chapter 1. ray optics - webpage.khu.ac.ir
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 1. Ray Optics
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Chapter 1. Ray Optics
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cn
v
Postulates of Ray Optics
A Bds
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Reflection and Refraction
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Fermat’s Principle: Law of Reflection
Fermat’s principle:Light rays will travel from point A to point B in a medium along a path that minimizes the time of propagation.
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 3 3 2
1 1 3 3
2 1 3 2
2 2 2 22
1 2 1 3 3 2
2 1 3 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 3 3 2
, , ,
1 12 2 1
2 20
0
0 sin sin
sin sin
AB
AB
i r
i r
OPL n x y y n x y y
Fix x y x y
n y y n y ydOPL
dy x y y x y y
n y y n y y
x y y x y y
n n
x
y
(x1, y1)
(0, y2)
(x3, y3)
r
i
A
B
i r : Law of reflection8
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Fermat’s Principle: Law of Refraction
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 3 2 3
1 1 3 3
2 1 3 2
2 2 2 22
2 1 1 3 2 3
2 1 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 1 1 3 2 3
, , ,
1 12 2 1
2 20
0
0 sin sin
sin sin
AB i t
i tAB
i t
i i t t
i i t t
OPL n x x y n x x y
Fix x y x y
n x x n x xd OPL
dy x x y x x y
n x x n x x
x x y x x y
n n
n n
Law of refraction:
x
y
(x1, y1)
(x2, 0)
(x3, y3)
t
i
A
ni
nt
i i t tn n : Law of refractionin paraxial approx.9
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Refraction –Snell’s Law :
???? nn ti 0
ttii nn sinsin
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Reflection in plane mirrors
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Plane surface – Image formation
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Total internal Reflection (TIR)
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Imaging by an Optical System
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A Cartesian surface – those which form perfect
images of a point object
E.g. ellipsoid and hyperboloid
Cartesian Surfaces
O I
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Imaging by Cartesian reflecting surfaces
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Imaging by Cartesian refracting Surfaces
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Approximation by Spherical Surfaces
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Reflection at a Spherical Surface
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Reflection at Spherical Surfaces I
Use paraxial or small-angle approximationfor analysis of optical systems:
3 5
2 4
sin3! 5!
cos 1 12! 4!
L
L
Reflection from a spherical convex surface gives rise to a virtual image. Rays appear to emanate from point I behind the spherical reflector.
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Reflection at Spherical Surfaces II
Considering Triangle OPC and then Triangle OPI we obtain:
2
Combining these relations we obtain:
2
Again using the small angle approximation:
tan tan tanh h h
s s R
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Reflection at Spherical Surfaces III Image distance s' in terms of the object distance s and mirror radius R:
1 1 22
h h h
s s R s s R
At this point the sign convention in the book is changed !
1 1 2
s s R
The following sign convention must be followed in using this equation:
1. Assume that light propagates from left to right.Object distance s is positive when point O is to the left of point V.
2. Image distance s' is positive when I is to the left of V (real image) and negative when to the right of V (virtual image).
3. Mirror radius of curvature R is positive for C to the right of V (convex), negative for C to left of V (concave).
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Reflection at Spherical Surfaces IV
The focal length f of the spherical mirror surface is defined as –R/2, where R is the radius of curvature of the mirror. In accordance with the sign convention of the previous page, f > 0 for a concave mirror and f < 0 for a convex mirror. The imaging equation for the spherical mirror can be rewritten as
1 1 1
s s f
2
s
Rf
R < 0f > 0
R > 0f < 0
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Reflection at Spherical Surfaces VII
1 1 10
0
s fs f s
sm
s
1 1 10
0
s fs f s
sm
s
Real, Inverted Image Virtual Image, Not Inverted
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Refraction
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Prisms
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Beamsplitters
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Spherical boundaries and lenses
n2 > n1
At point P we apply the law of refraction to obtain
1 1 2 2sin sinn n
Using the small angle approximation we obtain
1 1 2 2n n
Substituting for the angles 1 and 2 we obtain
1 2n n
Neglecting the distance QV and writing tangents for the angles gives
1 2
h h h hn n
s R s R
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Refraction by Spherical Surfaces
n2 > n1
Rearranging the equation we obtain
Using the same sign convention as for mirrors we obtain
1 2 1 2n n n n
s s R
1 2 2 1n n n nP
s s R
P : power of the refracting surface
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Example : Concept of imaging by a lens
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Thin (refractive) lenses
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The Thin Lens Equation I
O
O'
t
C2
C1
n1n1
n2
s1
s'1
1 2 2 1
1 1 1
n n n n
s s R
V1 V2
For surface 1:
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The Thin Lens Equation II
1 2 2 1
1 1 1
n n n n
s s R
For surface 1:
2 1 1 2
2 2 2
n n n n
s s R
For surface 2:
2 1s t s
Object for surface 2 is virtual, with s2 given by:
2 10t s s
For a thin lens:
1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 21 2
1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2
n n n n n n n n n nP P
s s s s s s R R
Substituting this expression we obtain:
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The Thin Lens Equation III
2 1
1 2 1 1 2
1 1 1 1n n
s s n R R
Simplifying this expression we obtain:
2
2
2
1
1
1 1
1 1 1 1s
n n
ss
ss
ns
R R
For the thin lens:
2 1
1 1 2
1 11 1n n
f n R Rs
s
The focal length for the thin lens is found by setting s = ∞:
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The Thin Lens Equation IV
In terms of the focal length f the thin lens equation becomes:
1 1 1
s s f
The focal length of a thin lens is
positive for a convex lens,
negative for a concave lens.
