5600 merchant ships5600 merchant ships6 million rifles, machine guns6 million rifles, machine guns41 billion rounds of ammunition41 billion rounds of ammunition

Battle of the AtlanticBattle of the Atlantic

“wolf packs” “wolf packs” –– German subsGerman subs sank 3500 merchant ships sank 3500 merchant ships

midmid--19431943 –– Allies began to winAllies began to winmidmid 1943 1943 Allies began to winAllies began to win convoysconvoys radar radar longlong--range aerial bombersrange aerial bombers underwater depth chargesunderwater depth charges

Invasion of USSRInvasion of USSROperation BarbarossaOperation BarbarossaJune 1941 June 1941 –– Hitler broke pactHitler broke pactppGermans invade USSRGermans invade USSR

3.6 million Axis troops3.6 million Axis troops 3 million Soviet troops3 million Soviet troops

Invasion of USSRInvasion of USSR33--pronged invasionpronged invasion

LeningradLeningrad MoscowMoscow StalingradStalingrad StalingradStalingrad

Soviets unpreparedSoviets unprepared LuftwaffeLuftwaffe Germans executed civiliansGermans executed civilians “scorched earth”“scorched earth”

Germans advanced deep in USSRGermans advanced deep in USSRkilled millionskilled millions

troops and civilians troops and civilians Ad t dAd t dAdvance stoppedAdvance stopped

Soviet resistanceSoviet resistance brutal winterbrutal winter

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Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

Hitler Hitler –– wanted Caucasus oil fieldswanted Caucasus oil fieldsneeded to capture Stalingradneeded to capture StalingradSept 1942 Germans begin bombingSept 1942 Germans begin bombingSept. 1942 Germans begin bombingSept. 1942 Germans begin bombing

Soviets hid in rubbleSoviets hid in rubbleNov. 1942 Nov. 1942 –– harsh weather set inharsh weather set in

househouse--toto--house fighting in rubblehouse fighting in rubble Soviet counterattackSoviet counterattack

Hitler refused to allow retreatHitler refused to allow retreat starving, sick, frostbitestarving, sick, frostbite

Jan. 1943 Jan. 1943 –– Germans surrenderedGermans surrendered 90,000 surrendered 90,000 surrendered 330,000 casualties330,000 casualties

Turning Point in the warTurning Point in the war Germans on the defensiveGermans on the defensive Nazis retreated toward GermanyNazis retreated toward Germany

ended any realistic plans of Hitlerended any realistic plans of Hitler ended any realistic plans of Hitler ended any realistic plans of Hitler dominating Europedominating Europe

USSR now on the OFFENSIVE!USSR now on the OFFENSIVE!

Battle of Stalingrad

North AfricaNorth AfricaStalin Stalin –– open 2open 2ndnd front in Europe!front in Europe!Allies not yet ready to invade Allies not yet ready to invade

Western Europe Western Europe l il i more planning more planning

North Africa invasionNorth Africa invasion less planning less planning fewer suppliesfewer supplies pave way for invasion of Italypave way for invasion of Italy

North African CampaignNorth African Campaign

Gen. Erwin RommelGen. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”“Desert Fox” Desert FoxDesert Fox

controlled northern controlled northern AfricaAfrica

Rommel defeatedRommel defeatedOct. 1942 Oct. 1942 -- El Alamein El Alamein

British Gen. Bernard MontgomeryBritish Gen. Bernard Montgomery

Nov. 1942Nov. 1942pursued Rommel pursued Rommel

westwardwestward

Rommel’s RetreatRommel’s Retreat

Gen. Dwight Eisenhower Gen. Dwight Eisenhower pushed east from Moroccopushed east from Morocco

US needed aggressiveUS needed aggressiveUS needed aggressive US needed aggressive officersofficers

troops needed troops needed better desert trainingbetter desert training

Gen. George S. PattonGen. George S. Patton “Blood and Guts”“Blood and Guts” innovative tank innovative tank

commandercommander put in command of put in command of

troops in N. Africatroops in N. Africa

Rommel’s SurrenderRommel’s SurrenderMay 1943May 1943Rommel’s army surrenderedRommel’s army surrendered

T i iT i i TunisiaTunisia 240,000 men240,000 men

•• German and Italian troopsGerman and Italian troops

Rommel escapedRommel escaped

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Casablanca ConferenceCasablanca ConferenceJanuary 1943January 1943FDR & ChurchillFDR & ChurchillWar StrategyWar Strategygygy

