chapter 11 study guide

Lucero Castaneda AP US History Ms.Lampley

Chapter 11 Study GuidePart I: Vocabulary Terms: Define the following terms toughly. This means that each term must be defined using the five W’s at a minimum. What are the five W’s?

☆ What is it?☆ When did it occur?☆ Where was it?☆ Who was it or who was influenced by it?☆ Why is this term important to the time or what is its lasting impact?

Terms1. Transcendentalism2. Socialism3. Joseph smith4. William Lloyd Garrison5. Elizabeth Cady Stanton6. Seneca Falls7. Separate Spheres8. Ralph Waldo Emerson9. John Humphreys Noyes10. Nat Turner’s Revolt

Section 2: Short Answers1. What were the main beliefs of Transcendentalism, and how did American writers incorporate

them into their work?

2. What is the relationship between Transcendentalism and Individualism? Between Transcendentalism and Social Reform? Between Transcendentalism and the Middle Class?

3. In what respect were the new culture of the Mid-Nineteenth Century- those of Utopian Communist and of Urban Residents- different from the mainstream culture described in Chapter 8 and 9? How were they alike?

4. What accounts for the Proliferation of Rural Utopian communities in Nineteenth-Century America?

5. How did black social thought change over the first half of the Nineteenth Century? What role did black activists in the Abolition Movement?

6. How did the Abolitionists’ proposals and methods differ from those of earlier Antislavery Movements (see chapter 8)? Why did those proposals and methods arouse such hostility in the South and in the North?

7. How do you explain the appearance on the women’s rights movement? What were the movement’s goals and why did they arouse intense opposition?

8. What was the relationship between the Abolitionist and Woman’s Rights Movement? Why did women’s issues suddenly become so prominent in American culture?

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Section 3: Summary Questions1. Did the era of reform increase or decrease the belief in and practice of liberty in American

society?

2. Explain the relationship between religion and reform in the decades from 1820 to 1860. Why did many religious people feel compelled to remake society? What was their motivation? How successful were they? Do you see any parallels with social movements today?

Transcendentalism

☆ Transcendentalism is an intellectual movement that suggested the importance of an ideal

world of spiritual understanding and harmony beyond the world of the senses.

Transcendentalism called for the critical examination of society and emphasized

individuality, self-reliance, and originality. Its first supporters were Unitarian ministers

from New England families who questioned the constraints of their Puritan heritage.

☆ 19th century

☆ New England, United States

☆ Ralph Waldo Emerson of New England was the leading spokesman for Transcendentalism.

☆ Transcendentalism was important because it celebrated the self, an important step in the

construction of American identity, better understood as the idea of American individualism.

It allows for self-thinking and to use the mind as a person's guide, not social aspects. Also,

for transcendentalists, nature and the soul were inseparably linked. In the social reforms,

transcendentalists were considered thinkers in their attitudes toward such issues as social

protest, elimination of slavery, women’s rights, creative and education for children, and

labor reform. Transcendentalism became a venue for social reform because it revolved

around the idea of liberation and they believed it would help the country.

Socialism

☆ Socialism was a theory of social and economic organization based on the common

ownership of goods. Utopian socialists of the early 19th century envisioned small planned

communities and later socialists ran for state ownership of railroads and large industries.

☆ 1840’s

☆ America

☆ Arthur Brisbane

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☆ Socialism was important because it promotes equality in many areas, like economics,

political and social, however it mostly involves economic and goods. The economic

decisions that had to be made by the government can be devastating. Socialism takes the

rights, accountability, and profits of goods and the manufactures out of the hands of the

elite few and puts them under the united hands of the people, which increases the quality of

goods produced. With socialism the workers themselves own the businesses and means of

fabrications so they have a real association and vested interest in the wellbeing of said

companies. Socialism creates community values and reinforces the idea of unity instead of

each man alone at any cost. This is likely to have positive social benefits while equally

issuing the work load.

Joseph smith

☆ Joseph Smith believed God had singled him out to receive a special revelation of divine

truth. He organized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints and affirmed traditional

patriarchal authority. Smith also encouraged hard work, saving of earnings and

entrepreneurship and started a church-directed community intended to inspire moral

perfection. Smith believed in polygamy, which means having more than one wife at a time.

☆ 1805-then assassinated in 1844

☆ Illinois, Vermont, Mexico

☆ Joseph Smith and the Mormons

☆ Joseph Smith was important because he is like the Prophet of the Mormon Church (Latter

Day Saints), and discoverer and translator of the Book of Mormon, and without the Book

of Mormon or Smith, there would be no Church and Mormonism.

