chapter 11 ecosystem capital: use and restoration copyright © 2008 pearson prentice hall, inc....
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 11Ecosystem Capital:Use and Restoration
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc.
EnvironmentalScienceTenth Edition
Richard T. Wright
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Ecosystem Capital: Use and Restoration
• Global perspective on biological systems
• Conservation, preservation, restoration
• Biomes and ecosystems under pressure
• Public and private lands in the United States
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What We Need to Know About Ecosystems
• How they sustain human life and economies.
• Positive and negative effects of ecosystem conversions.
• Sustainable approaches to ecosystem management.
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Global Perspective on Biological Systems
• Major systems and their goods and services
• Ecosystems as natural resources
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Services from various types of ecosystems
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Review of Services of Natural Ecosystems
• Modification of climate
• Maintenance of hydrological cycle
• Erosion control and soil building
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Review of Services of Natural Ecosystems
• Maintenance of oxygen and nitrogen cycles
• Waste treatment
• Pest management
• Carbon storage and maintenance of carbon cycle
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Wetland Services
• Valued at $100,000 per acre per year
• Water purification and fish propagation
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Conservation, Preservation, Restoration
• Conservation versus preservation
• Patterns of use of natural ecosystems
• Restoration
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Conservation Versus Preservation
• Conservation: managing or regulating use so that it does not exceed the capacity of the species or system to renew itself.
• Preservation: ensure species or ecosystem continuity regardless of their potential utility
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Consumptive Use
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Productive Use
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Maximum Sustained Yield
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Parable of the Commons
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Patterns of Human Use of Natural Resources (True or False)
• Greed• Ignorance• Desperation• Sustainability• Mining the resource• Managing the resource• Unregulated access to resource
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Tragedy of the Commons
• Begins with unregulated access to a resource owned by no one. Examples?
• Harvest based on largest amount over the shortest period of time.
• No thought given to sustainable harvests.• Usually ends with no resource for anyone.
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Preventing a Tragedy of the Commons
• Private ownership
• Regulated access– Sustained benefits– Fairness in access rights– Common consent of the regulated
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Restoration
• The intent of ecosystem restoration is to repair the damage to specific land and waters so that normal ecosystem integrity, resilience, and productivity returns.
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Florida RestorationPlan
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Biomes and Ecosystems Under Pressure
• Forest biomes
• Ocean ecosystems
• Coral reefs and mangroves
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Forest Biomes
• Conserve biodiversity
• Moderate regional climates
• Prevent erosion
• Store carbon and nutrients
• Provide recreational opportunities
• Provide a number of vital goods
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World Forest Biomes
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Causes of Deforestation
• Conversion into pastures and agricultural lands
• Consequences? (next slide)
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Consequences of Deforestation
Deforestation or
More
Less
ProductivityNutrient recyclingBiodiversitySoil erosionTranspirationAir pollution
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Logging Operations
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Silviculture: Forest Management with Harvest Goals
• Even-aged management– Clear-cutting: no tree left behind
• Uneven-aged management– Selective cutting
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Sustainable Forestry
• Forests managed as ecosystems
• Maintain biodiversity and integrity of ecosystem
• Meet social, economic, cultural, and spiritual needs of present and future generations.
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Causes of the Loss of Tropical Rainforests
• Colonization: consolidation of agricultural lands
• Huge national debts
• Fast food chains and cheap hamburger
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Sustainable Forest Management
• Manage for sustainable outcomes
• Teach others
• Protect the health of the forest
• Recognize and protect unique forest ecosystems
• Strive to be better forest managers
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Trends in Forest Management in Developing Countries
• Sustainable forest management
• Plantations of trees for wood or other products, e.g., cacao and rubber
• Extractive reserves that yield nontimber goods
• Preserving forests as part of national heritage and ecotourism
• Management by indigenous people
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Rubber Plantation
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Ocean Ecosystems
An international commons?
75% of the Earth’ssurface
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The Global Fish Harvest
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Aquaculture
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Fisheries in Distress: Cod Landings from Georges Bank, 1982-2004
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Fisheries Problems: Bottom Trawling
Too many boatsHigh technologyToo few fish
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The Magnuson Conservation Act of 1976
• Gave federal government authority to manage fisheries
• Claimed the area between 3 and 200 miles offshore as the “Exclusive Economic Zone”
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The Magnuson Conservation Act of 1976
• Designed to eliminate foreign fishing
• Designed to restore and conserve fish
http://images.fws.gov/
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Sustainable Fisheries Act
• The 1996 reauthorization of the Magnuson Act• Mandates that fish stocks be rebuilt• Management plans and yields be based on
scientific data• Steps be taken to minimize “by catch”
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International Whaling
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Whale Watching
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Factors That Restored Whale Populations (True or False)
• International Whaling Commission• The Red Data Book• Whale watching• Japan’s scientific research• Stellwagen bank
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Coral Reefs
• Important food sources for local people
• Wave erosion control
• Great diversity of marine vertebrates and invertebrates
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Bleached Coral
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Sources of Damage to Coral Reefs
• Warm water
• Eutrophication
• Islander poverty
• Logging
• Shrimp aquaculture
• Coastal development
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Mangroves
• Protects coasts from storm damage and erosion
• Forms rich refuge and nursery for marine fish
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Public and Private Lands in the United States
• National parks and national wildlife refuges
• National forests
• Protecting nonfederal lands
• Final thoughts
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Distribution of Federal Lands in U.S.
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The Greater Yellowstone Coalition
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Wilderness Act of 1964
• Provides for permanent protection of undeveloped and unexploited areas so that natural ecological processes can operate freely.
• 5% of land area in U.S.
• Preservation, not conservation.
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National Forests
• Only 5% of the original U.S. Forests are left
• Most U.S. Forests are second growth
http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/lassen/fire/gallery/
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Post WW IIHousing Boom
EnvironmentalConcerns
Reagan
Clinton
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New Forestry = Ecosystem Management
• Cut trees less frequently• Leave wider buffer zones along waterways• Leave dead logs and debris• Protect broader landscapes• Build no new roads until damage to old
ones is addressed
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Protecting Nonfederal Lands
• Land Trust Alliance • Nature Conservancy • Trustees of Reservations in
Massachusetts
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Final Thoughts
• We are plundering our children’s heritage to pay for our present unsustainable practices.
• We need a new ethic of stewardship.– U.N. Secretary-General Kofi Annan