Europe, then JapanEurope, then Japan•• increase bombing of Germanyincrease bombing of Germany•• invade Italyinvade Italy

unconditional surrenderunconditional surrenderFrench Gen. Henri Giraud, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gen. Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill

Invasion of SicilyInvasion of Sicily

July 1943July 1943 British, US ArmiesBritish, US Armies led by Eisenhowerled by Eisenhower

Gen. George PattonGen. George PattonAxis troops escaped Axis troops escaped

to mainlandto mainland38 days 38 days

Results Results

Allied control of western MediterraneanAllied control of western Mediterranean led to invasion of Italyled to invasion of Italy

Mussolini overthrownMussolini overthrownMussolini overthrownMussolini overthrownSept. 3, 1943 Sept. 3, 1943 –– Italy surrenderedItaly surrenderedmany Italians joined the Alliesmany Italians joined the Allies

Fighting ContinuesFighting ContinuesMussoliniMussolini

rescued by Hitlerrescued by Hitler puppet state in northern Italypuppet state in northern Italy

Germans still resistedGermans still resisted fought Allies in Southfought Allies in South

May 1944 May 1944 –– Allies broke through Allies broke through German lines; captured RomeGerman lines; captured RomeApril 1945 April 1945 –– Germans surrendered Germans surrendered

in Northern Italyin Northern Italyin Northern Italyin Northern ItalyCasualtiesCasualties

Americans: 190,000Americans: 190,000 Germans: 500,000Germans: 500,000

Bombing of GermanyBombing of Germanyearly 1942early 1942from bases in Englandfrom bases in EnglandBritish planes British planes –– night missionsnight missions

saturation bombingsaturation bombingUS planes US planes –– daytime missionsdaytime missions

strategic bombingstrategic bombing key political, industrial targetskey political, industrial targets

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Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmen

Tuskegee AirmenTuskegee Airmenblack fighter squadronblack fighter squadronescorted & protected bombersescorted & protected bombersover 1500 missionsover 1500 missionsdid not lose did not lose ONEONE bomber in Europebomber in Europe

Results of BombingResults of BombingAllies lost 20% of bombersAllies lost 20% of bomberscontinuous bombing of Germany continuous bombing of Germany

EVERY day!EVERY day!EVERY day!EVERY day!helped relieve pressure on USSRhelped relieve pressure on USSRpaved way for allpaved way for all--out Allied out Allied

offensiveoffensive

Japanese AdvanceJapanese Advance

May 1942 May 1942 –– momentummomentumcontrolled:controlled:

Philippines, Malaya, Dutch EastPhilippines, Malaya, Dutch East Philippines, Malaya, Dutch East Philippines, Malaya, Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Wake Island, Indies, Hong Kong, Wake Island, Guam, BurmaGuam, Burma

Battle of Coral Sea Battle of Coral Sea –– slowed Japanslowed Japan

Japan’s Pacific StrategyJapan’s Pacific StrategyAdm. YamamotoAdm. Yamamotodestroy US carriersdestroy US carriers

t l Al ti (Al k )t l Al ti (Al k )control Aleutians (Alaska)control Aleutians (Alaska)Midway Midway –– vital to defense of Hawaiivital to defense of Hawaii

US defeat would force navy to retreat US defeat would force navy to retreat back to Californiaback to California

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US ResponseUS Response

Adm. Chester NimitzAdm. Chester Nimitz US commander in US commander in

PacificPacificknew Japan’s planknew Japan’s plan

code breakers code breakers sent for all available sent for all available

carriers (3)carriers (3)

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

June 4, 1942June 4, 1942Naval “air” battleNaval “air” battleJapan unpreparedJapan unpreparedUS carriersUS carriers

Yorktown, Enterprise, HornetYorktown, Enterprise, Hornet

Battle of MidwayBattle of Midway

ResultsResults Japan lost 4 carriers & 250 planesJapan lost 4 carriers & 250 planes most experienced pilots most experienced pilots –– lost manylost manyp pp p yy no more offensives by Japanno more offensives by Japan

US lost only one carrierUS lost only one carrier

Significance of MidwaySignificance of MidwayTurning Point in the PacificTurning Point in the Pacific

stopped Japanese advance!stopped Japanese advance!Japan still powerfulJapan still powerfulJapan still powerfulJapan still powerful

now on the defensivenow on the defensiveJapan would never again threaten Japan would never again threaten

