Chapter 1 Overview of Video Production

Be sure you are in PracticumTURN OFF AND PUT AWAY TURN OFF AND PUT AWAY ALL ELECTRONIC DEVICES ALL ELECTRONIC DEVICES

UNLESS YOU HAVE A UNLESS YOU HAVE A SIGNED APPROVAL FORM SIGNED APPROVAL FORM

AND ARE USING THE AND ARE USING THE DEVICE ONLY FOR DEVICE ONLY FOR

INVOLVEMENT WITH THIS INVOLVEMENT WITH THIS CLASSCLASS

1

What IS video production? What IS video production?

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What IS video production? What IS video production?

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• The book says ‘mostly concerned with non-broadcast The book says ‘mostly concerned with non-broadcast program making’program making’

What IS video production? What IS video production?

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• Mostly concerned with non-broadcast program makingMostly concerned with non-broadcast program making

• Generally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phonesGenerally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phones

What IS video production? What IS video production?

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• Mostly concerned with non-broadcast program makingMostly concerned with non-broadcast program making

• Generally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phonesGenerally distributed via DVDs, online, or mobile phones

• Can be made with equipment ranging from the most Can be made with equipment ranging from the most sophisticated professional broadcast standards to low-sophisticated professional broadcast standards to low-

cost consumer itemscost consumer items

YouTube is a collection of both high-budget and YouTube is a collection of both high-budget and low-budget video productions that millions of low-budget video productions that millions of

viewers watch online. Note that the video shown viewers watch online. Note that the video shown has been seen by more than 3 million viewershas been seen by more than 3 million viewers

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Today’s high-quality consumer equipment allows professional results – if you Today’s high-quality consumer equipment allows professional results – if you understand how use it effectivelyunderstand how use it effectively

‘‘prosumer camera’prosumer camera’ ‘‘prosumer gear’prosumer gear’

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Know how to handle the equipment properly and the Know how to handle the equipment properly and the effects of various controlseffects of various controls

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• Develop the skills underlying good camerawork and sound Develop the skills underlying good camerawork and sound productionproduction

• Convey ideas convincingly and use the medium persuasivelyConvey ideas convincingly and use the medium persuasively

• Organize systematically: Apply practical planning, preparation, and Organize systematically: Apply practical planning, preparation, and productionproduction

Mobile phones (‘smart phones’), tablet Mobile phones (‘smart phones’), tablet computers, and computers are changing the computers, and computers are changing the way the audience watches television.way the audience watches television.

Social media and apps are changing how Social media and apps are changing how people use and share informationpeople use and share information

What’s next? -- ‘streams everywhere’? --What’s next? -- ‘streams everywhere’? --connected device? -- ubiquitous wireless?connected device? -- ubiquitous wireless?

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Video productions can be shown on many different Video productions can be shown on many different mediamedia

+ Cameras that now have built-in projectors+ Cameras that now have built-in projectors + Cameras that save files ‘in the cloud’+ Cameras that save files ‘in the cloud’

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Shooting circumstances will determine some of the Shooting circumstances will determine some of the camera mounts. In this situation, the production is being camera mounts. In this situation, the production is being shot from a dolly. Is this a single camera or multi-camera shot from a dolly. Is this a single camera or multi-camera

production? production?

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The flexibility of video equipment allows you to The flexibility of video equipment allows you to arrange it in many different ways from acquisition (the arrange it in many different ways from acquisition (the camera) to homes (the television)camera) to homes (the television)

Modern equipment continues to eliminate position Modern equipment continues to eliminate position needsneeds

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But remember this: But remember this:

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There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment:There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment:

But remember this: But remember this:

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There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment:There is ONE fundamental purpose for video equipment:

To enable users to communicate their ideas to an audienceTo enable users to communicate their ideas to an audience

What is involved in communication? What is involved in communication?

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Sender -- receiver -- channel -- meaning -- feedbackSender -- receiver -- channel -- meaning -- feedback

Meaning: action, emotion, intent, character, organizationMeaning: action, emotion, intent, character, organization

Visual communication: line, depth, color, shape, size, Visual communication: line, depth, color, shape, size, meaning, connotation and denotation, sequencing of meaning, connotation and denotation, sequencing of ideas, fundamentals of languageideas, fundamentals of language

Ideological battles: high culture vs. popular culture, profits Ideological battles: high culture vs. popular culture, profits versus art, power and manipulationversus art, power and manipulation

Effective Visual Storytelling? Effective Visual Storytelling?

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Critique this production: Critique this production: Promotional Video

Critique this production: Critique this production: Multicam field

Critique this production: Critique this production: Multicam Studio

Critique this production: Critique this production: Game Show

Starting to plan...Starting to plan...

