Chapter 10 Making Capital

Investment Decisions

•Homework: 23, 24, 31, 32 & 34

Lecture Organization

Identify relevant cash flows

Construct forecasted financial statements

Alternative definitions of OCF

CCA versus straight-line deprecation

Capital budgeting examples

Fundamental Principles of Project Evaluation

Fundamental Principles of Project Evaluation:

Project evaluation - the application of one or more capital budgeting decision rules to estimated relevant project cash flows in order to make the investment decision.

Relevant cash flows - the incremental cash flows associated with the decision to invest in a project.

The incremental cash flows for project evaluation consist of any and all changes in the firm’s future cash flows that are a direct consequence of taking the project.

Stand-alone principle - evaluation of a project based on the project’s incremental cash flows.

Relevant Cash Flows

Honda Corp. is considering a new car model to replace the Accord which earns 340,000 million yen a year in Accord sales

Estimates it will sell 2 million units of the new model and earn 210,000 yen on each unit (420,000 million yen in revenues)

Incremental cash flows = Cash Flow(With new car model) - Cash Flows(Without new car model)

420,000 - 340,000 = 80,000 million yen

Stand-Alone Principle

Evaluate project on the basis of its incremental cash flows

Project = "Mini-firm"

Allows us to evaluate the investment project separately from other activities of the firm

Cash Flows from the Project = Cash Flows from Assets

Aspects of Incremental Cash Flows

Sunk Costs

Opportunity Costs

Side Effects (Erosion)

Net Working Capital

Financing Costs

All Cash Flows should be after-tax cash flows

Sunk Costs

The Limited hires The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) to evaluate whether a new product line should be launched. The consulting fees are paid no matter what.

Opportunity Costs

Firm paid $300,000 land to be used for a warehouse. The current market value of the land is $450,000.

Opportunity Cost =Sunk Cost =

Side Effects and Erosion

A drop in Big Mac revenues when McDonald's introduced the Arch Deluxe.

Net Working Capital

Investment in inventories and receivables.

This investment is recovered at the end of project.

Financing Costs

Interest, principal on debt and dividends.

Pro Forma Financial Statements and DCF Valuation

Pro forma financial statementsBest current estimate of future cash flows

Exclude interest expenses and other financing costs

Use statements to obtain Project cash flow

If stand-alone principle holds:Project Cash Flow = Cash Flow from Assets =

Operating Cash Flow - Net Capital Spending - Additions to Net Working Capital

Depreciation

Economic and future market value are ignored.

Depreciation expense uses the cost of asset.

Care about depreciation because it affects tax bill

Use tax accounting rules for depreciation.CCAStraight-line

Additions to Net Working Capital

Will start with a NWC number (date 0)

NWC will change during project life (e.g. grow at a rate of 3% per period)

NWC(year 2) = NWC(year1)*1.03

Or, NWC will equal Y% of sales each period (e.g. 15%)NWC(year 2) = 0.15*Sales(year 2)

All NWC is recovered at the end of the project.Inventories are run downUnpaid bills are paid.Bring NWC account to zero.

Ways to Capital Budgeting Problem

Date 0: Buy the fixed asset -- Cash Outflow

Date T: Sell the fixed asset -- Cash InflowIf no more assets of the same class: Record after-tax gain or loss

Example: Preparing Pro Forma Statements

Suppose we want to prepare a set of pro forma financial statements for a project for Norma Desmond Enterprises. In order to do so, we must have some background information. In this case, assume:

1. Sales of 10,000 units/year @ $5/unit.

2. Variable cost/unit is $3. Fixed costs are $5,000/year. Project has no salvage value. Project life is 3 years.

3. Project cost is $21,000. Depreciation is $7,000/year.

4. Net working capital is $10,000.

5. The firm’s required return is 20%. The tax rate is 34%.

Example: Preparing Pro Forma Statements (continued)

Pro Forma Financial Statements

Projected Income Statements

Sales $______

Var. costs ______

$20,000

Fixed costs 5,000

Depreciation 7,000

“EBIT” $______

Taxes (34%) 2,720

Net income $______

Example: Preparing Pro Forma Statements (concluded)