Hawaii or Pacific dominationHawaii or Pacific domination

USS YorktownUSS Enterprise

USS Yorktown

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America on the America on the OffensiveOffensive

Battle of GuadalcanalBattle of GuadalcanalAug. 1942 Aug. 1942 –– Feb. 1943Feb. 1943Allied offensive to capture islandsAllied offensive to capture islands

11,000 marines11,000 marinesJungle warfareJungle warfareJapan evacuated in Feb. 1943Japan evacuated in Feb. 1943

ResultsResultsUS began US began islandisland--hoppinghopping strategystrategyopened 2opened 2--front war with Japanfront war with JapanUS began slow, painful trek US began slow, painful trek

toward Japantoward Japan

The Home FrontThe Home FrontSection 2Section 2

The Home FrontThe Home Front

Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter

1942 song1942 songgov’t used gov’t used gg

Rosie to recruit Rosie to recruit womenwomenpatriotismpatriotism

Rosie the Riveter

New JobsNew Jobs

should work at homeshould work at homeBefore war:Before war:

sales clerkssales clerks sales clerkssales clerks household servantshousehold servants textile factoriestextile factories paid less than menpaid less than men

During the war:During the war: defense industriesdefense industries riveters, welders, steelworkersriveters, welders, steelworkers all ages, races, social classesall ages, races, social classes secretarial, clerical worksecretarial, clerical work

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Recruiting WomenRecruiting Women

Office of War InformationOffice of War Information recruited older, married womenrecruited older, married women

•• 60% over 35 years old60% over 35 years old “patriotic duty”“patriotic duty”

Women in workforceWomen in workforce 1941 1941 –– 14.6 million14.6 million 1944 1944 –– 19.4 million19.4 million

35% of workforce35% of workforce 35% of workforce35% of workforce

Married women outnumbered Married women outnumbered single women (75%)single women (75%)

Benefits of workingBenefits of working

MoneyMoney

ork as interesting & challengingork as interesting & challengingwork was interesting & challengingwork was interesting & challenging

developed confidence & knowledgedeveloped confidence & knowledge

PatriotismPatriotism

Problems of WorkingProblems of WorkingHostile reactionsHostile reactionsChild careChild care

$50 million for day$50 million for day--care centerscare centers $50 million for day$50 million for day care centerscare centers most preferred family or friendsmost preferred family or friends

Pay discriminationPay discrimination Nat. War Labor BoardNat. War Labor Board

•• equal pay equal pay -- ignoredignored

After the WarAfter the War

Men returned Men returned –– needed jobsneeded jobs women encouraged to leave jobswomen encouraged to leave jobs magazine articlesmagazine articles magazine articlesmagazine articles

Women’s choicesWomen’s choices return homereturn home continue to workcontinue to work partpart--time jobtime job

Black InequalityBlack Inequality

Jobs Jobs aircraft industry aircraft industry –– 240 of 100,000 jobs240 of 100,000 jobs gov’t & military jobs segregated gov’t & military jobs segregated g y j g gg y j g g

“Double V” Campaign“Double V” Campaign victory over fascism abroadvictory over fascism abroad victory against discrimination at homevictory against discrimination at home

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DiscriminationDiscrimination

Segregation Segregation –– Jim Crow LawsJim Crow LawsViolence Violence –– RIOTSRIOTS

summer 1943summer 1943 summer 1943summer 1943 100,000 blacks and whites100,000 blacks and whites Detroit Detroit –– 34 killed34 killed Fed. troops called inFed. troops called in

A. Philip RandolphA. Philip Randolph

labor leaderlabor leader 11stst black labor union black labor union

list of demands to FDRlist of demands to FDRlist of demands to FDRlist of demands to FDRplanned march on DCplanned march on DC

Executive Order 8802Executive Order 8802 jobs and training open jobs and training open

to ALLto ALL

Fair Employment Practices Fair Employment Practices CommissionCommission

enforce requirementsenforce requirements enforce requirementsenforce requirements hear complaints about discriminationhear complaints about discrimination

Black OrganizationsBlack OrganizationsNAACP NAACP –– grew to 500,000 grew to 500,000 Congress of Racial EqualityCongress of Racial Equality

CORECORE CORECORE formed in 1943 formed in 1943

organizations set the stage for civil organizations set the stage for civil rights movementrights movement

Mexican AmericansMexican Americans

Work ForceWork Force LA shipyardsLA shipyards other factories and war productionother factories and war productionpp

