chapter 1 models of acids and bases -...

Acids & Bases/Organic Chemistry

Dr. Ron RusayFall 2009

Chapter 1

Structureand

Bonding

Acids andBases

Models of Acids and Bases

•Arrhenius: Acids produce H+ & basesproduce OH− ion in aqueous solutions .•Brønsted-Lowry: Acids are H+ donors &bases are proton acceptors.

•HCl + H2O → Cl− + H3O+

acid base

Comprehensive TutorialAcid & Base Principles in Organic Chemistry

Highly recommended viewing

Acid-Base EquilibriumConjugate Acid/Base Pairs

•HA(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + A−(aq)conj conj

acid 1 base 2 acid 2 base 1•conjugate acid: formed when the proton istransferred to the base.•conjugate base: everything that remains ofthe acid molecule after a proton is lost.

http://chemconnections.org//organic/Movies%20Org%20Flash/ConjugateAcidBaseActivity.swf

QUESTION: 1Aniline, C6H5NH2, was isolated in the 1800s and

began immediate use in the dye industry.What is the formula of the conjugate acid ofthis base?

A. C6H5NH2+

B. C6H5NH3+

C. C6H5NH–

D. C6H5NH+

E. C6H5NH2

Weak AcidsWeak Acids

• Weak acids are only partially ionized in solution.

or

• Ka is the acid dissociation constant.

HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq)

[HA]

]][AO[H-

3+

=aK[HA]

]][A[H-+

=aK

Organic Acids & Bases• Organic acids are weak acids, eg. Acetic

acid.• However, there can be substantial differences

in their relative strengths. What could you useto compare relative acidities?

• Organic bases are weak bases and relate toammonia.

• However, there can be substantial differencesin their relative strengths. What could you useto compare relative basicity?

Conjugates

Ka x Kb = ?What do pKa and pKb refer to?

pKa + pKb = ?

Kw

-log Ka or -log Kb 14

Remember: pH + pOH = pKw

Which is the stronger acid?

Which is the stronger base?

methanol

methylamine

QUESTION: 2

Use information on the table above to determine which of thefollowing bases would have the weakest conjugate acid:

OC6H5–; C2H3O2

–; OCl–; NH3

A. OC6H5–

B. C2H3O2–

C. OCl–D. NH3

QUESTION: 3

Use information on the table above to determine the order ofincreasing base strength for the following bases:

OC6H5–; C2H3O2

–; ClO2–; NH3

A. OC6H5– < NH3 < C2H3O2

– < ClO2–

B. C2H3O2– < ClO2

– < NH3 < OC6H5–

C. ClO2– < C2H3O2

– < NH3 < OC6H5–

D. NH3 < OC6H5– < C2H3O2

– < ClO2–

Acid and Base Equilibria

• Weak is favored!

The equilibrium favors the weaker of the acid vs. itsconjugate acid or base vs. its conjugate. Weakwins!

http://chemconnections.org/organic/Movies%20Org%20Flash/acid-base-eq.swf

QUESTION: 4

CH3C!CH + NH2

pKa=26

CH3C!C + NH3

pKa=36

CH3CH3 + NH2

pKa=50

CH3CH2 + NH3

CH3C

OH

O

+ NH3 CH3CO

O

+ NH4

HCl + CH3OH

pKa=15.5

H–Cl–H + CH3O

HCl + CH3OH Cl + CH3OH2

pKa=36

pKa=4.7

pKa-=–7 pKa=–2.5

pKa=9

CH3C

OH

O

+ NH3

O

+ NH2

pKa=36 pKa=–6

CH3COH2

pKa < –15

Consider the following equilibria. Identify the weakerof the two: acid vs. its conjugate acid in eachreaction. Which reactions favor formation of product?

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

A. All do: 1-6

B. 1, 4, 5

C. 2, 3, 6

D. 1, 5

E. None do.

Worksheet 5: Acids & Baseshttp://chemconnections.org/organic/chem226/226assign-09.html#Worksheets

Organic Acids & Bases• Organic molecules in context can be considered as

behaving relatively as weak acids or weak bases.• Formal Charge is important in considering which.• Knowing the Formal Charge allows a prediction.• (+) positive atoms behave acid-like, (-) negative

atoms behave base-like.

• This can be used in predicting how molecules willreact--- or donʼt react, and the products of reactions.

Formal Charge / Acids & BasesElectrophiles / Nucleophiles / Reactivity

CH3

NCH

3CH

3

CH3

CH3

NCH

3

..

CH3

NCH

3

CH3

O

..: :

:CH3

O

O

: :..

::::

:H O

..

::

CH3

CH3

CH3

C

CH3

CH3

CH3

C:CH3

CH3

CH3

O: :..

:H O H

H

:

CH3

O H

CH3

..

CH3

O

CH2

: :..