Projected Balance Sheets

0 1 2 3

NWC $______ $10,000 $10,000 $10,000

NFA 21,000 ______ ______ 0

Total $31,000

Example: Using Pro Formas for Project Evaluation

Let’s use the information from the previous example to do a capital budgeting

Project operating cash flow (OCF):

EBIT

Depreciation

Taxes

OCF $____

Example: Using Pro Formas for Project Evaluation (continued)

Project Cash Flows

0 1 2 3

OCF

NWC Sp. ______ ______

Cap. Sp. -21,000

Total ______ ______

Example: Using Pro Formas for Project Evaluation (concluded)

Capital Budgeting Evaluation:

NPV =

PB =

AAR =

Should the firm invest in this project? Why or why not?

Alternative Definitions of OCF

Let:

OCF = operating cash flow

S = sales

C = operating costs

D = depreciation

Tc = corporate tax rate

Alternative Definitions of OCF (concluded) The Tax-Shield Approach

OCF = (S - C - D) + D - (S - C - D) x Tc

= (S - C) x ( 1 - Tc) + (D x Tc)

= (S - C) x (1 - Tc) + depreciation tax shield

The Bottom-Up Approach

OCF = (S - C - D) + D - (S - C - D) x Tc

= (S - C - D) x (1 - Tc) + D

= Net income + depreciation

The Top-Down Approach

OCF = (S - C - D) + D - (S - C - D) x Tc

= (S - C) - (S - C - D) x Tc

= Sales - costs - taxes

Chapter 10 Quick Quiz

Assume we have the following background information for a project being considered by Gillis, Inc.

Calculate the project’s NPV and payback period.

1. Required NWC investment = $40; initial capital spending = $60; 3 year life

2. Annual sales = $100; annual costs = 50; straight line depreciation to $0

3. Salvage value = $10; tax rate = 34%, required return = 12%

The after-tax salvage is $10 - ($___ - ___ )(.34) = $6.6

OCF = (100 - 50 - 20) + 20 - (100 - 50 - 20)(.34) = $_____

Chapter 10 Quick Quiz (concluded)

Project cash flows are thus:

0 1 23

OCF $39.8 $39.8$39.8

Add. NWC _____ _____

Cap. Sp. -60 _____

_____ $39.8 $39.8$86.4

NPV = $ ______

Payback period = 2.24 years

Example: Fairways Equipment and Operating Costs

Equipment requirements:

Ball dispensing machine $ 2,000

Ball pick-up vehicle 7,000

Tractor and accessories 9,000

$18,000

all depreciable equipment is Class 10, 30% all equipment is expected to have a salvage value of 10% of cost

after 6 years. Assume there are no more class 10 assets after the project ends.

Balls and buckets $ 3,000

expenditures for balls and baskets are expected to grow to 5% per year

Corporate tax rate is 15%

Example: Fairways Equipment and Operating Costs (concluded)

Operating Costs (annual)

Land lease $ 12,000

Water 1,500

Electricity 3,000

Labor 30,000

Seed & fertilizer 2,000

Gasoline 1,500

Maintenance 1,000

Insurance 1,000

Misc. 1,000

$53,000

Working Capital

Initial requirement = $3,000

Working capital requirements are expected to grow at 5% per year for the life of the project

Example: Fairways Revenues, Depreciation, and Other Costs

Projected Revenues

Year Buckets Revenues

1 20,000 $60,000

2 20,750 62,250

3 21,500 64,500

4 22,250 66,750

5 23,000 69,000

6 23,750 71,250

Example: Fairways Revenues, Depreciation, and Other Costs (continued)

Cost of balls and buckets

Year Cost

1 $3,000

2 3,150

3 3,308

4 3,473

5 3,647

6 3,829

Example: Fairways Revenues, Depreciation, and Other Costs (concluded)

