chapter 11 personality this multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11
PersonalityPersonality
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. ISBN: 0-205-37181-7
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Defining Personality and Traits.
• Personality– Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of
behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual
– Trait, Temperament– Person-situation controversy
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Psychodynamic Theories
• Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
(Drives and instincts)
ErosEros
Thanatos
Sexual, life-giving, and creative drive
(energy = libido)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Drives and instincts
Eros
ThanatosThanatos
Aggressive and destructive drive
(“death” instinct)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Freudian slip – “Accidental” speech or behavior that reveals an unconscious desire
Psychic determinism – Freud’s assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by earlier life experiences
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Early childhood experiences
• Oedipus complex• Penis envy• Fixation (stage of development)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
IdId
Superego
Ego
Primitive, unconscious (basic drives and repressed memories)
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
Id
SuperegoSuperego
Ego
(values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society)
-conscience
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality structure
Id
Superego
EgoEgo
Conscious, rational part of personality, keeps peace between superego and id
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Defense Mechanisms
• Repression• Projection• Displacement• Sublimation• Regression• Denial
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Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Projective tests –
Personality assessment instruments
• Rorschach inkblot technique• Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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The Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Thematic Apperception Test
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Collective unconscious – Involves a reservoir for instinctive “memories” (the archetypes)
Personal unconscious – Portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud’s id
Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
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Carl Jung: Extending the Unconscious
Principle of opposites –
Portrays each personality as a balance between opposing pairs of unconscious tendencies, such as introversion and extroversion
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• Three scientific failings.– Violating the principle of falsifiability.– Drawing universal principles from the
experiences of a few atypical patients.– Basing theories of personality development
on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patients.
Evaluating Psychodynamic Theories
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Humanistic Theories
• Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality
• Rollo May: existentialism-dangers of free will
• Carl Roger’s
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Phenomenal field – Our psychological reality, composed of perceptions
Carl Rogers’s Fully Functioning Person
Unconditional positive regard –
Love or caring without conditions attached
Incongruence- a sense of being out of touch with your feelings
(neuroticism)
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Evaluating Humanistic Theories
Positive psychology –
Focus on the desirable aspects of human functioning
(Psychodynamic = Abnormal functioning)
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Personality as a Composite of Traits
Traits –
Stable personality characteristics
-individual difference
-measurement
-little role for ‘theory’
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Patterns in Personality
The “Big Five” traits
– Extraversion
– Agreeableness
– Neuroticism
– Openness to experience
– Conscientiousness
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Assessing Traits
• NEO-PI (Big Five Inventory)
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
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Objective Personality Scales
• Answer a series of question about self– ‘I am easily embarrassed’ T or F – ‘I like to go to parties’ T or F
• Assumes that you can accurately report
• There are no right or wrong answers
• From responses, develop a picture of you called a ‘personality profile’
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Social Learning and Personality
Reciprocal determinism Process in which the person, behavior and environment mutually influence each other
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Personality Assessment
1. Personal Interview: structured vs. open
2. Observation: interpretation, real-world
3. Objective tests: atheoretical, measurement, objective(?)
4. Projective tests: Inkblot, T.A.T.