Chapter 1

Thinking Geographically

Human GeographyHuman Geography

Attempts to answer the following Attempts to answer the following questions:questions:

Where are people and activities Where are people and activities found on Earth?found on Earth?

Why are they found there?Why are they found there?

Maps: Geography’s Most Maps: Geography’s Most Important ToolImportant Tool

Maps-Maps- two-dimensional or flat-scale or flat-scale models of the Earth’s surface, or a models of the Earth’s surface, or a portion of itportion of it• A tool for storing reference material and A tool for storing reference material and

a tool for communication geographic a tool for communication geographic informationinformation

Cartography-Cartography- the science of the science of mapmakingmapmaking

MapsMaps

Maps can be used Maps can be used to depict human to depict human activities across activities across spacespace

A series of maps A series of maps can illustrate can illustrate change over timechange over time

Mapmaking

•Earliest surviving maps were made Earliest surviving maps were made by the Babylonians around 2300 BCby the Babylonians around 2300 BC•Aristotle was the first to hypothesize Aristotle was the first to hypothesize that the Earth was round (300s B.C.)that the Earth was round (300s B.C.)•Eratosthenes was the first to use the Eratosthenes was the first to use the word geography in around 200 B.C.word geography in around 200 B.C.•In the 100s A.D., Ptolemy wrote an 8 In the 100s A.D., Ptolemy wrote an 8 volume volume Guide to GeographyGuide to Geography

Map ScaleMap Scale

Def. – the relationship of a feature’s Def. – the relationship of a feature’s size on a map to its actual size on size on a map to its actual size on earthearth

Can be done as a fraction or ratio Can be done as a fraction or ratio (1/18,000 or 1:18,000), a written (1/18,000 or 1:18,000), a written statement (one inch equals one statement (one inch equals one mile), or a geographic bar scalemile), or a geographic bar scale

Map Scale (cont.)Map Scale (cont.)

The larger the scale, the closer the The larger the scale, the closer the area of detailarea of detail

ProjectionProjection

Def. – scientific method of Def. – scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat mapsurface to a flat map

Always produces some sort of distortionAlways produces some sort of distortion

4 Types of Distortion4 Types of Distortion

1.1. Shape distortion-Shape distortion- an area appears an area appears elongated or more squatelongated or more squat

2.2. Distance distortion-Distance distortion- distance between distance between points changespoints changes

3.3. Relative size distortion-Relative size distortion- one area may one area may appear larger or smaller on a map than appear larger or smaller on a map than another- when in reality it is notanother- when in reality it is not

4.4. Direction distortion-Direction distortion- direction from direction from one place to another can be distortedone place to another can be distorted

Projection (cont.)Projection (cont.)

Equal area projections keep the Equal area projections keep the relative sizes of the landmasses on relative sizes of the landmasses on the map the same size in realitythe map the same size in reality• Does cause some shape distortion close Does cause some shape distortion close

to the polesto the poles

The Land Ordinance of 1785The Land Ordinance of 1785

Used to divide land for sale in the Used to divide land for sale in the Western United StatesWestern United States• TownshipTownship- area of land 6 miles by 6 - area of land 6 miles by 6

milesmiles Divided into 36 Divided into 36 sections sections (1mile by 1 mile)(1mile by 1 mile)

Contemporary ToolsContemporary Tools

Geographic Information System Geographic Information System (GIS)(GIS)

A computer system that can capture, A computer system that can capture, store, and analyze geographic datastore, and analyze geographic data

The position every object on Earth The position every object on Earth can be precisely recordedcan be precisely recorded

Info. can be stored in layersInfo. can be stored in layers Ex. Geo-data ExplorerEx. Geo-data Explorer

Contemporary Tools (cont.)Contemporary Tools (cont.)