CCA for the six year life of the project

Year Beg. UCC CCA Ending UCC

1 9000 2700 6300

2 15300 4590 10710

3 10710 3213 7497

4 7497 2249 5248

5 5248 1574 3674

6 3674 1102 2572

Example: Fairways Pro Forma Income Statement

Year

1 2 3 4 5 6

Revenues $60,000 62,250 64,500 66,750 69,000 71,250

Variable costs 3,000 3,150 3,308 3,473 3,647 3,829

Fixed costs 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000 53,000

Depreciation 2,700 4,590 3,213 2,249 1,574

EBIT 1,300 1,510 4,979 8,028 10,779

Taxes 195 227 747 1,204 1,617

Net income $ 1105 1,283 4,232 6,824 9,162

Example: Fairways Projected Increases in NWC

Projected increases in net working capital

Year Net working capital Increase in NWC

0 3,000 ____

1 3,150 150

2 3,308 158

3 3,473 165

4 3,647 174

5 3,829 182

6 4,020 ____

Example: Fairways Cash Flows

Operating cash flows:

OperatingYear EBIT + Depreciation - Taxes = cash flow

0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0

1 1,300 2,700 195 3,805

2 1,510 4,590 227 5,873

3 4,979 3,213 747 7,445

4 8,028 2,249 1,204 9,073

5 10,779 1,574 1,617 10,736

6 ______ _____ ______ _______

Example: Fairways Cash Flows (concluded)

Total cash flow from assets:

Operating - Increases Capital TotalYearcash flow in NWC - spending = cash flow

0 $ 0 $ ______ $18,000 -$_____

1 3,805 150 0 3,655

2 5,873 158 0 5,715

3 7,445 165 0 7,280

4 9,073 174 0 8,899

5 10,736 182 0 10,554

6 ______ _____ ______ ______

Present Value of the Tax Shield on CCA

Let:

C = total capital cost added to the pool (initial UCC)

d = CCA rate for the asset class

k = discount rate

S = salvage value of asset

Tc = corporate tax rate

n = asset life in years

Notes for Present Value of CCA Tax Shield (CCATS)

Example 1: Using CCATS to Evaluate a Cost-Cutting Proposal

Consider a $10,000 machine that will reduce pretax operating costs by $3,000 per year over a 5-year period. Assume no changesin net working capital and a scrap value of $1,000 after five years. The equipment is in class 8 with a CCA rate of 20%. The marginal tax rate is 34% and the appropriate discount rate is 10%.

(Assume there are other class 8 assets in use after 5 years.)

Example 1: Using CCATS to Evaluate a Cost-Cutting Proposal (concluded)

Example 2: Straight-line Depreciation and Cost-Cutting Proposal

Redo the previous example with straight-one deprecation.

Consider a $10,000 machine that will reduce pretax operating costs by $3,000 per year over a 5-year period. Assume no changesin net working capital and a scrap value of $1,000 after five years. For simplicity, assume straight-line depreciation. The marginal tax rate is 34% and the appropriate discount rate is 10%.

Example 2: Straight-line Depreciation and Cost-Cutting Proposal (concluded)

Example: Setting the Bid Price

Operating Increases Capital TotalYearcash flow in NWC spending = cash flow

0 $ 0 ______ ______ _______

1 OCF 0 0 OCF

2 OCF 0 0 OCF

3 OCF ______ ______ OCF + ______

The Army is seeking bids on Multiple Use Digitizing Devices (MUDDs). The contract calls for 4 units per year for 3 years. Labour and material costs are estimated at $10,000 per MUDD. Production space can be leased for $12,000 per year. The project will require $50,000 in new equipment which is expected to have a salvage value of $10,000 after 3 years. Making MUDDs will require a $10,000 increase in net working capital. Assume a 34% tax rate and a required return of 15%. Use straight-line depreciation.

Example: Setting the Bid Price (concluded)

Machine A Machine B

Costs

Annual Operating Costs

Replace

$100 $140

$10 $8

Every 2 years Every 3 years

Evaluating equipment with different economic lives

Equivalent Annul Cost (EAC)

PV(Costs) = EAC*(Annuity Factor)

EAC = PV(Costs)/Annuity Factor

Example: Equivalent Annual Cost Analysis

Two types of batteries are being considered for use in electric golf carts at City Country Club. Burnout brand batteries cost $36, have a useful life of 3 years, will cost $100 per year to keep charged, and have a salvage value of $5. Longlasting brand batteries cost $60 each, have a life of 5 years, will cost $88 per year to keep charged, and have a salvage value of $5. Assume straight-line depreciation.

Example: Equivalent Annual Cost Analysis (concluded)