Chapter 11Chapter 11Section 3 and 4Section 3 and 4

The Emancipation may have renewed The Emancipation may have renewed enthusiasm for the North, but the enthusiasm for the North, but the war still had to be WON! war still had to be WON!

When McClellan refused to march When McClellan refused to march towards Richmond after the win at towards Richmond after the win at Antietam, Lincoln fired him for the Antietam, Lincoln fired him for the second time. second time.

Put General Ambrose Burnside in Put General Ambrose Burnside in command – not good commandercommand – not good commander

Battle of FredericksburgBattle of Fredericksburg

Burnside quickly advanced his 120,000 Burnside quickly advanced his 120,000 troops towards Richmond, VA.troops towards Richmond, VA.

Problem? Problem? Confederates knew they were coming. Confederates knew they were coming.

Lee massed his army of 80,000 near Lee massed his army of 80,000 near Fredericksburg, VA. Fredericksburg, VA.

Burnside marched right towards Lee instead of Burnside marched right towards Lee instead of going around staying out of artillery fire. going around staying out of artillery fire.

December 13, 1862 - Battle of Fredericksburg December 13, 1862 - Battle of Fredericksburg started. Burnside ordered charge after charge started. Burnside ordered charge after charge into Confederate gunfire. into Confederate gunfire.

Union suffered 13,000 casualties as opposed to Union suffered 13,000 casualties as opposed to Confederates 5,000.Confederates 5,000.

Huge win for ConfederatesHuge win for Confederates – – Burnside asked to be relieved of commandBurnside asked to be relieved of command

ChancellorsvilleChancellorsville

Lincoln then appointed Joseph Hooker – Lincoln then appointed Joseph Hooker – “Fighting Joe”“Fighting Joe” Plan was to go around Lee’s forces at Plan was to go around Lee’s forces at

Fredericksburg and attack behind enemy lines.Fredericksburg and attack behind enemy lines. April 1863, Hooker marched two-thirds of April 1863, Hooker marched two-thirds of

115,000 men around Lee’s troops. 115,000 men around Lee’s troops. Confederate cavalry men commanded by J.E.B. Confederate cavalry men commanded by J.E.B.

Stuart discovered Hooker’s plan. Found them Stuart discovered Hooker’s plan. Found them at a place called Chancellorsville. at a place called Chancellorsville.

Lee sent 40,000 men to meet HookerLee sent 40,000 men to meet Hooker

Battle of Chancellorsville Battle of Chancellorsville Began on May 1, 1863Began on May 1, 1863

– – When Union troops started their march towards When Union troops started their march towards Fredericksburg, they found Lee’s troops – ordered Fredericksburg, they found Lee’s troops – ordered them back to take defensive positions them back to take defensive positions

Lee ordered Stonewall Jackson to march 12 miles Lee ordered Stonewall Jackson to march 12 miles to attack Hooker’s troops on the right side of their to attack Hooker’s troops on the right side of their flankflank

Hooker was surprised – darkness saved them Hooker was surprised – darkness saved them from destroying the Union army.from destroying the Union army.Another Confederate VictoryAnother Confederate Victory

Tragedy and TriumphTragedy and Triumph

That night, Jackson left the confederate camp to scout out That night, Jackson left the confederate camp to scout out positions for tomorrow – as they came back into the positions for tomorrow – as they came back into the camp, soldiers mistook them for the enemy and opened camp, soldiers mistook them for the enemy and opened fire – three bullets hit Jackson – lost his left armfire – three bullets hit Jackson – lost his left arm

May 3 – Confederate army completed its victory in May 3 – Confederate army completed its victory in Chancellorsville – “Lee’s most brilliant victory”Chancellorsville – “Lee’s most brilliant victory”

May 10 – Jackson died of complications from woundsMay 10 – Jackson died of complications from woundsLee: “He may have lost his left arm, but I have lost my Lee: “He may have lost his left arm, but I have lost my right”right”

Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were the lowest points Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville were the lowest points of the war for the Unionof the war for the Union

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg

June 1863, Lee started to march forces June 1863, Lee started to march forces Northward Northward Why?Why?

lack of supplies stemming from the lack of supplies stemming from the Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan)Union Blockade (Anaconda Plan)

Lee was hoping to find supplies in PALee was hoping to find supplies in PA Also hoped that a Confederate victory Also hoped that a Confederate victory

up north would prompt the north to up north would prompt the north to settlingsettling

Union forces kept themselves between Union forces kept themselves between the Confederates and Washington DC the Confederates and Washington DC

July 1, 1863 Several thousand of Lee’s July 1, 1863 Several thousand of Lee’s troops marched into Gettysburg, PA troops marched into Gettysburg, PA

Why? Rumored to have a shoe Why? Rumored to have a shoe company.company.

Day 1: July 1, 1863Day 1: July 1, 1863

Confederate forces encountered a small Confederate forces encountered a small group of Cavalry men, a skirmish broke out group of Cavalry men, a skirmish broke out and the Battle of Gettysburg had begun.and the Battle of Gettysburg had begun.

Hearing the skirmish thousands on both Hearing the skirmish thousands on both sides rushed towards the town. Confederates sides rushed towards the town. Confederates outnumbered the Union forces this time. outnumbered the Union forces this time.

Arriving that night was new Commander, Arriving that night was new Commander, General George MeadeGeneral George Meade

Each army took up camp on a series Each army took up camp on a series of hills. Confederates possessed the of hills. Confederates possessed the town and handled the fighting on town and handled the fighting on Day 1.Day 1. Union line – Cemetery RidgeUnion line – Cemetery Ridge Confederate lines – Seminary RidgeConfederate lines – Seminary Ridge

Lee discussed battle plans with second in Lee discussed battle plans with second in command, General James Longstreet command, General James Longstreet

Lee’s confidence was high – willing to take a Lee’s confidence was high – willing to take a chance. chance.

Longstreet advised against an attack with the Longstreet advised against an attack with the Union forces having higher ground, and Union forces having higher ground, and knowing their reinforcements were coming knowing their reinforcements were coming quickly.quickly.

Lee ordered Longstreet to lead an attack on Lee ordered Longstreet to lead an attack on the southern end of the line the next morning.the southern end of the line the next morning.

Day 2: July 2, 1863Day 2: July 2, 1863

Longstreet did not engage until 4pm on the Longstreet did not engage until 4pm on the second day, giving Meade a chance to get second day, giving Meade a chance to get organized to fightorganized to fight

Heavy fighting took place in a wheat field, Heavy fighting took place in a wheat field, peach orchard, and devil’s den.peach orchard, and devil’s den.

Confederates soldiers noticed a hill named Confederates soldiers noticed a hill named Little Round TopLittle Round Top that was nearly that was nearly undefended, and they rushed to take the hill undefended, and they rushed to take the hill (seeing how important higher ground really (seeing how important higher ground really was)was)

350 Maine soldiers under the command of 350 Maine soldiers under the command of Colonel Joshua Chamberlain were ordered to Colonel Joshua Chamberlain were ordered to defend the position. They held off repeated defend the position. They held off repeated attacks by Rebels until they ran out of attacks by Rebels until they ran out of ammunition. Chamberlain then ordered a ammunition. Chamberlain then ordered a bayonet charge. The charge worked and this bayonet charge. The charge worked and this hold likely saved the Union army from hold likely saved the Union army from defeat.defeat.

The Union lines remained strong and in tact The Union lines remained strong and in tact by the end of the day.by the end of the day.

Day 3: July 3, 1863Day 3: July 3, 1863

Afternoon 150 Confederate cannons started Afternoon 150 Confederate cannons started the heaviest artillery barrage of the Civil the heaviest artillery barrage of the Civil War. Some Union officials thought it was to War. Some Union officials thought it was to protect a Confederate retreat.protect a Confederate retreat.