William Lloyd Garrison

☆ William Lloyd Garrison was an abolitionist leader and founded The Liberator in 1831 and

led the formation of the New England Anti-Slavery Society. Garrison condemned the

American Colonization Society, attacked the U.S. Constitution for its implicit acceptance

of racial bondage, and demanded the immediate abolition of slavery.

☆ 1805-1875

☆ The United States

☆ William Lloyd Garrison

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☆ William Lloyd Garrison was important because he fought for the Antislavery movement

and had moral beliefs that wanted equality among races. He also established his own

Antislavery newspaper called “The Liberator”, started two Antislavery organizations and

spoke out against women's suffrage, pacifism, and temperance.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

☆ Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a gathering in Seneca Falls, New York, that outlined a

coherent statement of women’s equality. The Seneca Falls activists relied on the

Declaration of Independence and rejected the idea that the task separate for men and

women was the natural order of society. In 1850 the first national women’s rights

convention began to strike out a reform program and began a concerted campaign for more

legal rights and to win the vote for women.

☆ 1815-1902

☆ New York, United States

☆ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony, and along with other women.

☆ Elizabeth Cady Stanton was important because she fought for women's suffrage and

women rights and didn't think it was fair that women got treated with the same rights as

slaves. Stanton believed that all rights should be equal for all humanity because we aren’t

different.

Seneca Falls

☆ Seneca Falls was an assembly held on New York, which sprung the woman suffrage

movement in the United States. This was the first women's rights convention, which was

called so that both men and women could talk over the overall rights of women. Seneca

Falls was the home of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who, along with Lucretia Mott, conceived

and directed the convention.

☆ July 9th and 20th,1848

☆ Seneca Falls, New York

☆ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and along with many other women

☆ The convention is significant because it is considered a big early step in the equal and

Women's rights movement. In the convention, the Declaration of Sentiments, resolutions

for women's rights, and voting was discussed.

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Separate Spheres

☆ Separate Spheres is term to view that men and women have different gender-defined

characteristics and, consequently, that the sexes inhabit different social worlds. Men should

dominate the public sphere of politics and economics, while women should manage the

private spheres of home and family. This cultural understanding was both sharply defined

and hotly contested by mid-19th century.

☆ Late 18th century through the 19th century

☆ America

☆ Mary Walker Ostram, and many other middle-class women rejected this notion

☆ Separate Spheres was important because in the end women were kept out of most public

activities even though they had their assembly to talk about how they could have more right

as men do.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

☆ Ralph Waldo Emerson was the leading voice of Transcendentalism. English romantics and

Unitarian activists believed in an ideal world and that to reach this deeper reality, people

had to transcend the rational ways in which they normally comprehended the world.

Emerson thought people were stuck in unquestioned and unexamined customs, institutions,

and ways of thinking. Emerson’s genius lay in his capacity to translate vague ideas into

examples that made sense to ordinary middle-class Americans. Emerson believed that all

nature was filled with the presence of God, and he criticized the new industrial society,

predicting that it would drain the nation’s spiritual energy.

☆ 1803-1882

☆ New England, United States

☆ Ralph Waldo Emerson And his belief in Transcendentalism

☆ Ralph Waldo Emerson was important because he became the chief spokesman for

Transcendentalism. His philosophy is considered by its reliance on insight as the only way

to comprehend reality. His message reached hundreds of thousands of people through

writings and through lectures on the Lyceum circuit. Emerson celebrated the individual

who was liberated from social controls but remained a self-disciplined and responsible

member of society.

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John Humphrey Noyes

☆ John Humphrey Noyes was a minister of a community that defined sexuality and gender

roles in new ways. Noyes was inspired by the preaching of Charles Finney and also

expelled from his Congregational Church and became a leader of “Perfectionism.”

Perfectionists believed that the Second Coming of Christ had already happened and that

people could seek to perfection in their lives and reach complete freedom from sin. The

Oneida community became financially self-sufficient when one of its members invented a

steel animal trap, and others turned to silver manufacturing.

☆ 1811-1886

☆ New York, Vermont, and Canada

☆ John Humphrey Noyes

☆ John Humphrey Noyes was important because he, and many others, attempted to live their

lives in what they conceived of as a more egalitarian social order and left their

countercultural blueprints to posterity. Also, Noyes sought to free women from being

regarded as their husbands’ property and to free them from endless childbirth and

childcare.

