Chapter 10Chapter 10

The Byzantine The Byzantine WorldWorld

I.I. Constantine ReviewConstantine ReviewA. Background to EmperorA. Background to Emperor

– Battle of Mulvian BridgeBattle of Mulvian Bridge– Constantine CrossConstantine Cross– Quickly acquainted with early Church leadersQuickly acquainted with early Church leaders

B. Constantine as EmperorB. Constantine as Emperor– Sole Emperor of RomeSole Emperor of Rome– New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople)New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople)– 313 AD Edict of Milan (toleration of ALL religions)313 AD Edict of Milan (toleration of ALL religions)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjrnvDn2tcA

Hippodrome videoHippodrome video

C.C. Constantine & Christian StrugglesConstantine & Christian Struggles

Arian HeresyArian Heresy (see pg 236-237) (see pg 236-237)

(threatened “(threatened “schismschism” or division in church)” or division in church)

Constantine just wants them to “get along” – keep “unity” Constantine just wants them to “get along” – keep “unity” in Empirein Empire

Calls for Calls for ecumenicalecumenical council (worldwide council) of council (worldwide council) of church leaderschurch leaders

323 AD Council of Nicea323 AD Council of Nicea

Council of NiceaCouncil of Nicea

Arian question addressedArian question addressed

Date of celebration of Paschal/Easter celebration setDate of celebration of Paschal/Easter celebration set

Meletian Schism addressed (people re-entering church Meletian Schism addressed (people re-entering church after lapse in faith – how does church treat this?)after lapse in faith – how does church treat this?)

Constantine DID NOT decide on books of Constantine DID NOT decide on books of

Christian Bible – this is NOT historically accurateChristian Bible – this is NOT historically accurateCouncil of Trent decided on Catholic canon in 1546Council of Trent decided on Catholic canon in 1546

Church of England decided on its canon (Thirty-nine Articles) in Church of England decided on its canon (Thirty-nine Articles) in 15631563

Greek Orthodox church closed its canon in 1672Greek Orthodox church closed its canon in 1672

II.II. Union of Church & StateUnion of Church & State

A. Council of Nicea under ConstantineA. Council of Nicea under Constantine B. Theodosius (380 AD) – Christianity the “OfficialB. Theodosius (380 AD) – Christianity the “Official Religion” of Roman EmpireReligion” of Roman Empire

CaesaropapismCaesaropapism (vesting of all spiritual (vesting of all spiritual & political authority in one person)& political authority in one person)

Four Eastern ChurchesFour Eastern Churches– ConstantinopleConstantinople– AntiochAntioch– JerusalemJerusalem– AlexandriaAlexandria

The following are links to a YouTube video from the History Channel – Engineering an Empire – The Byzantine Greeks. Please watch the following video series and make sure you take notes – especially on the contributions of the Emperors.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yymXqXabqlsEngineering an Empire – The Byzantine Greeks Part 1/5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tg_qPhbGHxs&feature=relatedEngineering an Empire – part 2/5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7zDYQBFv4E&feature=relatedEngineering an Empire – part 3/5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW8zUDI27pU&feature=relatedEngineering an Empire – part 4/5http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=coSr0L7K2zI&feature=relatedEngineering an Empire – part 5/5

Basilica Cistern

Wall of Theodosius

III.III. Early Byzantium – Challenges & SurvivalEarly Byzantium – Challenges & Survival

A. Julian (361-363 AD)A. Julian (361-363 AD)– Apostate – tried to revive PaganismApostate – tried to revive Paganism– Rule plagued with outside invaders – PersiansRule plagued with outside invaders – Persians

B. Justinian & Theodora (527-565 AD)B. Justinian & Theodora (527-565 AD)(see page 238-239 in text)(see page 238-239 in text)

– Caesaropapist (Coronation of Emperors)Caesaropapist (Coronation of Emperors)– Codified lawCodified law– Attempted to reunite empire (failed attempts – war)Attempted to reunite empire (failed attempts – war)– ““One God, One Empire, One Religion”One God, One Empire, One Religion”– Paganism PersecutedPaganism Persecuted– Nika RevoltNika Revolt– Building Programs initiated Building Programs initiated