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Demonstration done as an infommercialDemonstration done as an infommercial

Interview that you script and directInterview that you script and direct

Learning each TV studio crew position and ability to directLearning each TV studio crew position and ability to direct

Learning camera, lights, CG, switcher, audio, server and Learning camera, lights, CG, switcher, audio, server and prompter in the TV studioprompter in the TV studio

Incorporate basics of shooting & editingIncorporate basics of shooting & editing

Read Chapter 1Read Chapter 1

RTV 332 Multi-camera Production

Multi CameraBasics

Theory

Multi CameraBasics

Theory

If we shoot Missions Fest

Plenary Sessions

Plenary Sessions

Plenary Sessions

Interviews

Worship and Music

Course BasicsElement 1 THEORY Element 2 HANDS-ON

Overview / ReviewPicture composition and terminologyTechnical Aspects

Picture and signal assessmentSwitcher basics and operation

Production AspectsDirecting 101

Production Issues

Then…Hands-on operation with personnel rotation through various equipment stations while doing three types of productions

Picture Composition

Action Safe and Title Safe Areas

Field or angle of view

Content identification

Framing

Action Safe & Title Safe Areas

Field or Angle of View IdentificationE.L.S.

Extreme long shot

Establishing shot

L.S. or W.S.

Long or wide shot

Area of action

Field or Angle of View IdentificationM.L.S.

Medium long shot

Head to mid leg

M.S.

Medium shot

Head to waist shot

Field or Angle of View IdentificationM.C.U.

Medium Close-up

Head and shoulders

Close-up

E.C.U.

Extreme Close-up

Content Identification

1 Shot

2 Shot

3 Shot

FramingGood framing is the responsibility of the camera person

Rule of thirds

Headroom

Vertical framing

Horizontal framing

Frame cutting points

Position of subjects and objects

Headroom

Defined as the amount of picture between to the top of the subject’s head and the top of frame

Subject’s eyes placed at approx 1/2 to 2/3 up from bottom

Vertical Framing

Avoid too much or too little headroom

Place eyes at 1/2 to 2/3 up from bottom

Horizontal Framing

Place people in the frame with adequate looking room

Place objects in slightly off vertical or horizontal axis

Frame Cutting Points

Frame people at intermediate points between joints

Avoid framing at the natural joints

Correct Incorrect

Positioning of Subjects and Objects

Avoid straight line arrangements

Place objects in a triangular grouping

Place subject in a setting where there are objects in the foreground, middle ground and background

Technical AspectsWhat are some of them?

Is the picture quality good and matched?

Is the audio quality clear and at a good level?

Is the lighting even, sufficient and color balanced?

Does camera placement work with the set design and action?

Ultimately, there are trade offs in many areas.

Can you believe what you are seeing?

Check and adjust all monitors with good video signal -e.g. color bars (from switcher or camera)

Output picture monitor should be the guide

Matching Cameras

Camera video levels should match

1. White levels

2. Black levels

3. Color balance

4. Chroma levels

Tools: Waveform monitor

Waveform monitor displays luminance levels

100

60

20

0

Faces properly exposed fall between 50 and 80 units

Tools: Waveform monitor

Tools: Vectorscope

Vectorscope displays chroma phase and intensity

Vectorscope displays chroma phase and intensity

Tools: Vectorscope

Tools: Proc Amp (processing amplifier)

1st: Color balance camera and set iris and gain2nd: Use Proc Amp

Tools: Switcher wipe

Check picture color balance,levels and timing with a switcher wipe between sources.

Video Switchers

SwitcherRoutes signals to aux, preview & output busses

Switching multiple input sources on busses: -cameras, VTRs, computer graphics, etc

Transitions: -cuts, dissolves, fades, wipes, DVEs -digital video effects

Keying: luminance key, linear key, and chroma key,

Video Flow Chart

VT4 Video Switcher

VT4 Components

Switcher Input Busses

Key Bus

Main Bus

Preview Bus

VT4 Components

Background transition and key control Down Stream Keyer (DSK)

BG Fader Bar

Auto Transition

Effects

for BG

Cut/Key source: the white image Fill source: image that fills the cut source shape

Key source Fill source Composite

Luminance Key

Linear Key

Alpha channel is one way to make graphics with variations of transparency

The alpha channel specifies how the pixel's colors should be merged with another pixel when the two are overlaid, one on top of the other.

CG graphic with alpha channel

Composite

Chroma Key

Green background image has been cut and replaced.Blue or green usually chosen as BG colorWhy not other colors?

Key source

Fill source Composite

Production Aspects

Directing 101

Production: general concerns

Production meetings

Pre-production

Roles and responsibilities

Showtime

Directing 101 Choice of Camera

Cameras placed left to right:

Cam 1, Cam 2, Cam 3

Cameras truck, dolly, pedestal, zoom to get alternate shots

Directing 101Choice of Objective or Subjective Camera

Cam 1

Partially subjective shot

Cam 1

Subjective shot

Cam 2

Objective shots

Directing 101 Choice of Field (Angle) of View

Cam 1

Over the shoulder (OTS)

Cam 1

Close-up (CU)

Cam 1

Extreme close-up (ECU)-very dramatic

Cam 2

- establishing shot

-2 shot

-profile shot

Sample Interview at Missions Fest

Directing 101 When and when not to cut

Cut on action. During, not before or after.

