chapter 11 intelligence. the mental rotation test which two of the other circles contain a...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11
Intelligence
• The Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard Responses
1 2 3 4
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability• the extent to which a test yields
consistent results• assessed by consistency of scores on:• two halves of the test• alternate forms of the test• retesting
Validity• the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
Measuring Individual Differences
The second part of a credible test is reliability. • Reliability: A test yields the same results over
time-Test-Retest or Split-Half Reliability
Reliable, but not valid
Not reliable, not valid
Reliable and valid
Content Validity• the extent to which a test samples
the behavior that is of interest • driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion Validity: The behavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
Predictive Validity: The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.
Child with high IQAdult with high IQ
Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
What is Intelligence?Intelligence• ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
So how do we test intelligence?
Design your own intelligence test
Develop as few as 3 to as many as 10 questions that accurately measure the intelligence of your classmates.
Then try it out!
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Test a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet• the widely used
American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test-revised by
Terman at Stanford University
Mental Age• a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet• chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance• child who does as well as the average 8-
year-old is said to have a mental age of 8• 12-year-old who responded to the original
Stanford-Binet with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old was said to have an IQ of 75.
Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)• defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 -IQ = ma/ca x 100)
• Contemporary test have created a standard sample to compare test results. The average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
What is Intelligence?
Factor Analysis• Determines primary components of
intelligence• used to identify different dimensions of
performance that underline one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)• factor that Spearman and others
believed underlies specific mental abilities
• measured by every task on an intelligence test
General Intelligence (g)• Spearman believed that all
multiple intelligences could essentially be evaluated by a single kind of intelligence- the “g factor”
• Most people who had good verbal skills were also typically successful at solving the novel questions on a general intelligence test.
What is Intelligence?
Social Intelligence• the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence• ability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate emotions
Creativity• the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas-expertise-imaginative thinking skills-venturesome personality-intrinsic motivation-creative environment
Look up here.
You are about to undergo a test.
You will have a figure flashed in front of your eyes for less than a second, pay close attention to it.
Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
Assessing IntelligenceStandardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Changes perspectives- percentage of people diagnoses with mental retardation increased with IQ tests were restandardized.
Aptitude Test• a test designed to predict a
person’s future performance• aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test• a test designed to assess what a
person has learned
The Wonderlic Personnel Test
Intelligence best known for it’s use on Athletes-Only non-athletic test that affects draft picks for NFL players
Try it out for yourself!
Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)• most widely used intelligence test• subtests• verbal • performance (nonverbal)
The Normal Curve
Judging Normal• A “normal curve” is
applied to test to determine establish “norms.” When a statistically significant sample of the population has been tested, strong conclusions can be drawn.• A normal range for IQ
scores is 70-130. Scores below 70 indicate mental retardation while scores above 130 are considered gifted.
Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
Getting Smarter?
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation• a condition of limited mental ability• indicated by an intelligence score below
70• produces difficulty in adapting to the
demands of life• varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome• retardation and associated physical
disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise
limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill-computation -drawing
Components of Intelligence• Savant Syndrome: Individuals
with remarkable, but rare talent, even though they are mentally deficient in other areas.• Ex. Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man
The Dynamics of Intelligence
Types of Tests
There are two main types of tests:Objective Tests: Tests that have one set
answer, that can be scored easily by machine• Ex. Multiple choice
Subjective Tests: Tests in which individuals are given ambiguous figures or an open ended question which requires some interpretation and analysis.• Ex. FRQs
-Inter-rater reliability
Sample Subjective Test
The Rorschach Inkblot Test is one of the most widely known, and inaccurate subjective tests.
No one can agree on how to interpret the results!!
Genetic InfluencesHeritability• Intelligence is partially genetic, but
not entirely.• Parents IQ is the best known
indicator of how intelligent a child’s IQ will be, but this is not entirely reliable.
• Intelligent parents tend to have intelligent kids, but those kids are often times given the means to succeed.
• The heritability of intelligence is lowest among genetically similar individuals who have been raised in dissimilar environments.
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
Genetic Influences
So if intelligence is partially hereditary, can we take advantage of it?
EUGENICS- Movement aimed to selectively breed
intelligent people together in hopes in eventually create a smarter human race.
Gifted Programs- are they good?
Good-Encourage achievement in able
minded students
Bad- Work on intellectual growth of high
achieving students while leaving the lower achieving students behind
Downside of IQ Testing• Despite its utility, IQ testing had a
big downside. Tests ended up reinforcing prevailing prejudices about race and gender.
• Ignored was the fact that environmental disadvantages limit the full development of people’s intellectual abilities.
• Same problem of NCLB!!!
Downside of IQ Testing
Poor nutrition can lead to lower IQ scores
Differences in cultural values can lead to differences in IQ scores
Environmental Influences
The Schooling Effect
Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
Group Differences
Stereotype Threat• A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Theories of Intelligence
• Howard Gardner believed that IQ scores measured only a limited range of human mental abilities. He argued we have seven separate mental abilities he calls the multiple intelligences.
• Linguistic intelligence ("word smart"):• Logical-mathematical intelligence
("number/reasoning smart")• Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")• Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body
smart")• Musical intelligence ("music smart")• Interpersonal intelligence ("people
smart")• Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")
Theories of Intelligence