(bridges, roads, underground reservoirs)(bridges, roads, underground reservoirs)

C. Crisis in 7C. Crisis in 7thth Century Century

Bubonic Plague (Justinian’s Plague)Bubonic Plague (Justinian’s Plague)

630 AD – Islamic invaders630 AD – Islamic invaders

Material losses to empire as result of wars (see pg. Material losses to empire as result of wars (see pg. 243 in textbook)243 in textbook)

D. Eastern Christianity Culture & ConflictD. Eastern Christianity Culture & Conflict

– Deeply Christian – EasternDeeply Christian – Eastern– Early Christianity produces High Art/ArchitectureEarly Christianity produces High Art/Architecture– IconoclasmIconoclasm (image breaking) controversy (pg. 244 in textbook) (image breaking) controversy (pg. 244 in textbook)– 1054 Great Schism in Church – divides East and West Church1054 Great Schism in Church – divides East and West Church

Interesting Examples of Byzantine Art:Interesting Examples of Byzantine Art:

http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/Byzantium/gallery.htmlgallery.htmlByzantine ArtByzantine Art

Note that the art is full of Christian symbolism.Note that the art is full of Christian symbolism.

Most of their art centered around the State religion.Most of their art centered around the State religion.

Division of Church East v. WestDivision of Church East v. West

East (Constantinople)East (Constantinople) West (Rome)West (Rome)

Mystical – other wordlyMystical – other wordly PracticalPractical

Paralleled hierarchy of Paralleled hierarchy of governmentgovernment

Monasticism – imposed on Monasticism – imposed on clergyclergy

Could marryCould marry NO marriageNO marriage

Rejected Catholic doctrine of Rejected Catholic doctrine of PurgatoryPurgatory

PurgatoryPurgatory

Permitted DivorcePermitted Divorce NO divorceNO divorce

VernacularVernacular language (people) language (people) Latin language for liturgiesLatin language for liturgies

Relied on Bible and ecumenical Relied on Bible and ecumenical council to definecouncil to define

Looked to Church (Pope) to Looked to Church (Pope) to definedefine

Evolved as a community of Evolved as a community of independent churchesindependent churches

Papal Authority (ONE church)Papal Authority (ONE church)

Eventually East and West excommunicate each other!

IV.IV. RussiaRussia(Read pages 249 – end of Chapter)(Read pages 249 – end of Chapter)

A. 1st Period (882-972 AD)A. 1st Period (882-972 AD)

– State established & consolidatedState established & consolidated– Kiev as capitalKiev as capital– OlgaOlga

B. 2B. 2ndnd Period (980-1054 AD) Period (980-1054 AD)– Vladimir & ChristianityVladimir & Christianity

Cyril & Methodius

Codex – Cyril Alphabet

Consequences of Vladimir & Christianity for Russia:Consequences of Vladimir & Christianity for Russia:

1. Russia attaches self to church & idea of caesaropapism1. Russia attaches self to church & idea of caesaropapism

2. Weakening Byzantine empire made Russia (by default) 2. Weakening Byzantine empire made Russia (by default) leader of Eastern Orthodox Churchleader of Eastern Orthodox Church

3. Beneficiary of Byzantine culture & heritage (art, etc.)3. Beneficiary of Byzantine culture & heritage (art, etc.)

Vladimir:Vladimir:– Legal codeLegal code– Built churchesBuilt churches– Great commerce & wealthGreat commerce & wealth

Please look at the following National Geographic Website Please look at the following National Geographic Website on the current state of the Eastern Orthodox Church in on the current state of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Russia:Russia:

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/04/orthodox/ludwig-photographyhttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/04/orthodox/ludwig-photography

Russian Orthodox Church - National Geographic Article/PicturesRussian Orthodox Church - National Geographic Article/Pictures

C.C. 33rdrd Period (1054 – 1450 AD) Period (1054 – 1450 AD)– Marked by chaos & division between Vladimir’s sonsMarked by chaos & division between Vladimir’s sons– Capital moved north to city of VladimirCapital moved north to city of Vladimir– Mongols capture Kiev in 1450 ADMongols capture Kiev in 1450 AD