chapter 11: industry the cultural landscape: an introduction to human geography
Post on 22-Dec-2015
221 views
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 11: Industry
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Origin of industry– Industry:
production of goods in factories
– From cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution
Figure 11-2
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Origin of industry– Impacts of Industrial Revolution
• Iron– Steam Engine
• Coal– Energy source
• Transportation– Canals & Railroads
• Textiles– Cottage industry to factories
• Chemicals• Food processing
Where is Industry Distributed?• Industrial regions: Europe
– Late 19th & early 20th c.– United Kingdom: steel &
textiles to high-tech industry– Rhine-Ruhr Valley: iron &
steel– Mid-Rhine: consumer
market & iron ore
– Po Basin: textiles– NE Spain: textiles &
motor vehicles– Moscow, St Petersburg,
Volga, Donetsk, Silesia: wide variety
Figure 11-4
Where is Industry Distributed?• Industrial regions: N. America
– Arrived later but spread faster– NE U.S.
• New England: cotton textiles• Middle Atlantic: largest U.S.
market• Mohawk Valley: steel & food
processing• Pittsburg-Lake Erie: steel
• W Great Lakes: transportation hub; steel
• S California: aircraft industry; today = variety
– SE Canada• SE Ontario: steel, motor
vehicles, textiles, etc.
Figure 11-5
Where is Industry Distributed?
• Industrial regions: East Asia– Isolation from world markets– Japan
• Large quantity of goods to be sold at low prices
• Today = high quality automobiles, electronics, etc.
– China• Largest labor supply• 1 of largest consumer markets
Industrial RegionsFigure 11-3
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to inputs– Bulk-reducing industries
• Inputs weigh more than outputs
– Examples:• Copper
– Mining
– Concentration
– Smelting
– Refining
• Steel (iron alloy)– 19th c.
– 20th c.
Figure 11-8
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to markets– Bulk-gaining industries
• Product gains volume during production
– Examples:• Fabricated metals
– Making parts from metal– Bend, forge, stamp, form &
parts
• Beverage production– Water = largest input
Figure 11-10
Why Are Situation Factors Important?
• Proximity to markets– Single-market
manufacturers• Specialized• “Just-in-time” delivery
– Perishable products• Delivered ASAP
– Fresh food– Newspapers
Why Are Situation Factors
Important?• Ship, rail, truck, or air?
– The farther something is transported, the lower the cost
– 4 modes• Truck = short-distance travel• Train = longer distances (1 day +)• Ship = slow, but low cost• Air = most expensive, but fast
– Break-of-bulk point: mode transfer location
Why Are Site Factors Important?• Labor: most important
– Labor-intensive industries• Textiles (less-skilled, low cost labor)
– Textile & apparel spinning (spin fibers to make yarn or thread)
– Textile & apparel weaving (weave or knit yarn or thread into fabric)
– Textile & apparel assembly (cut & sew fabric into products)
– Capital-intensive industries
Textile Production
Figures 11-16, 17, 18
Why Are Site Factors Important?• Land
– 1st factories in cities– Today: rural sites
• Space for production line
• Environmental factors– Climate, topography, recreation,
culture, energy, etc.
• Capital– Need $ to start or expand
factories
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial regions– Changing industrial distribution in MDCs
• Interregional shift within the U.S.– Right-to-work laws– Textile production
Figure 11-21
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Interregional shifts in Europe
– Convergence shifts» E & S Europe
– Competitive & employment regions
» W Europe
Figure 11-23
Why Are Location Factors Changing?• Attraction of new
industrial regions– International shifts in
industry• East Asia
– China, Japan, S Korea
• South Asia – India
• Latin America– Maquiladora plants
– Changing distributions
World Steel ProductionFigure 11-24
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Attraction of new industrial regions– Outsourcing
• Transnational corporation• New international division of labor• Vertical integration
Figures 11-25, 26
Why Are Location Factors Changing?
• Renewed attraction of traditional industrial regions– Proximity to skilled labor
• Fordist (mass production)• Post-Fordist (lean
production)• Just-in-time delivery
The End.