Don’t cut from a moving image a stationary one. Moving to moving OK.

Don’t over cut.

Cut on motivation

Don’t cut to identical shots

Don’t cut to mismatched shots

Don’t cut across the axis of action

Directing 101 Mismatched Shots

Cutting from Cam 1 to Cam 3 causes subject B to jump to the opposite side of the screen.

Insert Cam 2 shot in between Cam 1 and Cam 3

Directing 101 Mismatched Shots

Directing 101 Axis of Action

An imaginary line of action or line of conversation

Directing 101 Axis of Action & Placement of Cameras

Cameras to be placed on one side of the line to avoid reversed shots

As direction of action reverses, viewers become disoriented and confused

Directing 101 Choice of Transition

Take or cut: Used when action is continuous in time and place. Cuts must be motivated. For music, cuts must be determined by the pace of music.

Dissolve or mix: Used for a minor discontinuity in time or place. Used to smoothly join different actions.

Fade up or down to black: Indicates a major discontinuity in time or place. Indicates a start or end in segment or program.

DVE - Digital Video Effect: Used for special effects: “page turns” to and from graphics. Not for use with people. Too often over used.

Directing 101 Director Cues for Camera and Switcher

“Ready to fade in from black on GFX…….Up”• “Ready camera 1……..Take 1”• “Ready camera 2………2”• “Standby to key name………take key”• “Ready to loose key………….loose key”• “Standby on DVD………….roll DVD, mix”• “Standby for PowerPoint……..go PowerPoint”• “Ready black…………………...black”

• This seminar discusses coverage of live events• Basically we follow the bouncing ball. Take cues from presenters• TV is best when it brings subjects close• TV production is a whole team effort• Work within your limitations –equipment, experience and staffing• KISS• Choose shots based on motivation• Support action with other media when available

Production AspectsGeneral Concerns

Production Meetings

• Create a Lineup: Order of Service• Announcements: script, graphics, and name

keys as required• Worship: lyrics for PowerPoint or Easy

Worship, vocals, instrumentals, interludes, note solos, name keys

• Sermon: topic title, name keys, script, supporting material (PowerPoint, video)

Pre-production

• Graphic requirements - style and type

-title keys, announcement graphics, name keys, visuals.

• Supporting media (video, boards,etc)• Mark line-up and scripts

Showtime

Camera Person’s Role

• Correctly frames subjects • Follows the action: pans, tilts, trucks,

pedestals, dollys, zooms• Listens to cues for director or AD• Provides hand cues to on-stage

performers • Shops for good shots when not live• Talks on intercom only as needed

Switcher’s Role

• Cuts the visual portion of the program• Fades up from and down to black at start and

end of program• Uses transitions as requested by director• Uses keys and supers as requested• Helps director if his/her attention is called

away• Notes technical problems: video, sound,

lighting levels and quality

Assistant Director’s Role

• Pre-production (assembles gfx, video, music, etc. as required)

• Times to the start and end of program• Alerts director about up coming events in

lineup• Times segments and inserts in the show

Director’s Role• Must know all the workings of the facilities• Controls and cues all aspects of production

and remains calm and efficient• Encourages crew to do a good job• Knows the material. Not completely focused

on looking at the script • Gives orders clearly and confidently• Is prepared for emergencies

Director’s Role• Watches program on the output monitor

objectively• Calls the events that go to air• Sets up future camera shots and watches for

good shots• Follows script and checks time left in show• Listens to program sound: balance of

dialogue, level of music and overall sound • Cues entire crew by intercom.

Multi Camera Basics

Hands On

Multi Camera BasicsClass 2 Hands On

• Pick area of interest: 3 camera positions (2 fixed cameras, 1 roving camera)

1 audio person, 1 switcher, 1 assistant director, 1 director• Production meeting - write lineup, set start time

• Become comfortable with the equipment• Produce the 5 minute show• Quick feedback session• Rotate positions and repeat the sequence two

additional times. Each session allotted 15 minutes.

Multi Camera BasicsClass 2 Hands On

1. Seated interview with participants addressing each other and audience

2. Introduction with presenter at lectern or mic

3. Introduction with presenter roaming during presentation

Each session allotted 15 minutes

Multi Camera BasicsClass 2 Hands On

Intercom Belt PackIntercom Belt Pack

• Microphone on/off switch

• Headset volume control

• Signal lamp• Button for signaling

• Microphone on/off switch

• Headset volume control

• Signal lamp• Button for signaling

Closed Headset

• Soft ear-cups with good noise attenuation

• The 270º rotation of the microphone boom to be worn on either left or right side.

Open Headsets

• Light weight• One ear free to

listen to ambient sound

• The 270º rotation of the microphone boom allows unit to be worn on either left or right side.

Intercom Etiquette

• Key the mic only when needing to talk• Be concise• Be polite as possible and try not use

inappropriate language