Bracero ProgramBracero Program 19421942 200,000 worked on US farms200,000 worked on US farms

Mexicans in the citiesMexicans in the cities barriosbarrios overcrowdingovercrowdinggg discriminationdiscrimination

Zoot Suit RiotsZoot Suit Riots

American sailors offendedAmerican sailors offended “un“un--American”American”

Sailors attacked MexicansSailors attacked MexicansFullFull--scale riots scale riots –– June 1943June 1943

Mexicans arrestedMexicans arrested

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Immigrant DiscriminationImmigrant Discrimination

Germans, Italians, JapaneseGermans, Italians, Japanese arrested, deported if dangerousarrested, deported if dangerous

11 000 Germans 100s of Italians11 000 Germans 100s of Italians 11,000 Germans, 100s of Italians 11,000 Germans, 100s of Italians held in campsheld in camps

all forced to vacate W. Coast all forced to vacate W. Coast –– 19421942 Ger, Ital eventually removed from list Ger, Ital eventually removed from list

Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans

1941 Population 1941 Population –– 127,000 127,000 2/3 were Nisei; rest were Issei2/3 were Nisei; rest were IsseiWest CoastWest CoastWest CoastWest Coast

Hatred and hysteria after Pearl Hatred and hysteria after Pearl HarborHarbor

Relocation Relocation Executive Order 9066 Executive Order 9066 –– Feb. 1942Feb. 1942

military zones along coastmilitary zones along coastWar Relocation AuthorityWar Relocation Authority

moved Japanese to internment campsmoved Japanese to internment camps remote inland areasremote inland areas

Had to move quicklyHad to move quickly many lost everythingmany lost everything

Internment CampsInternment Campsoneone--room shacksroom shacksschools underschools under--fundedfundedfood shortagesfood shortagespoor health carepoor health carepsychological effectspsychological effects

Why were Japanese treated worse Why were Japanese treated worse than Germans and Italians?than Germans and Italians? racismracism fewer numbersfewer numbers fewer numbersfewer numbers no political cloutno political clout relative isolationrelative isolation

Hawaii Hawaii –– NOT affected!NOT affected!

Legal ChallengesLegal Challenges

4 Supreme Court cases4 Supreme Court cases relocation “constitutional”relocation “constitutional”

Korematsu v. United StatesKorematsu v. United States claims rejectedclaims rejected “obvious racial discrimination”“obvious racial discrimination”

End of the WarEnd of the War

Early 1945 Early 1945 –– left campsleft camps

Impact on livesImpact on lives some returned to normalsome returned to normal most lost everythingmost lost everything

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Americans realized injusticesAmericans realized injustices

19881988 –– Congress apologizedCongress apologized1988 1988 Congress apologizedCongress apologized $20,000 payment to survivors$20,000 payment to survivors

Nisei SoldiersNisei Soldiers

17,000 served17,000 served1200 from camps1200 from campsmany from Hawaiimany from Hawaii –– no internmentno internmentmany from Hawaii many from Hawaii no internmentno internment

442442ndnd RegimentRegiment all Niseiall Nisei medals for braverymedals for bravery

Supporting the Supporting the War EffortWar Effort

Financing the WarFinancing the War

cost of war cost of war -- $330 billion$330 billionnational debt skyrocketednational debt skyrocketednational debt skyrocketednational debt skyrocketed

1940 1940 -- $42 billion$42 billion 1945 1945 -- $269 billion $269 billion

RevenueRevenue

Taxes Taxes –– 41%41% Revenue Act of 1942Revenue Act of 1942 income taxesincome taxes –– 5% on all working5% on all working income taxes income taxes 5% on all working 5% on all working

Americans Americans

War Bonds War Bonds –– 19411941 $186 billion$186 billion

ShortagesShortages

metal, rubber, nylonmetal, rubber, nylonclothingclothingclothingclothingsugar, tropical fruits, coffeesugar, tropical fruits, coffeefood in generalfood in general

Inflation ControlsInflation ControlsOffice of Price Administration (OPA)Office of Price Administration (OPA)RationingRationing

tires tires –– December 1941December 1941 gasolinegasoline butter, coffee, sugarbutter, coffee, sugar

Items given point values (1943)Items given point values (1943) ration booksration books couponscoupons

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Media Boosts MoraleMedia Boosts MoraleOffice of War Information (OWI)Office of War Information (OWI)