Nat Turner’s Revolt

☆ Nat Turner’s Revolt was a bloody revolt in Virginia. He was a slave that believed that he

was chosen to carry Christ’s burden of grief in a race war. Turner’s men killed sixty whites

in 1831 and he hoped other slaves would gather to his cause, but only a few did.

Unforgiving whites began to take the lives of blacks at random, and Turner was captured

and hanged. Shaken by Turner’s Rebellion, the Virginia legislature debated a bill for

emancipation and colonization, but the bill was rejected and the possibility that Southern

planters.

☆ 1831

☆ Southampton County, Virginia

☆ Nat Turner

☆ Nat Turner’s Revolt was important because even after he was killed, all of the whites’

actions hunted them because they treated slaves horribly bad. So, he had a lasting impact I

the Southern states. Also, Nat Turner’s rebellion was one of the largest slave rebellions

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ever to take place in the US, and it played an important role in the development of 19th

century slave society.

Section 2: Short Answers1. What were the main beliefs of Transcendentalism, and how did American writers

incorporate them into their work?Transcendentalism was an intellectual movement rooted in New England Puritanism, in which young

men and women questioned the Puritan constraints of their heritage and are in a quest for truth. They

believed in Romanticism, a European concept that excluded the ordered, balanced world of the 18th

century Enlightenment in courtesy of getting the passionate characteristics of the human spirit. And

that the best way to find this truth is to communicate with Nature and one’s self. Transcendentalism

reflected major social changes brought by the industrial and market revolutions and the Second Great

Awakening, which reordered the relationship between the individual and society. Rapid economic

development and geographical expansion weakened many traditional institutions and social rules,

enabling individuals to define morality themselves. Even though many transcendentalist writers used

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the essay form to write about the concept, Whitman used poetry, specifically free verse. Since

Transcendentalists embraced humanity and the human spirit and believed strongly in democratic

ideals and human potential, the writers would write about emotions and work from their own to build

a good passage. The feelings created by Transcendentalist writers are penetrating and very intense,

the ideas serious, the reflection deep and meaningful.

2. What is the relationship between Transcendentalism and Individualism? Between Transcendentalism and Social Reform? Between Transcendentalism and the Middle Class?

Transcendentalism empowered the individual to reject traditional social restraints but retain self-

discipline and civic responsibility. The movement called on individuals to improve the self and

society along moral lines, which made Transcendentalism a powerful force for Social Reform.

Emerson argued that the new market society had diverted the nation’s spiritual energies away from

faith in Christianity, requiring a reform movement to bring the nation closer to God. With the Middle

Class, Transcendentalism taught them personal improvement through spiritual awareness and self-

discipline, just like with the other people. The transcendentalists wanted people to feel like in a

utopian place where everything can be found within one’s self and spirits.

3. In what respect were the new culture of the Mid-Nineteenth Century- those of Utopian Communist and of Urban Residents- different from the mainstream culture described in Chapter 8 and 9? How were they alike?

The new culture of the Mid-19th Century- those of Utopian Communalist and of Urban Residents-

were different from the mainstream culture described in Chapter 8 and 9, in that the new cultures

rejected traditional philosophies of Christianity and moral improvements in favor of more radical

experiments in social living. They altered traditional notions of gender relations, clothing apparel,

and sexual behavior. They were alike because both new and mainstream cultures were bent by the

economic and social forces of the era, like the Industrial Revolution, Market Revolution, Panic of

1837, and the Second Great Awakening. Both were dominated by Anglo American youth who

advocated individualism and were being influenced by Transcendentalism.

4. What accounts for the Proliferation of Rural Utopian communities in Nineteenth-Century America?

Farmers and artisans sought refuge and security during the Seven-Year Economic downturn known

as the Panic of 1837. Americans who were displaced as a result of the Industrial Revolution also

wanted to create communities as symbols of social protest and experimentation during a time of

social change in the United States. Some Utopias became successful based on the charm of a

particular leader, the ability of the community to make sufficient money, and the patience of the local

community of the utopia’s existence Gender relationships were quite prominent since many of the

communities viewed Christianity as central to their function. The social decline of America was

associated to the lack of Christian values in society and the need to reject marriage and sexual

pleasure.

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5. How did black social thought change over the first half of the Nineteenth Century? What role did black activists in the Abolition Movement?