Instead, Lee risked everything to attack the Instead, Lee risked everything to attack the heart of the Union lines. heart of the Union lines. Why Center? Why Center? Thinking it was weakest there Thinking it was weakest there since he thought Union troops would be since he thought Union troops would be pulled from the middle to protect the flanks.pulled from the middle to protect the flanks.

Longstreet opposed the direct attack, but Longstreet opposed the direct attack, but Lee went ahead anyway.Lee went ahead anyway.

Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge

After two hours, the Union halted their After two hours, the Union halted their barrage of artillery barrage of artillery – – Confederates thought they destroyed Confederates thought they destroyed Union cannons – they didn’t Union cannons – they didn’t – – Lee ordered a direct attack. 15,000 Lee ordered a direct attack. 15,000 Confederate troops started to cross a Confederate troops started to cross a one mile field towards the Union centerone mile field towards the Union center

Attack known as Attack known as Pickett’s ChargePickett’s Charge

Only a few hundred reached the Union Only a few hundred reached the Union lines, they were hurt by rifle fire from lines, they were hurt by rifle fire from troops. troops. In about 30 minutes, half of the In about 30 minutes, half of the

Confederate army was destroyed.Confederate army was destroyed.

Lee ordered Pickett to organize incase of a Lee ordered Pickett to organize incase of a counter-attack. Pickett responded by counter-attack. Pickett responded by saying “Sir, I have no division”saying “Sir, I have no division”

Gettysburg – bloodiest battle of the civil Gettysburg – bloodiest battle of the civil war war Union 23,000 casualties Union 23,000 casualties Confederates 28,000 casualtiesConfederates 28,000 casualties Lee lost more than a third of his army, never Lee lost more than a third of his army, never

returned to full strengthreturned to full strength

July 4, 1863 – Lee retreated and returned July 4, 1863 – Lee retreated and returned to Virginiato Virginia

VicksburgVicksburg

Though only two ports were left for Though only two ports were left for them to take, Union forces were them to take, Union forces were struggling to capture the port city of struggling to capture the port city of Vicksburg, MS on Mississippi River.Vicksburg, MS on Mississippi River.

One of the last places that stood in One of the last places that stood in the way of controlling the entire the way of controlling the entire Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Vicksburg sat on high ground, protected by a Vicksburg sat on high ground, protected by a sharp bend in the river. Artillery could hit any sharp bend in the river. Artillery could hit any incoming ship or troop movement from land or incoming ship or troop movement from land or river. Swamps also surrounded the Fort. river. Swamps also surrounded the Fort.

General Ulysses S. Grant’s attempts to capture General Ulysses S. Grant’s attempts to capture Vicksburg failed – over a year of attempts. Vicksburg failed – over a year of attempts. April 1863 – Grant went to the West of the April 1863 – Grant went to the West of the

Mississippi River and crossed the Miss, attacking Mississippi River and crossed the Miss, attacking from the South East. He then attacked General from the South East. He then attacked General Pemberton’s forces in Jackson, Mississippi – capitolPemberton’s forces in Jackson, Mississippi – capitol

Victory there pushed Pemberton’s Victory there pushed Pemberton’s forces back into Vicksburg since Grant forces back into Vicksburg since Grant could not trap them in Vicksburg. could not trap them in Vicksburg.

Grant’s response – a Grant’s response – a siege – siege – tactic in tactic in which an enemy is surrounded and which an enemy is surrounded and starved in order to make them starved in order to make them surrender.surrender. Started in Late May, 1863Started in Late May, 1863

For nearly a month, about 300 artillery For nearly a month, about 300 artillery guns constantly pounded Vicksburgguns constantly pounded Vicksburg

Supplies were cut off – Soldiers and Supplies were cut off – Soldiers and townspeople were forced to eat townspeople were forced to eat horses, dogs, ratshorses, dogs, rats

July 4, 1863 – 30,000 Confederate July 4, 1863 – 30,000 Confederate troops laid down their guns and troops laid down their guns and surrendered.surrendered.

