chapter 1 – the study of life biology – the study of life and living organisms organism –...
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Chapter 1 – The Study of Life
Biology – The study of life and living organisms
Organism – Anything capable of carrying on all of the processes of life
Branches of biology – •There are many subtopics within biology – a few examples we’ll hit upon this year:
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•Biochemistry – Chemical substances and processes in organisms•Genetics – Inheritance – passing of traits from one generation to nextEvolution – Change in organisms over timeCell biology/cytology – Cell structure and functionZoology – AnimalsAnatomy – Structures of organismsPhysiology – Functions, activities, and processes of organismsEcology – Interactions of organisms and environment
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Characteristics of Life – Life is diverse yet all organisms share a set of characteristics:1. Living things are organized – levels of organization varyIn general: atoms molecules cells tissues organs organ systems organisms (Cells grouped based upon roles)
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2. Living things are made of one or more cellsMulticellular organisms (more than 1 cell) will have the above system based on jobs cells perform (although some organisms may not have complex organs or systems – more primitive, ex: sponge)
Cells in these organisms are considered specialized (have certain jobs)Examples: some fungus, plants, and animals
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Unicellular organisms (one cell) will be organized up to the cellular level
1 cell does all jobs for organismExamples: bacteria, protists, and some fungus
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3. Living things requires energy Metabolism – all the chemical
reactions in cell Heterotrophs are organisms that
obtain nutrients from food eaten Ex: some bacteria and
protists, fungus, & animals
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Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis
Take CO2, H2O, and solar energy to make glucose, a simple sugar that can be used as a source of energyEx: plants, some protists, and
some bacteria
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4. Living things reproduce Reproduction – production of
offspring Prevents extinction of species
(group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring)
Uses DNA (hereditary information) – which can be copied
Can be sexual or asexual
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•Asexual reproduction – used by unicellular and some multicellular organisms; only 1 parent; offspring has DNA identical to parent•Sexual reproduction – used by multicellular organisms; 2 parents, each parent contributes ½ genetic information to offspring; offspring has mixed traits from parents
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5. Living things respond to stimuli• Stimuli is external, and causes a
reaction• May be seen as movement, such as
movement away from danger, or reactions to other organisms.
• Response – observable, coordinated reaction to environmental stimuli
• Examples: plant growing toward light, hair raising on back of cat’s neck, pupils dilating in response to light
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6. Living things are homeostatic Homeostasis – maintaining
(relatively) constant internal conditions (such as body temperature, pH, blood pressure, water balance) regardless of external changes
Examples of homeostatic behavior: sweating or shivering to maintain body temperature; urinary system ridding body of wastes
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7. Living things grow and develop Growth – an increase in the number of
cells/ increase in the size Occurs through cell division and
enlargement; part of development Example – getting taller
Development – Changes an organism undergoes between conception and death Example – going through puberty
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8. Adaptations evolve over time Adaptations – modifications that
make an organism suited to its way of life Examples – hollow bones of birds
for flight, gills for fish to breathe in water
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Adaptations come about through evolution – a process through which a species changes over time
This is the source of the diversity of lifeOrganisms do not develop adaptations during the course of their lives
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Classification•Systematics - the study of biological diversity with an emphasis on evolutionary history
•Taxonomy – The study of identifying and classifying organisms according to specific criteria
•Taxa –the categories into which organisms are classified
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Why do we need scientific names?•Common names don’t tell you enough information
•What kind of frog? Is it poisonous???•Common names are misleading
•Jellyfish – you mean it’s not a fish?•Ringworm – what do mean it’s not a worm?
•Common names vary from country to country
•Mountain lion, cougar and puma all refer to the same animal
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Earliest classification system•Designed by Aristotle (384-332 b.c.)•Everything was classified as either a plant or an animal•Animals divided according to presence of blood, then habitats and morphology (form and structure)•Plants divided by size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs
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•Limitations of Aristotle’s system:•Failed to include bacteria, fungus and protists•Did not take evolution into account (he saw species as distinct, separate and unchanging)•Failed to show evolutionary relationships between organisms•Some organisms didn’t fit (ex: birds that don’t fly, frogs living on both land and water)
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Linnaeus’s classification systemDeveloped by Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus in the 18th centuryGrouped according morphology and behaviorFirst formalized means of classifying organismsBinomial nomenclature – each organism has a two-part name
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Modern system of classification:
•Grouped according to their presumed evolutionary relationship as well as morphological and behavioral characteristics
• Those placed in the same genus will be most closely related, those in different domains most distantly relatedEx: Those in genus Felis are more closely related to each other than organisms in the domains Eukarya and Archaea are to each other.
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The taxa:Domain Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants) Class
Order Family
Genus Species
Did King Phillip Come Over For Good Spaghetti????
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Domain Archaea – Unicellular prokaryotesMay have been first cells
Live in aquatic environments that lack oxygen or are too salty, too hot, or too acidic for most other organisms – like primitive Earth(?)
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Domain BacteriaUnicellular prokaryotes
Found almost anywhere – in soil, water, atmosphere, on and inside living organisms
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Domain EukaryaCells contain membrane-bound nucleusFour Kingdoms within –
Protists (Protista)Fungus (Fungi)Plants (Plantae) Animals (Animalia)
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Writing scientific names:Ex: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Can be abbreviated H. sapiensIf typed – should be italicized.If handwritten – should be underlined.First word is genus – capitalizedSecond word is specific epithet of species within a genus – lower case