Remote SensingRemote Sensing Acquisition of data from a satellite Acquisition of data from a satellite

orbiting the earthorbiting the earth Functions much like a scannerFunctions much like a scanner

Contemporary Tools (concluded)Contemporary Tools (concluded)

Global Positioning System (GPS)Global Positioning System (GPS) a system that accurately determines a system that accurately determines

the precise position of something on the precise position of something on EarthEarth

Most commonly used for navigation Most commonly used for navigation purposespurposes

Place: Unique Location of a Place: Unique Location of a FeatureFeature

Location- the position that Location- the position that something occupies on Earth’s something occupies on Earth’s surfacesurface

4 ways to identify location:4 ways to identify location:1.1. Place namePlace name

2.2. SiteSite

3.3. SituationSituation

4.4. Mathematical locationMathematical location

Place NamesPlace Names ToponymToponym- the name given to a - the name given to a

place on Earthplace on Earth• Might be named after a person, for its Might be named after a person, for its

physical features, or after an event that physical features, or after an event that occurred thereoccurred there

Ex. Greensboro- named after General Ex. Greensboro- named after General Nathaniel GreeneNathaniel Greene

SiteSiteSiteSite- the physical character of a place- the physical character of a place

Important characteristics include: Important characteristics include: climate, water sources, topography, climate, water sources, topography, soil, vegetation, latitude, and soil, vegetation, latitude, and evaluationevaluation

Very important factors for Very important factors for establishing a settlementestablishing a settlement

Can be modified by humansCan be modified by humansEx. ManhattanEx. Manhattan

SituationSituation

SituationSituation- the location of a place - the location of a place relative to other placesrelative to other places• Helps find unfamiliar places by Helps find unfamiliar places by

comparing it to a familiar onecomparing it to a familiar one Clemmons is south of LewisvilleClemmons is south of Lewisville Mario’s Pizza is next to Blue MoonMario’s Pizza is next to Blue Moon

Situation (cont.)Situation (cont.) Situation also helps Situation also helps

explain the explain the importance of a importance of a locationlocation• Singapore has Singapore has

become an become an important trading important trading center because of center because of its situation near its situation near the Strait of the Strait of Malacca (1/4 of Malacca (1/4 of maritime trade maritime trade passes through passes through each year)each year)

Mathematical LocationMathematical Location

Any location on Earth can be Any location on Earth can be described in terms of meridians and described in terms of meridians and parallelsparallels

Meridians-Meridians- an arc drawn b/w the an arc drawn b/w the North and South polesNorth and South poles• Location of meridians identified as lines Location of meridians identified as lines

of of longitudelongitude• Measured in degrees East or West from the Measured in degrees East or West from the

Prime Meridian Prime Meridian which runs through Greenwich, which runs through Greenwich, EnglandEngland

Mathematical Location (cont.)Mathematical Location (cont.)

Every 15 degrees traveled East or Every 15 degrees traveled East or West is the equivalent of one hour of West is the equivalent of one hour of timetime

Parallels are measured in terms of Parallels are measured in terms of degrees degrees latitudelatitude

Measured in degrees north or south of the Measured in degrees north or south of the equatorequator

Equator = 0 degrees, N. Pole 90 degrees N, S. Equator = 0 degrees, N. Pole 90 degrees N, S. Pole 90 degrees SPole 90 degrees S

Mathematical Location (cont.)Mathematical Location (cont.)

To get more precise each degree can To get more precise each degree can be divided 60 minutes (“) and each be divided 60 minutes (“) and each minute into 60 seconds (‘)minute into 60 seconds (‘)

Mathematical Location (cont.)Mathematical Location (cont.)