Importance of 1863Importance of 1863

1863 had begun horrible for the North, 1863 had begun horrible for the North, but by Independence Day, it was a but by Independence Day, it was a time of celebration. time of celebration. The War just might eventually end. The War just might eventually end.

July 4 marked the turning point of the war. July 4 marked the turning point of the war. Lee troops would never again see the Lee troops would never again see the

strength they did pre-Gettysburg, and strength they did pre-Gettysburg, and Vicksburg is now in Union hands. Vicksburg is now in Union hands.

July 8, 1863 – Port Hudson, LA July 8, 1863 – Port Hudson, LA surrendered to the Union – now surrendered to the Union – now totally controlled the Mississippi totally controlled the Mississippi RiverRiver

Anaconda Plan CheckAnaconda Plan Check

Gettysburg AddressGettysburg Address

November 19, 1863 15,000 gathered at November 19, 1863 15,000 gathered at Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery in honor Gettysburg to dedicate a cemetery in honor of Union soldiers. Lincoln was not to feature of Union soldiers. Lincoln was not to feature guest, but was invited to give a few guest, but was invited to give a few remarks. remarks.

Lincoln delivered what became known as Lincoln delivered what became known as the the Gettysburg Address – Gettysburg Address – simply simply expressed both grief at the terrible cost of expressed both grief at the terrible cost of war and reasons for renewed efforts to war and reasons for renewed efforts to preserve the Union. preserve the Union.

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, we cannot hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom— and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.perish from the earth.

Section FourSection FourDevastation and New FreedomDevastation and New Freedom

War strategy at beginning of 1864:War strategy at beginning of 1864:HOLD ON HOLD ON

keep Union out of Richmond, hold what we keep Union out of Richmond, hold what we havehave

Why?Why?Some felt that if the war dragged on, Some felt that if the war dragged on, casualties continued, the Union would casualties continued, the Union would replace Lincoln in November’s election and replace Lincoln in November’s election and maybe the next President will think about maybe the next President will think about peace, or another strategy. peace, or another strategy.

Grant Takes CommandGrant Takes Command

Lincoln new reelection rested on Lincoln new reelection rested on battlefield success battlefield success

– – March 1864 gave General Ulysses S. March 1864 gave General Ulysses S. Grant full command of the Union army. Grant full command of the Union army. Grants plan to confront and crush the Grants plan to confront and crush the

Confederate army before NovemberConfederate army before November Placed General William Tecumseh Placed General William Tecumseh

Sherman in charge of the Western theatreSherman in charge of the Western theatre

On To Richmond!On To Richmond!

May 1864 – Grant moves troops into May 1864 – Grant moves troops into VirginiaVirginia Grant had 115,000 menGrant had 115,000 men Lee had 64,000 menLee had 64,000 men Grant marched right for Richmond Grant marched right for Richmond

Lee needed to stop himLee needed to stop him

WildernessWilderness

May 5 – May 5 – Battle of the Wilderness Battle of the Wilderness Battle in intense forest – woods caught fire – Battle in intense forest – woods caught fire –

heavy casualties by Grant did not force him to heavy casualties by Grant did not force him to retreat, but he decided to retreat, but he decided to move aroundmove around Confederate forces and continue on. Confederate forces and continue on.

Three days later, Lee met Union forces at Three days later, Lee met Union forces at SpotsylvaniaSpotsylvania

Battle of Spotsylvania – Battle of Spotsylvania – series of series of clashes lasting over two weeks – another clashes lasting over two weeks – another large casualty numberlarge casualty number Significance? Grant isn’t turning back!Significance? Grant isn’t turning back!