June 1942June 1942 patriotic posters and adspatriotic posters and ads

minimi e racism do npla po ertminimi e racism do npla po ert minimize racism; downplay povertyminimize racism; downplay poverty

Victory GardensVictory Gardens home gardens home gardens 1943 1943 –– 1/3 of nation’s vegetables1/3 of nation’s vegetables

HollywoodHollywood

radio, print, film all reminded radio, print, film all reminded Americans of patriotic dutyAmericans of patriotic dutyFrank Capra Frank Capra –– Why We FightWhy We Fightpp y gy gnegative portrayal of Germans and negative portrayal of Germans and

JapaneseJapanesemovie stars and singersmovie stars and singers

sold war bonds; entertained troopssold war bonds; entertained troops

Other ways to helpOther ways to helpwomen women –– knitted scarves / socksknitted scarves / socksRecycling Recycling –– kidskids

paperpaper paperpaper scrap metalscrap metal fatfat

SlogansSlogans

Victory in Europe and Victory in Europe and Section 3Section 3

y py pthe Pacificthe Pacific

Allied StrategyAllied Strategy

Stalin Stalin –– wanted 2wanted 2ndnd frontfront FDR sympathized with StalinFDR sympathized with Stalin

ChurchillChurchill not really supportivenot really supportive Churchill Churchill –– not really supportivenot really supportive•• remembered slaughter of WW Iremembered slaughter of WW I•• UU--boats too powerfulboats too powerful•• Allies needed more equipment, men Allies needed more equipment, men

Nov. 1943 Nov. 1943 –– meeting in Iranmeeting in Iran Big Three Big Three –– FDR, Stalin, ChurchillFDR, Stalin, Churchill

Churchill agreed Churchill agreed ggto invasion of to invasion of FranceFranceOperation Operation

OverlordOverlord

Operation OverlordOperation OverlordEisenhower (US)Eisenhower (US)

Supreme CommanderSupreme CommanderBernard Montgomery (British)Bernard Montgomery (British)Bernard Montgomery (British)Bernard Montgomery (British)

commander of ground forcescommander of ground forcesOmar Bradley (US) Omar Bradley (US)

US 1US 1stst ArmyArmy

Invasion ForcesInvasion Forces21 US divisions21 US divisions26 British, Canadian, Polish divisions26 British, Canadian, Polish divisions4400 ships and landing craft4400 ships and landing craft4400 ships and landing craft4400 ships and landing craft

largest fleet ever assembledlargest fleet ever assembled11,000 planes11,000 planes

NormandyNormandyFranceFrance5050--mile stretch of beachesmile stretch of beaches

5 b h5 b h5 beaches5 beaches Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, SwordUtah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, Sword

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Hitler Deceived Hitler Deceived Fake Army Fake Army –– Gen. George PattonGen. George Patton

only on paper only on paper Fake headquartersFake headquarters

SE England across from CalaisSE England across from Calais SE England across from CalaisSE England across from Calaiswood tanks, useless shipswood tanks, useless ships

Plan worked Plan worked –– Hitler’s top tank Hitler’s top tank division sent to Calaisdivision sent to Calais

DD--DayDay

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944

4000 invasion craft4000 invasion craft1000 B iti h l1000 B iti h l 1000 British planes1000 British planes

13,000 troops parachuted behind 13,000 troops parachuted behind German linesGerman lines

Attack beginsAttack begins Allied warships shell coastlineAllied warships shell coastline 11,000 planes11,000 planes 150,000 Allied troops 150,000 Allied troops –– 6:30 a.m.6:30 a.m.

light resistance on 4 beacheslight resistance on 4 beaches

Omaha BeachOmaha BeachGerman trenches, pillboxes German trenches, pillboxes –– cliffscliffsmines on beachesmines on beachesrainstorm of bullets, shells, deathrainstorm of bullets, shells, deathsome craft too far from beachsome craft too far from beach

men drownedmen drowned

“the longest day”“the longest day”

many casualtiesmany casualtiesAllies gained foothold in FranceAllies gained foothold in FranceSuccess for AlliesSuccess for Allies

1 week 1 week –– ½ million troops½ million troops by July by July –– 2 million troops2 million troops

Liberation of EuropeLiberation of EuropeLiberation of EuropeLiberation of Europe

TwoTwo--Front War Front War Germany now had 2Germany now had 2--front warfront warEastEast –– SovietsSovietsEast East SovietsSovietsWest West –– US / BritainUS / Britain

