chapter 1 the science of life - ramona high...
TRANSCRIPT
Biology
Bio - life
Logy- the study of
Biology is the study of life or living things
Some branches of Biology include-
Microbiology, Marine Biology, Botany,
Zoology, Ecology
Characteristics of Living
Things
1. Made of cells
2. Organization- the high degree of order
within an organism’s internal and external
parts and in its interactions with the living
world
Characteristics of Living
Things
3. Respond to stimuli - a physical or
chemical change in the internal or external
environment.
4. Have the ability to reproduce
5. Uses energy for growth and
maintenance. (Metabolism)
Characteristics of Living
Things6. Growth and development. Organisms grow
by cell division and cell enlargement.
7. Have adaptations to help them survive and
carry out homeostasis.
8. Homeostasis – the ability to
maintain normal internal
conditions
Ex: sweating when it is hot to maintain 98°body temperature
HOG RACER
Homeostasis
Organized
Growth and development
Reproduce
Adaptations
Cells
Energy
Respond to stimuli
CHECK IT!
Turn your notes over and without looking, turn to your
table partner and together, come up with as many
parts of HOG RACER as you can. If you think you
have all 8 and can say them to the class, stand up as
quickly as possible!
Themes In Biology
1. Diversity and Unity of Life
a. Diversity or differences: there are
millions of species of organisms
Themes In Biology
c. Tree of Life Model: the relationships by
ancestry among organisms
Three Domains (Bacteria, Archaea, &
Eukarya)
Six Kingdoms (Bacteria, Archaea, Protists,
Plants, Fungi, and Animals)
Themes In Biology
2. Interdependence of Organismsa. Ecology: the
branch of biology
that studies
organisms
interacting with
each other and
the environment.Ex. Desert biome
Themes In Biology
b. Scientists can study a single species or
they may study ecosystems which are
environmental communities of living
species
Themes In Biology
3. Evolution of Life
a. Populations of living
organisms change over
time, or evolve.
b. Evolution is the process in
which inherited traits within
a population change over
many generations.
Themes In Biologyc. According to the theory of evolution by
Natural Selection organisms with favorable
traits are better able to survive and
reproduce successfully than organisms that
lack these traits.
Themes In Biology
d. Adaptations are traits that improve an
organism’s ability to survive and
reproduce.
CHECK IT!
Turn your notes over and without looking, turn to your
table partner and together, briefly review the three
themes in biology.
The Steps
1. Define the problem
2. Collect information or data
a) Observation
b) Measurement
c) Scientific sampling
d) Organize data (graph/table)
3. Form a hypothesis; a proposed (possible) solution to the problem or an educated guess
The Steps
4. Design an experiment to test your
hypothesis
5. Analyze the data and form a conclusion
Analysis is done to determine whether data:
- support or refute a given hypothesis
- are reliable
The Steps
6. Data and conclusions are then
communicated to scientific peers and to the
public.
Ex: publishing results in scientific journal
Controlled Experiment
A controlled experiment compares an
experimental (test) group and a control group
and only has one variable
A control group provides a normal standard
against which the biologist can compare
results with the experimental group
Controlled Experiment
An experimental group is identical to the
control group except for one factor, the
manipulated or independent variable.
***Other variables that may affect the outcome of
the experiment should be the SAME in both
control and experimental groups
Review Question # 1
Inference #1: Chocolate may cause pimples
Formal Hypothesis:
If you eat chocolate then you will get pimples.
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Review Question #2
Inference #2: Salt in soil may affect plant growth
Formal Hypothesis:
If there are high amounts of salt in plant soil then it will affect plant growth
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Review Question #3
Inference #3: Plant growth may be affected by the color of the light.
Formal Hypothesis:
If a plant is exposed to different color light then plant growth will be affected
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Review Question #4
Inference #4: Bacterial growth may be affected by temperature
Formal Hypothesis:
If bacteria is exposed to high temperatures then bacteria will grow at a faster rate
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Review Question #5
Inference #5: Ultraviolet light may cause skin cancer.
Formal Hypothesis:If you are exposed to high amounts of ultra
violet light then you are more prone to skin cancer.
