chapter 11
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Psychological Disorders:More Than Everyday Problems
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Psychological Disorder
The presence of a constellation of symptoms that create significant distress; impair work, school, family, relationships, or daily living; or lead to significant risk or harm
• Symptoms– Cognitive– Emotional– Behavioral
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Abnormality and Insanity are not Synonymous with a Psychological Disorder
• Insanity is a legal term. Insanity is being unable to appreciate the nature and quality of the wrongfulness of his or her acts, because of mental disease or defect.
• Abnormality is a condition or behavior that deviates from the usual physical or psychological state. Culture and context are important in defining abnormality. Talking to the dead is normal in some cultures.
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Explaining Psychological Disorders
• The Brain – Genes– Neurotransmitters– Brain Structure and Function– Diathesis (of the Diathesis-Stress Model)
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Explaining Abnormality
• The Person– Classical and Operant Conditioning– Cognitive Biases– Emotions
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Explaining Abnormality
• The Group – Culture Conception of Disorders– Relationships may exacerbate certain
disorders.– Social support can help individuals cope
with disorders.
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Categorizing Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV)– Axis I: clinical disorders– Axis II: personality disorders and mental retardation– Axis III: general medical conditions– Axis IV: psychosocial and environmental problems– Axis V: global assessment of functioning
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Mood Disorders
Persistent or episodic disturbances in emotion that interfere with normal functioning in at least one realm of life
• Major depressive disorder• Affect• Behavior• Cognition
– More common in women– Most common psychological
disorder in the United States
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Mood Disorders
• Dysthymia– Lifetime prevalence 6%
• Suicide– Attempted by 30% of depressed people
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Mood Disorders
• Bipolar disorder– Mania
• Hypomania• Manic episode• Prodromal phase
– Often cycles with depression– Formerly called manic depression– Lifetime prevalence 1%
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Explaining Mood Disorders
• The brain– Hereditary factors– Serotonin
• The person– Beck’s negative triad– Learned helplessness– Attributional style
• The group– Life stressors– Lack of social reinforcement
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Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder• Panic disorder
– Panic attacks– Agoraphobia– Locus coeruleus– Anxiety sensitivity– Lifetime prevalence 3%
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Anxiety Disorders
• Phobias– Social phobia
• Lifetime prevalence 13%– Specific phobia
• Animal fears• Blood-injection-injury fears• Natural environment fears• Situation fears• Miscellaneous fears• Lifetime prevalence 10%
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Anxiety Disorders
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)– Obsession– Compulsion
• Checking• Washing• Ordering
– Lifetime prevalence 2-3%– Caudate nucleus
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Anxiety Disorders
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)– Traumatic event– Fear and helplessness– Symptoms
• Re-experience event• Avoidance and emotional
numbing• Heightened arousal
– Lifetime prevalence 8% (among Americans)– Genetic predisposition
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Schizophrenia
• Positive symptoms– Delusions– Hallucinations– Disordered behavior– Disorganized speech
• Negative symptoms– Flat affect– Alogia– Avolition
Lifetime prevalence 1%
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Schizophrenia
• Four subtypes– Paranoid– Disorganized– Catatonic– Undifferentiated
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Explaining Schizophrenia
• The brain– Hereditary– The dopamine hypothesis
• The group– High expressed emotion– Social selection and social causation
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Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative amnesia• Dissociative fugue• Dissociative identity disorder
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Somatoform Disorders
Physical ailments with no authentic organic basis that are due to psychological factors.
Somatization: A history of diverse physical complaints that appear to be psychological in origin.
Conversion Disorder: A significant loss of physical functioning usually in a single organ system (i.e., paralysis, blindness).
Hypochondrias: An excessive preoccupation with one’s health and incessant worry about developing a physical illness.
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Eating Disorders
• Anorexia nervosa– Body image distortion
• Bulimia nervosa• Factors
– Genetic predisposition– Gender– Cultural factors
• Lifetime prevalence 0.5-4%
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General Diagnostic Criteria for PD’s
Enduring pattern of inner experience or behavior that deviates from expectations of culture, manifested in two or more of the following: - cognition (perception of self, others)– affectivity (intensity, range of emotions)– interpersonal functioning– impulse control
Enduring pattern is inflexible, pervasive in many situations
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Personality Disorders
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Anti-Social Personality
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The End