Latitude is scientifically derived by Latitude is scientifically derived by Earth’s shape and its rotation around Earth’s shape and its rotation around the sunthe sun• The equator has the largest The equator has the largest

circumference and everyday has 12 circumference and everyday has 12 hours of sunlighthours of sunlight

• Every meridian is the same lengthEvery meridian is the same length Greenwich was only selected as 0 Greenwich was only selected as 0

degrees b/c England was the world degrees b/c England was the world power at the time it was createdpower at the time it was created

Latitude and LongitudeLatitude and Longitude

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)

Also called Universal TimeAlso called Universal Time Every 15 degrees east of Greenwich Every 15 degrees east of Greenwich

is one hour ahead of GMT, and 15 is one hour ahead of GMT, and 15 degrees west of Greenwich is 1 hour degrees west of Greenwich is 1 hour behind GMTbehind GMT

When it’s Noon In London, it’s 7am in When it’s Noon In London, it’s 7am in PfafftownPfafftown

International Date LineInternational Date Line

180 degrees longitude180 degrees longitude• Heading East you move the clock back Heading East you move the clock back

an entire day (24 hours)an entire day (24 hours)• Heading West you move the clock ahead Heading West you move the clock ahead

24 hours24 hours

Regions: Areas of Unique Regions: Areas of Unique CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Region-Region- an area defined by one or an area defined by one or more distinct characteristicsmore distinct characteristics• Derive distinct character from their Derive distinct character from their

cultural landscapecultural landscape• a combination of cultural features such as a combination of cultural features such as

language and religion, economic features language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and physical features such as climate and vegetationvegetation

Cultural LandscapeCultural Landscape

Every region has its own distinctive Every region has its own distinctive landscape that results from a landscape that results from a combination of social relationships combination of social relationships and physical processesand physical processes• Within each region the people, activities, Within each region the people, activities,

and environment will display similarities and environment will display similarities that differ from other regionsthat differ from other regions

Types of RegionsTypes of Regions

Three Types in GeographyThree Types in Geography1.1. Formal regionFormal region- an area within which - an area within which

everyone shares in common one or everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristicsmore distinctive characteristics

2.2. Functional regionFunctional region- an area organized - an area organized around a node or focal pointaround a node or focal point

3.3. Vernacular regionVernacular region- a place that - a place that people believe exists as part of their people believe exists as part of their cultural identitycultural identity

Formal RegionsFormal Regions

A.k.a uniform or homogeneous A.k.a uniform or homogeneous regionsregions

Shared feature could be a cultural Shared feature could be a cultural value, and economic activity, or an value, and economic activity, or an environmental propertyenvironmental property

The feature is present throughoutThe feature is present throughout

Formal Regions (cont.)Formal Regions (cont.)

Sometimes formal regions are Sometimes formal regions are easy to identify- such as a country easy to identify- such as a country or local gov. unitor local gov. unitOther kinds of formal regions Other kinds of formal regions have a predominant characteristic have a predominant characteristic not a universal one – ex. Wheat not a universal one – ex. Wheat beltbelt

Formal Regions (concluded)Formal Regions (concluded)

Geographers identify formal regions Geographers identify formal regions to help explain broad global or to help explain broad global or national patterns ex.– religious national patterns ex.– religious variationvariation

Must be sure not to undervalue the Must be sure not to undervalue the diversity of the area when making diversity of the area when making these generalizationsthese generalizations

Functional RegionsFunctional Regions

Characteristic used to define the Characteristic used to define the region dominates at a central focus region dominates at a central focus or node and diminishes in or node and diminishes in importance as you move away from importance as you move away from itit

Functional Regions (cont.)Functional Regions (cont.)

Often used to display economic Often used to display economic informationinformation• Transportation to and from the node is Transportation to and from the node is

important in forms of traffic and important in forms of traffic and informationinformation

• Ex. Circulation area of a newspaperEx. Circulation area of a newspaper In W-S, the Journal dominates- as you move In W-S, the Journal dominates- as you move

East into Kernersville the circulation declines East into Kernersville the circulation declines until you get to a point where just as many until you get to a point where just as many people read the Greensboro News & Recordpeople read the Greensboro News & Record

Functional Regions (concluded)Functional Regions (concluded)