Over time and in response to white violence, black social thoughts increasingly called for violence to

free African Americans from slavery. Black activists like Frederick Douglass and David Walker

were important in reminding white opponents of the horrors of slavery, and the necessity for black

equality and the use of violence to end slavery. Black activists also claimed for a strategy of social

and moral lift for poor free and enslaved blacks, which kept the focus on black rights and not just to

end slavery. Black activists created white violence, which most of the time just brought devastating

consequences and death to many people, but also kept abolitionism alive over time as a social

movement.

6. How did the Abolitionists’ proposals and methods differ from those of earlier Antislavery Movements (see chapter 8)? Why did those proposals and methods arouse such hostility in the South and in the North?

The Abolitionists’ proposals and methods differ from those of earlier Antislavery Movements

because the earlier Antislavery movements were based more on republican values of liberty and

equality. The Abolitionist Movement drew energy from the Second Great Awakening and the moral

sin of slavery according to Christianity. As a moral sin, slavery needed immediate abolition, and not

a slow phasing out over time. Those proposals and methods arouse such hostility in the South and in

the North because the need to calls for immediate abolition conjured up images in the white mind of

full black equality with whites in marriage and the law. High unemployment and racism in this slave-

based nation joined to produce a violent backlash against those who called for immediate black

equality. White Northerners feared a loss of status and income, while the white Southerners feared a

slave revolt.

7. How do you explain the appearance on the women’s rights movement? What were the movement’s goals and why did they arouse intense opposition?

The women’s rights movement appearance struggled to improve women’s equality with men in

sexual behavior, marriage rights, and public life. Women wanted a more active political and

economic role in society, while men wanted to maintain the patriarchal appearance to society and the

superior look with their wife. The movement’s goals were to reach equality with men and to be

treated like them so they could have a political part in society and not be inferior to the opposing sex.

Opposition occurred particularly from men, based on their traditional Christian notions of the

separate duties or “spheres” for men and women. Patriarchy or male rule did not permit women from

realizing true equality. Some women resented women’s rights advocates who appeared t to claim

superiority to other women.

8. What was the relationship between the Abolitionist and Woman’s Rights Movement? Why did women’s issues suddenly become so prominent in American culture?

The relationship between the Abolitionist and Woman’s Rights Movement is that both movements

reinforced one another. The Second Great Awakening discussed women as moral reformers of family

and society. Women quickly entered into abolitionist spheres, letting them to further calls for

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women’s rights and full equality in American society. Becoming an abolitionist enabled women to

speak in public and to criticize the institutions of American society that denied them, as well as

African Americans, full equality. Women’s issues suddenly become so prominent in American

culture because of the Second Great Awakening and the increasing prosperity of the white middle

class got a result of the administrative and Industrial Revolutions that served to politicize women as

the moral reformers of family and society. These events gave women more time at home to focus on

family and its relationship to the larger social world. As the moral reformers of the era, white

Middleclass Women sought to fix social problems, including heavy drinking by men, Sabbath

breaking, and prostitution. Overall, women helped to popularize a feminist call for improving social

problems and made a big impact in the United States.

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Section 3: Summary Questions1. Did the era of reform increase or decrease the belief in and practice of liberty in

American society?The era of reform definitely increased the belief and practice of liberty in American society because

people began advocating collective suffrage for everyone, especially women and blacks African

American. The right of freedom was starting to include all the people of America, not caring about

gender or color. Additionally, the moral reform movement increased liberty in American society by

increasing the level of religious and social diversity through rural communes and other social

experiments, providing Americans with more choice. Reform movements, such as women’s rights

and the rise of abolitionism, combined with the rise of urban popular culture, represented an increase

in freedom for women, blacks, and the urban poor in American society.

2. Explain the relationship between religion and reform in the decades from 1820 to 1860. Why did many religious people feel compelled to remake society? What was their

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motivation? How successful were they? Do you see any parallels with social movements today?

Between 1820 and 1860 there was rapid expansion and great arguments about the morality and

validity of slavery. The Second Great Awakening filled a greater Protestant religion into American

society and culture. It was the religious people’s responsibility to improve the morality of American

society to achieve God’s mission. Americans were successful at imposing reforms on society in the

form of abolitionism, women’s rights, and the reform of certain forms of moral vice, such as

prostitution and alcoholism. However, and sadly, no reforms were entirely successful. I think that

some parallels exist today because of the moral reform movement to stop violence and sexual

behavior in the media, and Anti-Abortion believers who argue for an increase in human morality to

meet the expectations of the Christian moral tradition.

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chapter 11 study guide

Education