Allied AdvanceAllied Advance

liberated Paris liberated Paris –– August 1944August 1944Hitler Hitler –– ordered Paris destroyedordered Paris destroyed

generals disobeyedgenerals disobeyed left “City of Lights” as it was left “City of Lights” as it was

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Plot to Kill HitlerPlot to Kill Hitler

Rommel, other generalsRommel, other generals hopelessness hopelessness

July 20, 1944July 20, 1944July 20, 1944July 20, 1944 bomb planted at Hitler’s headquartersbomb planted at Hitler’s headquarters killed & wounded 20killed & wounded 20 Hitler survived Hitler survived

Rommel took poison Rommel took poison –– no trialno trial

Allies AdvanceAllies AdvanceHitler refused to surrenderHitler refused to surrenderliberated Belgiumliberated BelgiumSept. 1944 Sept. 1944 –– liberated Netherlandsliberated NetherlandsAmericans crossed German borderAmericans crossed German border

Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge

Dec. 1944 Dec. 1944 –– German counterattackGerman counterattack last ditch effortlast ditch effort

Germans amassed near ArdennesGermans amassed near ArdennesGermans amassed near ArdennesGermans amassed near Ardennes cut communication, change road cut communication, change road

signs, create confusionsigns, create confusion tanks to secure transportation hubs tanks to secure transportation hubs

created “bulge” in Allied linescreated “bulge” in Allied lines

ConditionsConditionssnowy, cloudy skiessnowy, cloudy skies

no Allied air supportno Allied air supportBastogneBastogneBastogne Bastogne

US troops held off GermansUS troops held off Germans cold, frostbittencold, frostbitten

Allies CounterattackAllies Counterattack

Dec. 23 Dec. 23 –– skies clearedskies cleared Allied bombers attacked GermansAllied bombers attacked Germans

US reinforcements US reinforcements –– PattonPatton 250,000 men250,000 men Germans slowly forced backGermans slowly forced back

Largest battle in Western EuropeLargest battle in Western Europe US US –– 600,000 men600,000 men

•• 80,000 casualties80,000 casualties

ResultsResults

Germans: 100,000 casualtiesGermans: 100,000 casualties Nazi leaders realized their fateNazi leaders realized their fate

actually shortened Hitler’s time!actually shortened Hitler’s time!

Allies Push to VictoryAllies Push to VictoryMarch 1945March 1945

US troops cross Rhine RiverUS troops cross Rhine River Soviets advance from EastSoviets advance from East

April 1945 April 1945 Mussolini captured and executedMussolini captured and executed US reached Elbe RiverUS reached Elbe River Soviets reached BerlinSoviets reached Berlin FDR diedFDR died

Hitler’s EndHitler’s Endphysical wreckphysical wreck

tremors, paranoid from drugstremors, paranoid from drugs mad dreams of victorymad dreams of victory no one followed orders no one followed orders planned battles never to be foughtplanned battles never to be fought

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Germany SurrenderedGermany SurrenderedHitler vowed to Hitler vowed to

“stand or fall”“stand or fall”April 30, 1945 April 30, 1945

committed suicidecommitted suicide committed suicidecommitted suicide

May 8, 1945 May 8, 1945 Germany Germany

surrenderedsurrendered VV--E DayE Day

Pacific TheaterPacific TheaterPacific TheaterPacific Theater

IslandIsland--HoppingHoppingMacArthur and Chester NimitzMacArthur and Chester Nimitz

Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands•• TarawaTarawa•• TarawaTarawa

Gilbert IslandsGilbert Islands•• Eniwetok, KwajaleinEniwetok, Kwajalein

Mariana IslandsMariana Islands•• Saipan, Tinian, GuamSaipan, Tinian, Guam

PhilippinesPhilippines

MacArthur insisted on invasionMacArthur insisted on invasion FDR supported planFDR supported plan

Oct. 1944 Oct. 1944 –– US invadedUS invadedMacArthur MacArthur –– “I have returned”“I have returned”

Battle of Leyte GulfBattle of Leyte Gulf

October 1944 October 1944 –– 3 days3 days280 warships280 warships

kamikazekamikaze pilots pilots –– JapanJapan 3000 died3000 died

Japanese navy nearly destroyedJapanese navy nearly destroyed

Leyte Island Leyte Island –– took 2 monthstook 2 months 80,000 Japanese dead80,000 Japanese dead