Other examples would Other examples would include the reception area include the reception area of a TV or Radio station of a TV or Radio station and the trading area of a and the trading area of a department storedepartment store

Vernacular RegionsVernacular Regions

Arise from a person’s sense of place Arise from a person’s sense of place rather than scientific models from rather than scientific models from geographygeography

AKA a AKA a perceptual regionperceptual region Mental mapsMental maps are helpful to are helpful to

understanding vernacular regionsunderstanding vernacular regions• An internal representation of part of the An internal representation of part of the

Earth’s SurfaceEarth’s Surface• Mental maps contain personal impressions Mental maps contain personal impressions

of what someone knows or thinks about a of what someone knows or thinks about a placeplace

Vernacular Regions (concluded)Vernacular Regions (concluded) The South is a good example of a The South is a good example of a

vernacular regionvernacular region• Most perceive the South as having a Most perceive the South as having a

distinct environment, culture, and distinct environment, culture, and economic system from the rest of the economic system from the rest of the countrycountry

Regional Integration of CultureRegional Integration of Culture

In thinking about why each region on In thinking about why each region on Earth’s surface is distinctive Earth’s surface is distinctive geographers refer to culturegeographers refer to culture

The body of customary beliefs, material The body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of constitute the distinct tradition of a group of peoplepeople

• 2 ways to think about this in geography2 ways to think about this in geography• What people care aboutWhat people care about• What people take care ofWhat people take care of

What People Care AboutWhat People Care About

Why do distinctive cultures happen in Why do distinctive cultures happen in a particular placea particular place

Geographers are particularly Geographers are particularly interested in language, religion, and interested in language, religion, and ethnicityethnicity

Language

Language is a system of sounds, gestures, and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group

This is how culture is transmitted from one generation to the next

The words used in a language tell us something about where the culture is located

ReligionReligionReligion

Important because it is the principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in a formal, organized way

EthnicityEthnicity

Encompasses a group’s language, Encompasses a group’s language, religion, and other cultural values, as religion, and other cultural values, as well as is physical traitswell as is physical traits• Produced out of common traditions and Produced out of common traditions and

heredityheredity• Areas that more than one ethnic group Areas that more than one ethnic group

call home are often characterized by call home are often characterized by conflict and inequalityconflict and inequality

EthnicityEthnicity

What People Take Care OfWhat People Take Care Of

Production of material wealth is also Production of material wealth is also of interest to geographersof interest to geographers

Geographers divide the Earth into Geographers divide the Earth into classifications based on how classifications based on how economically developed an area iseconomically developed an area is

MDCs and LDCs (more developed and less MDCs and LDCs (more developed and less developed countriesdeveloped countries

North America, Europe, and Japan are MDCsNorth America, Europe, and Japan are MDCs Latin America, the Middle East, Southeast Latin America, the Middle East, Southeast

Asia are examples of LDCsAsia are examples of LDCs

Cultural Ecology: Integrating Cultural Ecology: Integrating Culture and EnvironmentCulture and Environment

Environmental factors are also Environmental factors are also considered when constructing considered when constructing regionsregions

Cultural ecologyCultural ecology- geographic study - geographic study of human-environment relationshipsof human-environment relationships

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Environmental determinism-Environmental determinism- the the study of how the physical study of how the physical environment causes social environment causes social development/human activitiesdevelopment/human activities

Idea pioneered by German geog. Humboldt Idea pioneered by German geog. Humboldt and Ritter in 19and Ritter in 19thth century century

Human and Physical FactorsHuman and Physical Factors

Modern geographers reject Modern geographers reject environmental determinism in favor environmental determinism in favor of of possibilismpossibilism

The theory that the physical environment The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action environment and choose a course of action from many possibilitiesfrom many possibilities

Ex. People choose to grow wheat in colder, Ex. People choose to grow wheat in colder, dry climates because they have learned it is dry climates because they have learned it is possiblepossible

