chapter 1 stone age societies and the earliest civilizations of the near east
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 1 STONE AGE SOCIETIES AND
THE EARLIEST CIVILIZATIONS OF THE NEAR EAST
The Development of Humankind Most of human existence is
prehistory. Apes to humans: hominids, Homo
habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens.
Preliterate Cultures Practical intelligence makes up for
physical limitations Paleolithic Culture: making and using
tools The Neolithic Revolution and Advent
of Agriculture.
Preliterate Society and Religion Social Organization: elementary
and extended families. Customs, laws, and democracy
organize early societies. All of these advances occurred in
different places on earth at different times.
Mesopotamia: The First Civilization Historians argue about how to
define a civilization. A stable community, agriculture,
architecture and writing 6,000 B.C.E. The southern part of
Mesopotamia, in Sumer. Man vs. The Environment.
The Emergence of Civilization in Sumer c. 3200-2800 B.C.E.
Development of language, pottery wheel, wheeled vehicle.
The Old Sumerian Period 2800-2300 B.C.E.
Constant warfare erupts between cities.
Theocracy Political upheaval arises as the result
of despotic abuse of power. Slavery
The Akkadian Period C. 2300-2150 B.C.E.
Sargon I, ruler of Akkadian empire that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.
The Neo-Sumerian Period c. 2150-2000 B.C.E. Characterized by the restoration of order by
the Third Dynasty of Ur.
Religion as “arm of the state.”
The Old Babylonian Period c. 2000-1600 B.C.E.
Hammurabi and his code. Mathematics and Society Literature and Religion
The End of an Era
Egypt: Gift of the Nile One of Africa’s earliest
civilizations. Attachment to the Nile River. Predynastic Egypt
The Old Kingdom c. 2700-2200 B.C.E.
All power becomes central: the pharaoh.
Pyramids
The Middle Kingdom 2050-1800 B.C.E.
The Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties restore order.
Hyksos of western Asia rule much of Egypt.
The New Kingdom or Empire c. 1570-1090 B.C.E. The “aggressive state” and
Thutmose II
Third Intermediate Period c. 1090-332 B.C.E.
Amon priesthood ruled Upper Egypt
Libyans from the west ruled central Egypt.
Dynasty of merchant princes in the the Delta.
Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush
1600 B.C.E. Kingdom of Kush developed,
relying mostly on the Nile and agriculture.
Also united Egypt with African societies to the south and east.
Eventually absorbed by the Ethiopian kingdom c. 400 C.E.
Egyptian Society and Economy Social organization Economy Religion Mathematics and Science Monumentalism in Architecture Sculpture and Painting Writing and Literary Texts
The Hittites c. 2000-1200 B.C.E.
Probably entered Asia Minor from the northeast.
Aggressive and tenuous monarchies. The Hittite Empire Hittite Civilization
The Era of Small States C. 1200-700 B.C.E.
The Phoenicians The Hebrew Kingdoms
Questionable accuracy of biblical accounts
Hebrew religion The Aramaeans
Later Empires of Western Asia C. 700-500 B.C.E.
The Assyrian Empire Assyrian Culture Downfall of the Assyrian Empire The Lydians and the Medes The Chaldean Empire
The Persian Empire Persian Government Persian Religion and Art
Conclusion What do we know? What were the major factors that
allowed for the development of civilizations?
Why did certain civilizations develop where they did?
Make a prediction: how are these civilizations going to affect those that follow them?