Chapter 11Section 1

The Stages of a River

Youthful Rivers

• Erodes its channel deeper rather than wider

• The river flows quickly

• Channels are narrow and straight

Mature Rivers

• Erodes its channel wider rather than deeper

• Has fewer falls and rapids

Old Rivers

• Low gradient and little erosive energy

• River deposits rock and soil in and long its channel

Rejuvenated Rivers

• Are found where the land is raised by tectonic activity. When land rises, the river becomes steeper, and river flows more quickly

Chapter 11Section 2

Streams and River Deposit

Deposition in Water

• Deposition = is the process in which material is laid down or dropped.

• Rock and soil deposited by streams is called sediment

Placer Deposits

• Heavy minerals deposits at places where the current slows down

• Delta – a fan-shaped mass of material deposited at the mouth of a stream

Delta

Deposition on Land

• Alluvial Fan – a fan shaped mass of material deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply

• Floodplain – an area along a river that forms from sediments deposited when the river overflows its banks

Chapter 11Section 3

Water Underground

Water Table

• The upper surface of underground water the upper boundary of the zone of saturation

aquifer

• A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater

permeability

• A rocks ability to let water pass through

• A rock that stops the flow of water is Impermeable

Artesian Spring

• A spring whose water flows from a crack in the cap rock over the aquifer

Sinkholes

• When the water table is lower than the level of a cave is no longer supported by the water underneath

Caves

• Water that drips from a crack in a caves ceiling leaves behind deposit of calcium carbonate. Which forms sharp icicle shaped features

Chapter 11Section 4

• Using Water Wisely

Water Pollution

• Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances into the environment

Point Source Pollution

• Pollution that comes from a specific site

Nonpoint – Source Pollution

• Pollution that comes from many sources rather than from a single, specific site

Health of a Water System

• Dissolved Oxygen = the oxygen dissolved in water.

• Sewage, fertilizer runoff, animal waste, decrease DO

• Cold water holds more oxygen than warm water

Nitrates

• Excess of nitrates can decrease dissolved oxygen

• Alkalinity = waters ability to neutralize, acid rain and other acid waste

Cleaning Polluted Water

• Sewage treatment Plant = a facility that cleans the waste materials found in water that comes from sewers or drains

Septic Tank

• A tank that separates solid waste from liquids and that has bacteria that break down the solid waste

Where the Water goes

• 60% bathing, toilet flushing, and laundry

• 32% Lawn, car washing, pool maintenance

• 8% Drinking, cooking

Where does the water go?

• Video take notes

Water in Industry

• 19% of water used in the world is used for industrial purposes.

• In the U.S most of the water used in factories is recycled

Water in Agriculture

• Most water lost in farming is lost through evaporation and runoff.

• Drip irrigation delivers small amounts of water to help conserve.

Conserving water at home

Chapter 12 Section 1

• Agents of Erosion and Deposition

Shoreline

• The boundary between land and a body of water

Wave Energy

• Wind moves across the ocean surface it produces ripples

• Size of a wave depends on how hard the wind is blowing and how long its blowing

Wave Trains

• Waves travel in groups • Upper part of wave moves faster and grows

taller, when too tall it cannot support itself and it crashes

The pounding Surf

Waves break and crack rock, making new sand

Wave Erosion

• Wave erosion produces many features along the shoreline:

• Sea Stacks• Sea Arches• Sea Caves

• Much of the erosion takes place during storms, when waves have more energy

Wave Deposits

• Continue Friday