chapter 11 major minerals and bone health. review how does the brain sense that you are dehydrated,...

Chapter 11Major Minerals and Bone Health

review

How does the brain sense that you are dehydrated, and what are some ways it corrects for this?

Tell your neighbor one cool fact you learned about water.

Copyright 2010, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Minerals in the Body Minerals are elements needed by the body

in small amounts for health and maintenance.

Major minerals are needed in the diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight.

Trace minerals are required in the diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight.

Minerals



Minerals in the Diet


Mineral Talk To maintain health, minerals must be consumed in the

correct proportions. Minerals are available in unprocessed foods, some

processed foods and dietary supplements. Processing can cause mineral loss ie) when the bran of a

grain is removed. Some minerals are added during processing of a food (ie, sodium to foods, or iodine to milk).

Bioavailability phytates, oxalates, and tannins can limit the body’s

ability to absorb calcium, zinc and iron. minerals can compete with each other for absorption.


The following minerals all compete with each other for absorption except?

calcium

sodium

copper

zinc

Minerals as Cofactors


1. Mineral cofactor combines with incomplete enzyme to form active enzyme. 2. Enzymes binds

two molecules of a chemical reaction and accelerates their transformation into final products

3. Final products released while enzyme remains unchanged


The most abundant mineral in the body is_____.

a) calcium.

b) sodium

c) potassium.

d) water


Calcium Talk Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Calcium accounts for 1–2% of adult body weight. Calcium provides the structure to bones and teeth and has

important regulatory roles. Calcium is absorbed by passive diffusion (especially when

levels are high) and active transport, depending on the availability of the active form of vitamin D.

Calcium absorption is higher if your needs are higher (infants absorb 60% of Calcium, young adults absorb 25%, estrogen increases calcium absorption in pregnancy 25%).

Bioavailability of calcium is decreased in the presence of tannins, fiber (small), phytates (significant) and oxalates.


The recommended intake of calcium for adults is:

a) 600-800 mg/d

b) 800-1000 mg/d

c) 1000-1200 mg/d

d) 1200-1400 mg/d


Calcium in the Diet


Calcium’s Role in the Body

99% of calcium in the body is found in solid mineral deposits in the bones and teeth.

The remaining 1% is found in intracellular fluid, blood and extracellular fluid.

Calcium found in the body’s fluid plays a role in nerve transmission, muscle contractions, blood pressure regulation and the release of hormones.


Which statement about vitamin D is correct?

a) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the active transport of calcium across the intestine.

b) Vitamin D induces the synthesis of proteins needed for the passive transport of calcium across the intestine.

c) Vitamin D is most necessary when calcium intake is

high.

d) Adequate consumption of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium to 50%.


Regulation of Blood Calcium


The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones. __________ raises blood calcium and ___________ lowers blood calcium levels.

calcitonin; aldosterone

calcitonin; parathyroid hormone

parathyroid hormone; calcitonin

thyroid stimulating hormone; calcitonin


Calcium and Bone Health


The mineral portion of bone is composed of calcium associated with phsophorus known as hydroxy appetite crystals


The hard compact layer found on the surface of bones is called ________ bone

cortical

enameled

extrinsic

trabecular

Gender and Bone Mass



At around age 35

a) bone formation exceeds bone breakdown.

b) bone formation is equal to bone breakdown.

c) bone breakdown exceeds bone formation.

d) the skeleton is weak and fractures easily


Loss of bone mass and increased risk of fractures associated with aging is termed

osteofissure

osteomalacia

osteoporosis

osteopropensia


Osteoporosis Risk


Risk Factors for Osteoporosis

Smoking and Bone Health smoking impedes the hormone calcitonin *1 Nicotine and free radicals kill osteoblasts*2 Nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco, which

can increase free radical formation, leading to osteoporosis *3



The risk of osteoporosis is decreased by all of the following

weight bearing exercise

low body weight

increased muscle mass

high body weight and fat


The group with the highest bone density is:

African Americans

Non-Hispanic whites

Hispanics

Asians

Genetic factors account for as much as 70 % of the variation in bone density and osteoporosis risk.


Which of the following is a reason why women are at increased risk of osteoporosis?

Women achieve a lower peak bone mass than men.

Bone breakdown is accelerated for a few years post-menopause.

Calcium absorption declines for a few years post-menopause.

The changes in hormones that accompany menopause affect appetite for calcium containing foods.


Phosphorus in the Diet


Phosphorus Talk Phosphorus makes up about 1% of an adult’s body. 85% of phosphorus in the body is found in the bones and

teeth. Phosphorus is an important component of molecules with

structural or regulatory roles. Phosphorus is more readily absorbed than calcium. Phosphorus is not as strictly controlled as calcium but is still

kept in ratios allowing for bone mineralization (both Vit D and PTH influence it)

Phosphorus deficiency can lead to bone loss, weakness and loss of appetite.

Phosphorus toxicity is rare, but can lead to bone resorption.

Phosphorus in Soda

Soft drinks have long been suspected of leading to lower calcium levels and higher phosphate levels in the blood. When phosphate levels are high and calcium levels are low, calcium is pulled out of the bones. The phosphate content of soft drinks like Coca -Cola and Pepsi is very high, and they contain virtually no calcium.“

The United States ranks first among countries for soft drink consumption with a per capita consumption of approximately 15 ounces a day

Michael Murray ND and Joseph Pizzorno NDEncyclopedia of Natural Medicine, Revised Second Edition



Phosphorous is essential for energy production since it is part of:

a) ATP

b) NADH

c) FADH2

d) DNA


Magnesium Talk About 50-60% of magnesium in the body is found in bone,

where it is essential for the maintenance of structure. both Vit D and PTH influence it

Most of the remaining magnesium is present inside cells, where it is the second most abundant intracellular ion, after potassium.

Magnesium is a cofactor for over 300 enzymes. It is necessary for the generation of energy from carbohydrate, lipid and protein.

Magnesium deficiency is rare. When it does occur, especially in individuals with alcoholism, malnutrition, kidney and GI disease or in people taking diuretics, it may cause nausea, muscle weakness and cramping, mental derangement and changes in blood pressure and heartbeat.

Magnesium toxicity is rare.


Magnesium in the Diet


Most of the magnesium in the body is in:

a) the bone

b) the blood

c) intracellular fluid

d) extracellular fluid


Sulfur Talk

Dietary sulfur is found in protein foods and sulfur-containing amino acids in vitamins.

Dietary sulfur is also found in nonfood additives, such as sulfur dioxide, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite.

Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are needed for protein synthesis.

The vitamins thiamin and biotin contain sulfur. There is no recommended daily intake for sulfur.


In the body, sulfur plays an important part in the structure of

a) adipose tissue

b) bones and teeth

c) enzymes

d) some amino acids and vitamins


Summary of Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium and Sulfur


Which of the following statements regarding calcium is true?

a) Calcium is better absorbed from breast milk than from infant formulas.

b) Diets high in phytates increase calcium

absorption.

c) Pregnant women need more calcium in their diet in order to supply the needs of the growing fetus.

d) Women who breast feed need more

calcium.


Chapter 11

Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without express permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information herein

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chapter 11 major minerals and bone health. review how does the brain sense that you are dehydrated,...

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