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Image Formation by Thin Lenses
Convex Lens
Concave Lens
sm
s
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Image Formation by Convex Lens
1 1 15 9f cm s cm s
s f s
m s s
Convex Lens, focal length = 5 cm:
F
F
ho
hi
RI
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Image Formation by Concave Lens
Concave Lens, focal length = -5 cm:
1 1 15 9f cm s cm s
s f s
m s s
FF
ho
hi
VI
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Image Formation: Two-Lens System I
1 11 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 115 25
1 1 115
s ff cm s cm s
s f s s f
f cm s ss f s
m m m
60 cm
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Image Formation: Two-Lens System II
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 2
1 1 13.5 5.2
1 1 11.8
f cm s cm ss f s
f cm s ss f s
m m m
7 cm
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Image Formation Summary Table
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Image Formation Summary Figure
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Vergence and refractive power : Diopter
1 1 1
s s f
'V V P
reciprocals
Vergence (V) : curvature of wavefront at the lens
Refracting power (P)
Diopter (D) : unit of vergence (reciprocal length in meter)
D > 0
D < 0
1m
0.5m2 diopter
1 diopter
1 m
-1 diopter
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1 2 3P P P P L
Two more useful equations
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2-12. Cylindrical lenses
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Cylindrical lenses
Top view
Side view
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D. Light guides
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1-3. Graded-index (GRIN) optics
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Rays in heterogeneous media
The optical path length between two points x 1 and x 2 through which a ray passes is
Written in terms of parameter s ,
Because the optical path length integral is an extremum (Fermat principle),
the integrand L satisfies the Euler equations.
For an arbitrary coordinate system , with coordinates q1 , q2 , q3,
2
1
),,(
t
t
dttqqLAction
0),,(
2
1
t
t
dttqqLAction
0
ii q
L
q
L
dt
d
Lagrange’s equations
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GRIN
In Cartesian Coordinates with Parameter s = s .
In Cartesian coordinates so the x equation is
Similar equations hold for y and z .
: Ray equation
Paraxial Ray Equation ds ~ dz
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GRIN slab : n = n(y)
% Derivation of the Paraxial Ray Equation in a Graded-Index Slab Using Snell’s Law
The two angles are related by Snell’s law,
n=n(y): paraxial ray equation
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Ex. 1.3-1 GRIN slab with
Assuming an initial position y(0) = yo, dy/dz = o at z = 0,
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GRIN fibers
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1.4 Matrix optics : Ray transfer matrix
In the par-axial approximation,
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What is the ray-transfer matrix
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How to use the ray-transfer matrices
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How to use the ray-transfer matrices
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Translation Matrix
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0
1 0 0
0 01 1 0
0 01
tan
1
0 1
1 1
0 1 0 1
y y L y L
y y L
y
y yy L x x
( yo, o )
( y1, 1 )
L
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Refraction Matrix
' :
11
y
R
y
R
y
R
Paraxial Snell s Law n n
y n y n y y n ny
R n R n R R R n n
1 0
1 0: 0
11 : 0
y y
y y Concave surface Rn n
Convex surface RR n n
y=y’
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Reflection Matrix
:
2
1 0
21
1 0
21
y y y
R R R
Law of Reflection
y yy
R R R
y y
yR
y y
R
y=y’
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Thick Lens Matrix I
0 01
1
0 01
1
1 0
:L
L L
y yyRefraction at first surface Mn n n
n R n
2 1 1
2
2 1 1
11 2 :
0 1
y y ytTranslation from st surface to nd surface M
3 2 2
3
3 2 2
2
1 0
:L L
y y yRefraction at second surface Mn n n