Physical Processes: ClimatePhysical Processes: Climate

Climate- the long-term average Climate- the long-term average weather condition at a particular weather condition at a particular locationlocation

The modified Koppen system divides The modified Koppen system divides the world into 5 main climate regions the world into 5 main climate regions identified by the letters A - Eidentified by the letters A - E

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A.A. Tropical ClimatesTropical ClimatesB.B. Dry ClimatesDry ClimatesC.C. Warm Mid-Latitude ClimatesWarm Mid-Latitude ClimatesD.D. Cold Mid-Latitude ClimatesCold Mid-Latitude ClimatesE.E. Polar ClimatesPolar Climates Each region is divided into subtypes Each region is divided into subtypes

based on precipitation, except for B based on precipitation, except for B which is divided by temperature which is divided by temperature and precipitationand precipitation

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Relatively few people live in either Relatively few people live in either the B or E regionthe B or E region

The climate greatly influences the The climate greatly influences the types of activities people do there, types of activities people do there, esp. food productionesp. food production

Physical Processes: VegetationPhysical Processes: Vegetation

There are 4 major plant communities There are 4 major plant communities (biomes) on Earth’s land surfaces(biomes) on Earth’s land surfaces

Their location and extent are Their location and extent are influenced by both climate and influenced by both climate and human activitieshuman activities

The four main biomes are forest, The four main biomes are forest, savanna, grassland, and desertsavanna, grassland, and desert

Forest BiomeForest Biome

•Trees form a continuous Trees form a continuous canopy over the groundcanopy over the ground•Grasses and shrubs may Grasses and shrubs may grow beneath the canopygrow beneath the canopy•Biome covers much of NA, Biome covers much of NA, Europe, and Asia as well as Europe, and Asia as well as tropical areas of SA, Africa, tropical areas of SA, Africa, and SE Asiaand SE Asia

Savanna BiomeSavanna Biome

•A mixture of trees and A mixture of trees and grassesgrasses•Lack of continuous canopy Lack of continuous canopy allows grasses to growallows grasses to grow•Covers large areas of Covers large areas of Africa, South Asia, SA, and Africa, South Asia, SA, and AustraliaAustralia

•Covered by grass rather Covered by grass rather than treesthan trees•Low precipitation=few Low precipitation=few treestrees•Ex. Great plainsEx. Great plains

Grassland BiomeGrassland Biome

Desert BiomeDesert Biome

•Many desert areas have Many desert areas have almost no vegetation, almost no vegetation, however there are however there are dispersed patches of dispersed patches of plants adapted to dry plants adapted to dry conditionsconditions

•Enough to support a Enough to support a small # of animalssmall # of animals

Physical Processes: SoilPhysical Processes: Soil

The US Comprehensive Soil The US Comprehensive Soil Classification System divides soil Classification System divides soil types into 10 orders according to the types into 10 orders according to the characteristics of the immediate characteristics of the immediate surface soil layers and subsoilsurface soil layers and subsoil

Orders are divided into suborders, Orders are divided into suborders, great groups, etc., etc.great groups, etc., etc.

More than 12,000 types in US aloneMore than 12,000 types in US alone

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Human geographers concerned with Human geographers concerned with destruction of soil caused by erosion destruction of soil caused by erosion and loss of nutrientsand loss of nutrients

Physical Processes: LandformsPhysical Processes: Landforms

Geomorpholgy-Geomorpholgy- the study of Earth’s the study of Earth’s landformslandforms• Helps explain the distribution of people Helps explain the distribution of people

and the choice of economic activities at and the choice of economic activities at different locationsdifferent locations

Topographic maps are used to study the Topographic maps are used to study the slope and relief of localitiesslope and relief of localities

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Relief- the difference in elevation b/w Relief- the difference in elevation b/w any 2 points—measures the extent to any 2 points—measures the extent to which an area is flat or hillywhich an area is flat or hilly