Fight for Manila Fight for Manila –– 1 month1 month secured in June 1945secured in June 1945 100,000 Filipinos dead100,000 Filipinos dead

Battle of Iwo JimaBattle of Iwo Jima

Nov. 1944 Nov. 1944 –– March 1945March 1945island island –– 650 miles from Japan650 miles from Japan

November November –– bombing and bombing and shellingshelling 74 days74 days

Mt. Suribachi

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February 1945February 1945 marines landed marines landed –– slow advanceslow advance

25,000 Japanese25,000 Japanese 216 surrendered216 surrendered

110,000 Americans110,000 Americans 23,000 casualties23,000 casualties

Battle of OkinawaBattle of Okinawa

April April –– June 1945June 1945island island –– 350 miles from Japan350 miles from Japan

last obstacle to invasionlast obstacle to invasion

100,000 Japanese100,000 Japanese

Allied invasionAllied invasion 1300 warships1300 warships 180,000 troops180,000 troops

Japanese Japanese defensesdefenses 2000 2000

kamikazeskamikazes banzai attacksbanzai attacks

Allied victory Allied victory –– JuneJune 7200 Japanese surrendered7200 Japanese surrendered 50,000 US casualties50,000 US casualties

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Japanese Bombing RaidsJapanese Bombing Raids

Spring 1945Spring 1945Japan Japan –– virtually defenselessvirtually defenseless

short on fuel, ammunitionshort on fuel, ammunition short on fuel, ammunition short on fuel, ammunition factories, military bases, and citiesfactories, military bases, and citiesMarch 1945 raidMarch 1945 raid

16 sq. miles of Tokyo destroyed16 sq. miles of Tokyo destroyed over 83,000 diedover 83,000 died

Atomic BombAtomic BombAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

letter to FDRletter to FDR

Manhattan ProjectManhattan Project top secrettop secret J. Robert OppenheimerJ. Robert Oppenheimer Enrico Fermi Enrico Fermi –– Italian scientistItalian scientist

J. Robert Oppenheimer

Enrico Fermi

Bomb testedBomb tested July 16, 1945July 16, 1945 New Mexico desertNew Mexico desert SUCCESSFUL!SUCCESSFUL! SUCCESSFUL!SUCCESSFUL!

OppenheimerOppenheimer “Now I am become Death, the “Now I am become Death, the

destroyer of Worlds”destroyer of Worlds”

Decision to Drop the BombDecision to Drop the Bomb

Possible courses of actionPossible courses of action invade Japaninvade Japan naval blockadenaval blockade naval blockadenaval blockade continue bombingcontinue bombing bomb nearby islandbomb nearby island ease goal of unconditional surrenderease goal of unconditional surrender

Interim Committee Interim Committee –– Spring 1945Spring 1945 discussed optionsdiscussed options supported use of bombsupported use of bomb might cost 1 million casualtiesmight cost 1 million casualtiesmight cost 1 million casualtiesmight cost 1 million casualties

Final DecisionFinal Decision President Harry TrumanPresident Harry Truman USE the bombUSE the bomb

Dropping the BombsDropping the BombsHiroshima Hiroshima –– August 6, 1945August 6, 1945

Enola GayEnola Gay dropped the bombdropped the bomb•• bomb: “Little Boy” bomb: “Little Boy”

140,000 deaths140,000 deaths 90% of city destroyed90% of city destroyed

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Nagasaki Nagasaki –– August 9, 1945August 9, 1945 “Fat Man”“Fat Man” destruction similar to Hiroshimadestruction similar to Hiroshima 80,000 deaths80,000 deaths80,000 deaths80,000 deaths

Japanese SurrenderJapanese SurrenderAugust 15, 1945August 15, 1945VV--J DayJ Day

Formal Surrender Formal Surrender –– Sept. 2, 1945Sept. 2, 1945 U.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo BayU.S.S. Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Nimitz signs surrender

MacArthur signs surrender

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Most costly war in world historyMost costly war in world historynearly 60 million diednearly 60 million died

soldierssoldiers soldierssoldiers civilianscivilians HolocaustHolocaust

Effects of the WarEffects of the WarSection 5Section 5

Effects of the WarEffects of the War

End of the WarEnd of the War

fought to the bitter endfought to the bitter end devastating bombing raidsdevastating bombing raids Hitler Hitler –– suicide suicide atomic bombsatomic bombs

