chapter 10 america claims an empire. objectives: to describe and evaluate growing american...
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Chapter 10
America Claims an Empire
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Objectives:
• To describe and evaluate growing American Imperialism at the turn of the century.
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Imperialism – when nations extend their economic, political or military control over weaker territories.
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By early 1900’s, due to European imperialism, only 2 countries in Africa remained independent. (Ethiopia and Liberia)
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Asia was also an area for imperialistic expansion.
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American Imperialism:
1. Manifest Destiny
2. Need for new markets (overproduction)
3. Feeling of superiority (Social Darwinism)
4. Desire for military power
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• Alfred Mahan, advised US to build naval power, to establish naval bases around the world, and to construct a canal across Panama.
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• We built the Great White Fleet.
• (TR sent around the world.)
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Sec. of State William Seward led US to buy Alaska. It was called “Seward’s Folly”. ($7.2 million)
Became a state in 1959. Rich in timber, minerals and oil.
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US took Hawaii in 1898; it became 50th state in 1959.
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• US looked toward Cuba…
• After Spain abolished slavery in Cuba, Americans began investing heavily in Cuban sugar plantations.
• Spain controlled Cuba in the late 1800’s.
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Jose Marti – poet, 1895, used guerrilla warfare to fight for Cuban independence.
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• Spanish General Weyler restored order by herding the rebels into concentration camps where many died of hunger and disease.
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• Yellow journalism (Hearst and Pulitzer) wrote of Spanish atrocities in the camps urging US to go to war to liberate Cuba. (Cuba Libre!).
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• Neither side wanted war.
• Sp. gave some self-rule to Cuba.
• A letter was leaked to the press in which (Sp. Foreign Minister) De Lome called McKinley “weak”.
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• The US sent the USS Maine to bring American citizens home from Cuba.
• On Feb. 15, 1898, the ship blew up in harbor of Havana…260 men killed.
• “Remember the Maine!”
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• Spanish denied involvement, but apologized and agreed to our concessions.
• We still don’t know for sure who did it.
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• Public opinion favored war (yellow journalism).
• US declared war April 20, 1898.
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• American Imperialism?
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• 1st Act of war: US Commodore George Dewey attacked the Philippines and helped Filipino rebels defeat the Spanish.
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• The US Navy blockaded Cuba; the US army had many problems.
• The Army depended on volunteers like the “Rough Riders” (Teddy Roosevelt)
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• Battle of San Juan Hill opened the way for US to defeat the Spanish and to attack Puerto Rico.
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Teddy Roosevelt’s charge up San Juan Hill……
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• This “splendid little war” only lasted 15 weeks.
• Dec. 10, 1898, Treaty of Paris –
1. Cuba independent
2. US got Guam and Puerto Rico
3. US bought Philippines (20 million)
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• What happened to Cuba?
• US passed the Teller Amendment saying it would not take over Cuba – even though US military control remained after the war.
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• But, the Platt Amendment – 1901, was added to the Cuban Constitution making Cuba like a protectorate.
1. Cuba could pass no treaties to limit independence
2. US could intervene if needed
3. Cuba couldn’t get in debt
4. US could buy or lease land for bases
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Cuba basically became a protectorate…
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What was our justification fortaking the Philippines?
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• Outraged by the Treaty, Filipinos vowed to fight for independence.
• 1899 – Aquinaldo led the revolt..
• The US responded the same way the Spanish had in Cuba.
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• African-Am. soldiers often deserted to the Filipino side due to discrimination against the Filipinos.
• Took 3 yrs. to end the war.
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• Ironically, the US did to the Filipinos what they fought against in Cuba, the war cost the US $400 million (20 times what we paid for the country), 20,000 Filipino rebels died fighting for independence.
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• US appointed a governor of the Philippines …
• We did not give them their independence until July 4, 1946.
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What happened to Puerto Rico?
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Puerto Rico:
1. First had military rule
2. 1900, Foraker Act – gave US President right to appt. governor, etc.
3. 1901, Supreme Court ruled in the Insular Cases that the Constitution did not apply to acquired territories
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4. 1917, PR got rights to US citizenship and right to elect their gov’t.
5. 1952, PR became a commonwealth.
• Can be drafted, but cannot vote for president, can move freely to US and back.
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• China was the “sick man of Asia”
• Foreign countries had taken spheres of influence on the Chinese coast.
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• Open Door Policy, 1899, John Hay – foreign powers agreed to share Chinese market.
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• Boxer Rebellion – 1900, Chinese rebelled against foreigners. 1000’s died.
• US kept Open Door Policy…
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US Foreign Policy:
1. Believed growth depended on foreign exports.
2. Believed we must keep markets open to our goods.
3. Feared the closing of an area to our ideas.
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• The foreign policies of the Progressive Presidents in South and Central America:
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Teddy Roosevelt used the policyof “Speak softly and carry a BigStick”.
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• Roosevelt Corollary: TR restated the Monroe Doctrine.
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• TR considered the Panama Canal the greatest achievement of his presidency.
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• TR encouraged a Panamanian Rebellion against Colombia (with US warships sitting in nearby waters). Panama declared independence and signed a treaty with US.
• We paid the Panama ten million plus $250,000 annually in rent.
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• Construction of the canal ranks as one of the world’s greatest engineering feats.
• Total cost – $380 million, hundreds of lives lost to accidents and disease.
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• Canal opened in 1914 and over 1000 merchant ships passed through the first year.
• To gain better relations, the US paid Colombia $25 for Panama.
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• 1904, T. Roosevelt mediated a peace agreement in the Russo-Japanese War leading him to win the Nobel Prize.
• Russia and Japan fought over Korea and Manchuria.
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• Taft’s policy in South and Central America was called Dollar Diplomacy - use money to gain power.
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• Woodrow Wilson’s policy was “Missionary Diplomacy” – the US would not recognize any gov’t that was oppressive, undemocratic or hostile to US interests.
• In other words, it pushed the idea of democracy….sound familiar?
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• Lots of Mexican revolutions led the US to support the leaders that were good to us.
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• Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata opposed the Mexican gov’t. that we supported. (it did not help the poor)
• Zapata, “It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”
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• Pancho Villa attacked Americans across the US border.
• US sent John J. Pershing to catch him; he failed.
• War in Europe forced Wilson to call Pershing home in 1917.
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Policy goals going into 20th Century:
1. Expand foreign market
2. Build a great navy to protect it
3. Police the western hemisphere to keep dominance