Slope-the relief divided by the Slope-the relief divided by the distance b/w 2 pointsdistance b/w 2 points

Globalization of the EconomyGlobalization of the Economy

GlobalizationGlobalization- a force or process - a force or process that involves the entire world and that involves the entire world and results in making something results in making something worldwide in scopeworldwide in scope• Means the scale of the world is shrinkingMeans the scale of the world is shrinking

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Globalization of the economy has Globalization of the economy has been led by been led by transnational transnational corporationscorporations• a company that does many aspects of a company that does many aspects of

business in multiple countries, not just business in multiple countries, not just where they are headquarteredwhere they are headquartered

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Every place in the world is part of the Every place in the world is part of the global economy, but globalization global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization at the has led to more specialization at the local levellocal level• Each place tries to use its local assets to Each place tries to use its local assets to

their fullest potential– these places are their fullest potential– these places are then exploited by transnationalsthen exploited by transnationals

• As a result globalization has heightened As a result globalization has heightened economic differences among placeseconomic differences among places

Globalization of CultureGlobalization of Culture

Increasingly uniform cultural Increasingly uniform cultural preferences produce uniform preferences produce uniform “global” landscapes of material “global” landscapes of material artifacts and of cultural valuesartifacts and of cultural values

Ex. McDonald’s is everywhere, and the Ex. McDonald’s is everywhere, and the restaurants are all very similarrestaurants are all very similar

As more people learn about global As more people learn about global culture and desire to obtain the culture and desire to obtain the artifacts of it, local cultural beliefs artifacts of it, local cultural beliefs are threatened w/ extinctionare threatened w/ extinction

Space: Distribution of FeaturesSpace: Distribution of Features

Historians ask when and whyHistorians ask when and why• Geographers ask where and whyGeographers ask where and why

Historians cannot travel to the past Historians cannot travel to the past to study history, but geographers can to study history, but geographers can travel from place to placetravel from place to place

Distribution-Distribution- the arrangement of a the arrangement of a feature in spacefeature in space• 3 main properties—density, 3 main properties—density,

concentration, and patternconcentration, and pattern

DensityDensity

Density-Density- the frequency with which the frequency with which something occurs in spacesomething occurs in space

Feature being measured could be anythingFeature being measured could be anything Arithmetic density-Arithmetic density- the total the total

number of objects in an areanumber of objects in an area Commonly used to compare distribution of Commonly used to compare distribution of

population of diff. countriespopulation of diff. countries• Total pop. Divided by its areaTotal pop. Divided by its area

Large pop. Doesn’t have to mean high Large pop. Doesn’t have to mean high densitydensity

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Physiological density-Physiological density- the # of the # of people per unit of area suitable for people per unit of area suitable for agricultureagriculture

If high, may mean a country will If high, may mean a country will

have a hard time producing enough foodhave a hard time producing enough food

Agricultural density-Agricultural density- the # of the # of farmers per unit area of farmlandfarmers per unit area of farmland

If high, may mean a country has inefficient If high, may mean a country has inefficient agricultureagriculture

ConcentrationConcentration

Concentration-Concentration- the extent of a the extent of a feature’s spread over spacefeature’s spread over space• If objects in an area are close, they are If objects in an area are close, they are clusteredclustered

• If they are far apart, they are If they are far apart, they are disperseddispersed Geographers use concentration to Geographers use concentration to

describe changes in distributiondescribe changes in distribution It is not the same as densityIt is not the same as density

MLB-density up since 1960, concentration MLB-density up since 1960, concentration has become more dispersedhas become more dispersed

PatternPattern

Pattern-Pattern- the geometric arrangement of the geometric arrangement of objects in spaceobjects in space

Some features are organized in a geometric pattern, Some features are organized in a geometric pattern, others irregularlyothers irregularly

Many objects form a linear distribution, Many objects form a linear distribution, while others are commonly arranged in a while others are commonly arranged in a square or rectangular patternsquare or rectangular pattern