Battle of Cold Harbor – Battle of Cold Harbor – June 3 – 8 miles June 3 – 8 miles from Richmond from Richmond Two direct charges on Confederate lines – 7,000 Two direct charges on Confederate lines – 7,000

Union deathsUnion deaths Grant unable to take RichmondGrant unable to take Richmond Grant attempted another attack south of Grant attempted another attack south of

Richmond, Petersburg – attempted to cut off Richmond, Petersburg – attempted to cut off supplies – failedsupplies – failed

Less than two months saw 65,000 Union Less than two months saw 65,000 Union casualtiescasualties

Cold HarborCold Harbor

New StrategyNew Strategy

Grant ordered General Phil Sheridan to Grant ordered General Phil Sheridan to destroy everything he could in the destroy everything he could in the Shenandoah Valley Shenandoah Valley

Why?Why?

Luscious food supplies and railroad Luscious food supplies and railroad Making sure the South could not gain Making sure the South could not gain

supplies from this area if the war were to supplies from this area if the war were to last longer. Start of many more things to last longer. Start of many more things to comecome

Sherman in GeorgiaSherman in Georgia

Sherman began to move South from Sherman began to move South from Tennessee where his army was waiting Tennessee where his army was waiting Goal was to take Atlanta, and if the Goal was to take Atlanta, and if the

Confederates attempted to stop them, he had Confederates attempted to stop them, he had 98,000 troops to fight with98,000 troops to fight with

Confederate Commander, General Joseph Confederate Commander, General Joseph Johnston – attempts to stall union until Johnston – attempts to stall union until November – just like LeeNovember – just like Lee

Despite best attempts – Union was within miles of Despite best attempts – Union was within miles of Atlanta by July, 1864. Atlanta by July, 1864.

Jefferson Davis replaced Johnston with General HoodJefferson Davis replaced Johnston with General Hood

AtlantaAtlanta

Hood went right after the Union forces. Hood went right after the Union forces. After a series of battles and many After a series of battles and many casualties, Hood retreated his army, casualties, Hood retreated his army, almost 20,000 less than the 60,000 he almost 20,000 less than the 60,000 he took over to Atlanta.took over to Atlanta. Sherman started to bombard Atlanta Sherman started to bombard Atlanta Siege – Siege – like in Vicksburglike in Vicksburg

Early September – Confederate Army left Early September – Confederate Army left Atlanta for the Union to take.Atlanta for the Union to take.

Significance? This will help LincolnSignificance? This will help Lincoln

Sherman to the SeaSherman to the Sea

Sherman convinced Grant to let him Sherman convinced Grant to let him March 62,000 soldiers to the sea to March 62,000 soldiers to the sea to capture Savannah, Georgia. He first capture Savannah, Georgia. He first evacuated and burned Atlanta.evacuated and burned Atlanta. Union forces destroyed nearly Union forces destroyed nearly

everything between them and Savannah everything between them and Savannah December 21, 1864 Union entered the December 21, 1864 Union entered the

city without a fight. city without a fight.

Election of 1864Election of 1864

Republicans, though hesitant, re-nominated Republicans, though hesitant, re-nominated Lincoln for a second term.Lincoln for a second term. Added Andrew Johnson, pro-northern Tennessean Added Andrew Johnson, pro-northern Tennessean

as VP. as VP. Democrats nominated General George Democrats nominated General George

McClellanMcClellan Twice fired by Lincoln – promised to negotiate an Twice fired by Lincoln – promised to negotiate an

end to the warend to the war

Lincoln won in a landslideLincoln won in a landslideWhy? Why? Capture of Atlanta showed many that Capture of Atlanta showed many that

peace might not be the way to go just yet.peace might not be the way to go just yet.

A New Birth of FreedomA New Birth of Freedom

February 1854 – Congress joined February 1854 – Congress joined Lincoln’s determination against slavery Lincoln’s determination against slavery and proposed the and proposed the 13th Amendment13th Amendment Ratified by the states in December, 1865. Ratified by the states in December, 1865.