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Review Question #6
Inference #6:Temerature may cause the leaves to change color.
Formal Hypothesis:
If leaves are exposed to varying temperatures then it will cause them to change color.
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Check It!
With your table partner, describe what a control group
is and what an experimental group is. Make your own
example of a controlled experiment. One partner stand
up if you are willing to share your example.
Units of Measurement
What is
measurement? The process of determining
dimensions or the quantity
of something by comparing
it to a measurement unit.
The Metric System
The metric system is also called the International System of Units or SI
It is a single unified system that is used in nearly every country in the world.
This includes the scientific community
The English system uses feet, inches, pounds, and quarts.
The Metric System
Scientists use this system because
The units were derived scientifically.
The units are based on the powers of 10 so they are easier to convert from one unit to another.
Units of Measurement
* Length * Volume
* Time* Temperature
* Mass
Base Unit = Meter
Base Unit = Celsius
Base Unit = Second
Base Unit = Gram
Base Unit = Liter
KILO
1000
UnitsHECTO
100
Units
DEKA
10
UnitsDECI
0.1
UnitCENTI
0.01
UnitMILLI
0.001
Unit
Meter
s
Liters
Grams
Ladder Method
How do you use the “ladder” method?
1st – Determine your starting point.
2nd – Count the “jumps” to your ending
point.
3rd – Move the decimal the same number
of jumps in the same direction.
4 km = _________ m
1
23
How many jumps does it take?
Starting
Point
Ending Point
4
.1
__
.2
__
.3
__
.= 4000 m
The Microscope
Scientist use microscopes to reveal details that
otherwise might be difficult or impossible to see
Biologist use them to study organisms and their parts
Simple Microscope
The simple microscope: a single lens
microscope is used to produce an enlarged
image.
Compound Microscope
Compound Microscope- shines light through specimen
and has at least two lenses to magnify an image.
Compound light microscopes can
magnify objects up to 2,000 times.
The Development of Light Microscopes
The Microscope To determine magnification (the increase of an
object’s apparent size), you multiply the:
ocular lens power X objective lens power =
power of magnification
Power of magnification is the degree of
enlargement (how many times will the object
be multiplied?)
The Microscope
Resolution is the ability of the microscope to
deliver a clear image
Using a light from a compound microscope limits
the resolution
**the higher the magnification the lower the
resolution
The electron microscope was invented in the 1940s.
This microscope uses
a beam of electrons to
magnify structures up
to 500,000 times their
actual size.
Development of Electron
Microscopes
Scanning Electron
Microscopes (SEM)
Scanning Electron Microscope - passes beams of electrons over the specimen’s surface and provides a 3D image that is magnified up to 100,000 times.
The scanning electron microscope scans the surface of cells to learn their three dimensional shape.
Pollen
Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM)
Transmission Electron Microscope-transmits a beam of electrons through a very thinly sliced specimen.
Has great resolution of internal structures
Can magnify objects up to 200,000 times.
The transmission electron microscope (TEM) allows scientists to study the structures contained within a cell.
Influenza
S
u
l
f
u
r
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
Compound Light Microscope Electron Microscopes
1. beams of light beams of electrons
2. glass lenses electromagnetic lenses
3. view through ocular lenses
view on a florescent screen or photographic plate
4. can view living thingscan only view dead things
5. 2000X 500,000X
Father of Microscopy
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
known to have made over 500
"microscopes," of which fewer
than ten have survived to the
present day. These typically
magnified between 20 to 30
times.
He discovered blood cells, and
was the first to see living sperm
cells of animals. He discovered
microscopic animals.
1. body tube - holds the eyepiece and
connects it to the objectives.
2. nosepiece – it holds the objectives.
3. low objective lens- 4x magnification
4. medium objective – 10x magnification
5. high objective – 40x magnification
6. stage clips - hold the slide in place.
7. diaphragm - controls the amount of light
going through the aperture.
8. light or mirror - makes the specimen easier
to see.
9. eyepiece - where you look through to see
the image of your specimen.
10. arm - part of the microscope that you
carry the microscope with.
11. stage - the specimen/slide is placed on
the stage for viewing.