Ex. House on a street (linear)Ex. House on a street (linear) Ex. Streets on a grid in a planned city (square)Ex. Streets on a grid in a planned city (square)

Connections Between PlacesConnections Between Places

Space-time compression-Space-time compression- the the reduction in the time it takes for reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another placesomething to reach another place

It doesn’t take long any moreIt doesn’t take long any more

• Promotes rapid change—culture and Promotes rapid change—culture and economy of one place reach other economy of one place reach other places very rapidlyplaces very rapidly

• Leads to diffusion- exposure to and Leads to diffusion- exposure to and adoption of outside cultural influencesadoption of outside cultural influences

Spatial InteractionSpatial Interaction

Occurs when places are connected Occurs when places are connected through a network– transportation or through a network– transportation or communicationcommunication

The farther away one group is from The farther away one group is from another, the less likely they are to another, the less likely they are to interact – called interact – called distance decaydistance decay

The internet has made this less likely to The internet has made this less likely to occuroccur

DiffusionDiffusion

Def.- the process by which a Def.- the process by which a characteristic spreads across space characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over timefrom one place to another over time

Hearth-Hearth- the place from which an the place from which an innovation originatesinnovation originates

2 types of diffusion—relocation and 2 types of diffusion—relocation and expansionexpansion

Relocation DiffusionRelocation Diffusion

Def.- the spread of an idea through Def.- the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from physical movement of people from one place to anotherone place to another• Helps us understand the distribution of Helps us understand the distribution of

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) within the US(AIDS) within the US

Expansion DiffusionExpansion Diffusion

Def. – the spread of a feature from Def. – the spread of a feature from one place to another in a one place to another in a snowballing processsnowballing process

Results from one of 3 processesResults from one of 3 processes1.1. Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion

2.2. Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion

3.3. Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion

Hierarchical DiffusionHierarchical Diffusion

Def- the spread of an idea from Def- the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or placespower to other persons or places

Political leaders, social elite, or other Political leaders, social elite, or other important leadersimportant leaders

Contagious DiffusionContagious Diffusion

Def- the rapid, widespread diffusion Def- the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the of a characteristic throughout the populationpopulation

-much like the spread of a flu bug-much like the spread of a flu bug No regard for hierarchy and doesn’t require No regard for hierarchy and doesn’t require

relcoation of peoplerelcoation of people

Stimulus DiffusionStimulus Diffusion

Def- the spread of an underlying Def- the spread of an underlying principle, even though a principle, even though a characteristic itself apparently fails characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuseto diffuse

Ex. IBM (DOS) vs. MAC (icons) in the early Ex. IBM (DOS) vs. MAC (icons) in the early 1980s1980s

Diffusion of Culture and EconomyDiffusion of Culture and Economy

In global culture and economy, In global culture and economy, transportataion and communications transportataion and communications networks have been organized to networks have been organized to rapidly diffuse raw materials, goods rapidly diffuse raw materials, goods and services, and capital from nodes and services, and capital from nodes or origin to other regionsor origin to other regions

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Global culture and economy are Global culture and economy are increasingly centered on three increasingly centered on three hearth regions, NA, Western Europe, hearth regions, NA, Western Europe, and Japanand Japan

Control a large % of advanced technology, Control a large % of advanced technology, investment capital, and wealth to purchase investment capital, and wealth to purchase goods and servicesgoods and services

New York, London, and Tokyo are the New York, London, and Tokyo are the World’s leading citiesWorld’s leading cities

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Africa, Asia, and Latin America Africa, Asia, and Latin America contain ¾ of the World’s pop., but contain ¾ of the World’s pop., but they are on the periphery of they are on the periphery of developmentdevelopment

Uneven development- increasing gap Uneven development- increasing gap in economic conditions b/w the core in economic conditions b/w the core and periphery that results form the and periphery that results form the globalization of the economyglobalization of the economy