Need to rebuild EuropeNeed to rebuild Europe

Postwar PlansPostwar PlansYalta Conference Yalta Conference

Churchill, FDR, Stalin

Yalta ConferenceYalta Conference

Black Sea Black Sea –– February 1945February 1945Discussions Discussions

division of Germanydivision of Germany division of Germanydivision of Germany free elections (Poland and others)free elections (Poland and others)

•• Stalin later refusedStalin later refused Stalin Stalin –– would aid US vs. Japan would aid US vs. Japan

Potsdam ConferencePotsdam Conference

Churchill, Stalin, Churchill, Stalin, TRUMANTRUMANFormalized plans Formalized plans

divide Germany into 4 zonesdivide Germany into 4 zones divide Germany into 4 zonesdivide Germany into 4 zones•• US, French, British, Soviet US, French, British, Soviet

free electionsfree elections Stalin reaffirmed pledge to help USStalin reaffirmed pledge to help US

Truman Truman –– news of atomic bomb testnews of atomic bomb test

World Map ChangesWorld Map Changes

Poland Poland –– borders shifted westborders shifted westGermany Germany –– divideddivided

eventually East & West Germanyeventually East & West Germany eventually East & West Germany eventually East & West Germany Eastern European nationsEastern European nations

communist nations communist nations –– Soviet controlSoviet control satellite nationssatellite nations

Other ProblemsOther Problems

China China –– civil war resumedcivil war resumed Nationalists vs. Communists Nationalists vs. Communists

JapanJapan –– US military occupationUS military occupationJapan Japan US military occupationUS military occupation Gen. Douglas MacArthur Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Japan Japan –– new constitutionnew constitution no military; women’s suffrageno military; women’s suffrage economic recoveryeconomic recovery

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End of ImperialismEnd of Imperialism

Germany, AGermany, A--H, Japan had abused H, Japan had abused imperialismimperialismcolonial groups sought colonial groups sought g p gg p g

independence independence Age of Imperialism endingAge of Imperialism ending

Britain too weak after warBritain too weak after war lost most colonies within decadeslost most colonies within decades

Balance of PowerBalance of PowerNew world powers New world powers -- superpowerssuperpowers

US and Soviet UnionUS and Soviet Union aided in defeat of Axis Powers aided in defeat of Axis Powers

US stronger than USSRUS stronger than USSR no fighting on US soilno fighting on US soil economic boomeconomic boom USSR devastated by warUSSR devastated by war

International CooperationInternational CooperationEconomic DevelopmentEconomic Development

International Monetary FundInternational Monetary FundWorld BankWorld Bank World Bank World Bank

GATT GATT -- General Agreement on General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeTariffs and Trade reduce tariffsreduce tariffs

United NationsUnited NationsApril 1945 April 1945 –– 50 nations met50 nations met

San FranciscoSan Francisco UN Charter written UN Charter written

2 bodies2 bodies2 bodies2 bodies General Assembly General Assembly –– all nationsall nations Security Council Security Council

•• 5 permanent seats5 permanent seats•• US, Britain, France, China, USSRUS, Britain, France, China, USSR

UN at WorkUN at Work1948 1948 –– Israel created Israel created –– JewsJewsmediated conflictsmediated conflictsprovided food and aid to the worldprovided food and aid to the worldppUniversal Declaration of Human Universal Declaration of Human

RightsRights no slavery, tortureno slavery, torture uphold freedom of speech, religionuphold freedom of speech, religion

War CrimesWar Crimes

Geneva ConventionGeneva Convention international agreementinternational agreement treatment of wounded and POWs treatment of wounded and POWs

Japan Japan –– over 1000 triedover 1000 tried atrocities in China, Korea, SE Asiaatrocities in China, Korea, SE Asia mistreating POWs mistreating POWs –– Bataan Bataan many sentenced to death (Tojo)many sentenced to death (Tojo)

Nuremberg TrialsNuremberg Trials

19451945--19461946leading Nazisleading Nazis

excuse: following orders?excuse: following orders? excuse: following orders?excuse: following orders?horrors of the Holocaust revealedhorrors of the Holocaust revealedPunishmentPunishment

some hangedsome hanged long prison termslong prison terms

Effects on AmericaEffects on America

realization US needed to be more realization US needed to be more active in world affairsactive in world affairsCivil Rights Civil Rights –– gained momentumgained momentumgg gg

DoubleDouble--V campaign V campaign economic growtheconomic growthmigrations to West and Southmigrations to West and South