Ended slavery in the United States.Ended slavery in the United States. As Lincoln’s second term began, it was As Lincoln’s second term began, it was

clear that the war was nearly over and clear that the war was nearly over and it was time to think about post-war it was time to think about post-war AmericaAmerica

THE WAR ENDSTHE WAR ENDS

February 1865 – Sherman starts to February 1865 – Sherman starts to head towards South Carolinahead towards South Carolina Sherman destroyed much of South Sherman destroyed much of South

Carolina on his wayCarolina on his way By the time they hit North Carolina – By the time they hit North Carolina –

orders were put through to cease orders were put through to cease destructiondestruction

Why?Why?

AppomattoxAppomattox

April, 1865 – Confederate army had April, 1865 – Confederate army had less than 35,000 starving menless than 35,000 starving men Lee attempted to sneak around Union Lee attempted to sneak around Union

forces and join with General Johnston’s forces and join with General Johnston’s men fleeing from Sherman.men fleeing from Sherman.

Every time Lee moved, Grants troops Every time Lee moved, Grants troops cut them offcut them off

April 9 – Lee and his troops became April 9 – Lee and his troops became surrounded at a town called Appomattoxsurrounded at a town called Appomattox

Lee’s general’s proposed:Lee’s general’s proposed: guerrilla tactics – guerrilla tactics – surprise raids, hit-surprise raids, hit-

and-run tacticsand-run tactics Lee thought against itLee thought against it

That afternoon, Lee and Grant met in That afternoon, Lee and Grant met in a house in the town.a house in the town.

Lee asked for terms of surrender. Lee asked for terms of surrender. They were generousThey were generous

1. Soldiers would not be punished. 1. Soldiers would not be punished. They could take their horses and go They could take their horses and go home, must follow laws of their area.home, must follow laws of their area.

2. Soldiers would be fed2. Soldiers would be fed Papers were signed and Lee left on Papers were signed and Lee left on

horsebackhorseback

Many started to fire cannons to Many started to fire cannons to celebratecelebrate Grant ordered it stopped, reminding Grant ordered it stopped, reminding

those that we were no longer enemies, those that we were no longer enemies, but countrymenbut countrymen

Johnston surrendered to Sherman a few Johnston surrendered to Sherman a few weeks laterweeks later

War is now over!War is now over!

Lincoln AssassinatedLincoln Assassinated

Throughout the winter of 1864-65 a Throughout the winter of 1864-65 a group of southern loyalists in D.C. group of southern loyalists in D.C. planned to kidnap Lincoln and planned to kidnap Lincoln and exchange him for P.O.W.’sexchange him for P.O.W.’s Leader – John Wilkes BoothLeader – John Wilkes Booth Booth later revised the plan – kill top Booth later revised the plan – kill top

Union officials – including VP Johnson, Union officials – including VP Johnson, General Grant, especially Lincoln which General Grant, especially Lincoln which he would do himself.he would do himself.

April 14, 1865 – Booth slipped in to Lincoln’s April 14, 1865 – Booth slipped in to Lincoln’s unguarded box at Ford’s Theatreunguarded box at Ford’s Theatre Booth shot Lincoln in the head with a small pistol. Booth shot Lincoln in the head with a small pistol. President Lincoln died the next morning – never President Lincoln died the next morning – never

regained consciousness – millions lined the tracks regained consciousness – millions lined the tracks to see his funeral train go from DC to Springfield, to see his funeral train go from DC to Springfield, Illinois.Illinois.

Booth was tracked to a Virginia tobacco farm, Booth was tracked to a Virginia tobacco farm, where he refused to surrender. Barn was lit and where he refused to surrender. Barn was lit and he either was shot by a soldier or killed himself. he either was shot by a soldier or killed himself.