chapter 10 frontispiece. trains loaded with coal departing from the rawhide coal mine near gillete,...
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Chapter 10 frontispiece.Trains loaded with coal departing from the Rawhide coal mine near Gillete, Wyoming
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by J. Foster
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Figure 10.1. The fuels used to produce all energy worldwide, 2005
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Data from Energy Information Agency, DOE
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Table 10.1. Some common units of energy and power
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
Prefixes
Kilo (K) 103 Giga (G) 109 Peta (P) 1015
Mega (M) 106 Tera (T) 1012 Exa (E) 1018
Units and Some Common Amounts
Joule (J) = basic unit of energy
exajoule = 1018 joules
British thermal unit (Btu) = energy needed to heat 1 pound of water 1°F = 1,055 joules
1.055 exajoule = 1015 (1 quadrillion [quad]) Btu
Toe = tons of oil equivalent = 41.868 x 109 joules
1 million toe = 41.868 petajoule
Watt (W) = unit of power (work) = energy per unit time = 1 joule/sec
kilowatt = 1,000 watts, megawatt = 106 watts, gigawatt = 109 watts
Watt hours (WH) = energy = 1 W delivered over 1 hour = 1 joules/sec x 3,600 sec/hr = 3,600 joules
1 kilowatt hour = 3.6 x 106 joules, 1 megawatt hour = 3.6 x 109 joules, 1 gigawatt hour = 3.6 x 1012 joules, 1 kilowatt hour = 3,413 Btu
Metric ton (t) = 1,000 kilograms
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Figure 10.2. Emissions of CO2 from fossil-fuel burning according to fuel type, 2000-2005 and projected to 2030
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Data from Energy Information Agency, DOE
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Figure 10.3. Annual emissions of CO2 from various sectors
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Rogner et al., 2007
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Table 10.2. World’s recoverable coal reserves in gigatons as of January 2003
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Energy Information Agency, DOE
United States 112.2 100.1 30.4 250.9
Russia 49.1 97.4 10.4 157.0
China 62.2 33.7 18.6 114.5
India 90.1 0.0 2.4 92.4
Non-OECDb Europe, Eurasia 45.4 17.0 28.4 90.8
Australia, New Zealand 38.6 2.4 38.0 79.1
South Africa 47.2 0.2 0.0 47.3
OECD Europe 17.7 4.5 17.1 39.3
Brazil 0.0 10.1 0.0 11.1
World total 479.7 270.4 155.0 905.1
aAnthracite, bituminous, and lignite are different coal types with decreasing carbon and heat contents
bOECD = Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Region/CountryBituminous and
Anthracitea
Sub-bituminous Lignite Total
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Figure 10.4. Current and projected coal consumption in India, the United States, China, and the rest of the world
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Energy Information Agency DOE
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Table 10.3. Comparison of performance and cost of some coal-fired, electricity-generating technologies
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: MIT
CO2 capture? No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes
Efficiency (%) 34.3 25.1 38.5 29.3 43.3 34.1 34.8 25.5 30.6 38.4 31.2
CO2 emitteda 931 127 830 109 738 94 1,030 141 104 832 102
Costb 4.84 8.16 4.78 7.69 4.69 7.34 4.68 7.79 6.98 5.13 6.52
aIn units of grams per kilowatt hour.
bCost of electricity (COE) in cents per kilowatt hour. The COE is the constant dollar electricity price required over the life of the plant to provide for all expenses and debt and bring in an acceptable rate of return to investors.
SubcriticalPulverizedCoal (PC)
Super-Critical
PC
Ultra-Super-
Critical PC
Sub-critical PC-oxy
SubcriticalCirculatingFluid Bed
IntegratedGas CombinedCycle (IGCC)
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Figure 10.5. Simulation of the shape of a CO2 plume as it spreads through a porous layer over a 20-year period
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Doughty and Pruess, 2004
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Figure 10.6. Schematic cross section and location of the Sleipner Project, Norwegian North Sea
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Benson et al., 2005
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uranium-235 + slow neutron
barium-144 + krypton-90 + 2 neutrons + 200 megavolts
Uranium-235 fission (example reaction)
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. p. 198
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E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Photograph by J. Newman, American Museum of Natural History
Figure 10.7. Metatorbernite
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Table 10.4. Generating costs of wind and solar power in 2007 for three different amounts of sunlight received and wind velocities
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Edmonds et al., 2007
Received irradiance (watts per square meter per year) 1,700 2,000 2,300
Solar photovoltaic (cents per kilowatt hour) 29 25 21
Solar thermal (cents per kilowatt hour) 26 22 19
Wind velocity (meters per second at 50 meters
above ground) 7.0-7.5 7.5-8.0 8.0-8.8
On-shore turbines (cents per kilowatt hour) 4.6 3.8 3.4
Off-shore turbines (cents per kilowatt hour) 5.3 4.5
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Figure 10.8. Renewable sources of power as proportions of total U.S. electric net summer capacity, 2006
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Energy Information Agency, DOE
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Figure 10.9. Wind farm
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE
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Figure 10.10. The growth of global installed wind power capacity, 1996-2007
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press.
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Table 10.5. National installed wind power capacities as of the end of 2007
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Source: Global Wind Energy Council
Germany 22,247 23.6 7.0
United States 16,818 17.9 1.2a
Spain 15,145 16.1 11.8
India 8,000 8.5 4.0b
China 6,050 6.4 6.4
Denmark 3,125 3.3 21.2
Italy 2,726 2.9 1.7
France 2,454 2.6 1.2
United Kingdom 2,389 2.5 1.8
Portugal 2,150 2.3 9.3
Canada 1,846 2.0 1.1b
Netherlands 1,746 1.9 3.4
Japan1,538 1.6 0.5b
Total Europe 57,136 60.7 3.8
World total 94,123 100.0 1.8b
Note: Data are for countries with capacities greater than 1,000 megawatts.
aFor 2006; bAs a proportion of total national electricity generation.
Capacity(Megawatts)
Percentageof World Capacity
Percentage of NationalElectricity Demand
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Figure 10.11. An array of photovoltaic panels
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE, photograph by S. Wilcox
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Figure 10.12. Parabolic troughs
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, DOE, photograph by W. Gretz
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Figure 10.13. The worldwide growth of capacity from photovoltaic cells
E.A. Mathez, 2009, Climate Change: The Science of Global Warming and Our Energy Future, Columbia University Press. Data from British Petroleum 2007
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