n R n
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Thick Lens Matrix II
1
2
1
1
2 1 1 2
:
11 0
1
1 1
L
L L
L L
L
L L
L
L L
LL L L
L L
Assuming n n
t n n t n
n R nM n n n
n n nn R n
n R n
t n n t n
n R n
t n nn n n n n nt
n R n R n R n R
2 1
1 0 1 01
0 1L L L
L L
tM n n n n n n
n R n n R n
3 2 1:Thick lens matrix M M M M
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Thin Lens Matrix
2 1
1 2
:
1 0
1 11
1 1 1
1 0
11
L
L
Thin lens matrix
M n n
n R R
n nbut
f n R R
M
f
The thin lens matrix is found by setting t = 0:
nL
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Summary of Matrix Methods
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Summary of Matrix Methods
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System Ray-Transfer Matrix
Introduction to Matrix Methods in Optics, A. Gerrard and J. M. Burch
1
1
y
2 2
2 2
n
n
y
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System Ray-Transfer Matrix Any paraxial optical system, no matter how complicated, can be represented by a 2x2 optical matrix. This matrix M is usually denoted
: system matrixA B
MC D
A useful property of this matrix is that
0Detf
nM AD BC
n
where n0 and nf are the refractive indices of the initial and final media of the optical system. Usually, the medium will be air on both sides of the optical system and
0Det 1f
nM AD BC
n
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Significance of system matrix elements
The matrix elements of the system matrix can be analyzed to determine the cardinal points and planes of an optical system.
0
0
f
f
y yA B
C D
Let’s examine the implications when any of the four elements of the system matrix is equal to zero.
0 0
0 0
f
f
y Ay B
Cy D
D=0 : input plane = first focal plane
A=0 : output plane = second focal plane
B=0 : input and output planes correspond to conjugate planes
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D=0 A=0
B=0 C=0
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System Matrix with D=0
Let’s see what happens when D = 0.
0
0
0 0
0
0
f
f
f
f
y yA B
C
y Ay B
Cy
When D = 0, the input plane for the optical system is the input focal plane.
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Ex) Two-Lens System
f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm
q = 100 mmr s
InputPlane
OutputPlane
F1 F2F1 F2
T1 R1 R2T3T2
0
3 2 2 1 1
0
2 1
1
2 1 1 2
1 0 1 01 1 1
1 11 10 1 0 1 0 1
11 0 1 1 01 1 1
1 1 11 1 10 1 0 1 0 1
f
f
y y s q rM M T R T R T
f f
q q rr qr
f fs q sM r
f f f f
1
1 1
11
r
f f
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1 1
3 2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2 1 1
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 1 1 2 1 1
11
0 1 1 1 11 1
1 1 1
1 1 11 1
q q rr q
f fsM T R T R T
q q r rr q
f f f f f f
q s s q q r r q q r rr q s
f f f f f f f f
q q r rr q
f f f f f f
2 1 1
2 1 1
1 2
11 0
30 50 100 50175
100 50 30
q r rD r q
f f f
f f q fr
q f f
r mm
ƒ1 ƒ2
d
H H’
F F’
ƒ ƒ’
s’s
h
r
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 1
f fdf
f f f f f f f d
2
2
f
fd
P
Pdh
2 1 2 1
2 1 2
f d f f f dr f h f
f f f d
< check! >
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System Matrix with A=0, C=0
0
0
0
0 0
0f
f
f
f
y yB
C D
y B
Cy D
When A = 0, the output plane for the optical system is the output focal plane.
When C = 0, collimated light at the input plane is collimated light at the exit plane but the angle with the optical axis is different. This is a telescopic arrangement, with a magnification of D = f/0.
0
0
0 0
0
0
f
f
f
f
y yA B
D
y Ay B
D
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0
0
0
0 0
0
0f
f
f
f
f
y yA
C D
y Ay
Cy D
ym A
y
When B = 0, the input and output planes are object and image planes, respectively, and the transverse magnification of the system m = A.
System Matrix with B=0
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Ex) Two-Lens System with B=0
f1 = +50 mm f2 = +30 mm
q = 100 mmr s
ObjectPlane
ImagePlane
F1 F2F1 F2
T1 R1 R2T3T2
1
1 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2
1 2 1
1 0
1
1 1
q rr q
q r r q q r r fB r q s s
r q q r rf f f f f
f f f f
f f r q f qr r f f f q f f q
f r q q r f f f r r f q f f q f f
q s s qm A
f f f
83