:CH3

O

..

::

CH3

O

CH3

H

:

CH2

-1

+1

Base /nucleophile

Acid /electrophile

Worksheet 1http://chemconnections.org/organic/chem226/226assign-09.html#Worksheets

Structure and Acid-Base PropertiesImportant factors that effect acidity in binary

compounds, eg HCl (having only twoelements):

• Bond Length (shorter = stronger bonds;lower acidity)

• Bond Strength (longer = weaker bonds;higher acidity: more dissociation, moreprotons [hydronium ions] in solution)

• Bond Polarity (smaller e.n. differences favorhigher acidities)

Select & explain which is the stronger acid:HBr or HF.

Therefore HBr is a stronger acid than HF.

Strength of Oxyacids(Three atoms: ternary vs. binary)

Push-Pull electronic effects on the proton.

QUESTION: 5• Rank 1.0M solutions of HBrO, HIO and HClO in order

of increasing acidity.

HBrO , Ka = 2.1 x 10-8

HIO , Ka = 2.3 x 10-11

HClO , Ka = 3.0 x 10-8

A) HBrO < HIO < HClO B) HIO < HBrO < HClO

C) HClO < HBrO < HIO D) HIO < HClO < HBrO

Question: 6 True (A) / False (B)

• HBrO4 is a weaker acid than HBrO2.

• HClO2 , Ka = 1.2 x 10-2

• HBrO , Ka = 2.06 x 10-8

• HIO , Ka = 2.3 x 10-11

• HClO , Ka = 3.0 x 10-8

QUESTION: 7• Rank 1.0M solutions of HBrO, HIO and HClO in order

of increasing pH

HBrO , Ka = 2.1 x 10-8

HIO , Ka = 2.3 x 10-11

HClO , Ka = 3.0 x 10-8

A) HBrO < HIO < HClO B) HIO < HBrO < HClO

C) HClO < HBrO < HIO D) HIO < HClO < HBrO

QUESTION: 8• Use the concept of push-pull. Rank the

following organic acids in order of decreasingacidity.

1) Br-CH2COOH 2) I-CH2COOH 3) CH3COOH

• A) 2 > 1 > 3 B) 3 > 2 > 1

• C) 2 > 3 > 1 D) 1 > 2 > 3

QUESTION: 9Rank the following acids in order of decreasing

acidity.A) ClCH2COOH B) Cl2CHCOOHC) Cl3CCOOH D) CH3COOH

1) A > B > C > D 2) C > B > A > D2) D > C > B > A 3) B > C > A > D

Question: 10 True (A) / False (B)

Trichloroacetic acid, Cl3CCOOH, is moreacidic than trifluoroacetic acid, F3CCOOH.

An Organic Base in ContextErythroxylon spp.

• It is very valuable. The leaves are chewed byindigenous tribes in the Andes to boost their energy.

• It has been used as a psycho-therapeutic, anopthalmic anesthetic and was purportedly used in apopular beverage that is at the heart of a $20 billioncorporation.

• However, both its base and conjugate acid arecurrently controlled substances under U.S. FederalRegulations: Title 21 secs. 329.1 & 1308.12 (1987).

• Can you name the beverage and the base?

The beverage reportedly produced usingthe extract of leaves of Erythroxylon coca:

The compound: cocaine, is an organic base: Merck Index,#2450, 11th ed.: Caution: May be habit forming….

Acid -Base Chemistry(Physical Properties)

NCO

2CH

3

O2C

CH3

..

"Crack" Cocaine

• m.p. 98 oC• b.p. (very volatile

> 90 oC)Solubility:• Water: 1.67 x 10-3

g/mL

• CHCl3: 1.43 g/mL

• Ether: 0.29 g/mL

What structural feature makes cocainea base? What simple compound canyou relate it to?

“Regular” Cocaine Conjugate Acid of Cocaine

(Physical Properties)

CH3 NCO2CH3

O2C

H Cl -

Cocaine Hydrochloride

+• m.p. >195 oCSolubility:• Water: 2.5 g/mL

• CHCl3: 0.08 g/mL

• Ether: insoluble

What accounts for the differences insolubilities of the base and conjugateacid?

Acid -Base Reactions

NCO

2CH

3

O2C

CH3

+ H Cl

..

CH3

NCO2CH3

O2C

H Cl -

Cocaine Hydrochloride

+

Acid Base Reactions

CH3

NCO

2CH

3

O2C

H Cl -

+

+ OH

-

..

"Crack" Cocaine

CH3

NCO

2CH

3

O2C

Which form, Acid or its Conjugate Base?

• A compound will exist primarily in its acidic form if the pH of the solution is < than its pKa

• A compound will exist primarily in its basic form if the pH of the solution is > than its pKa

• NOTE: A buffer solution maintains a nearly constant pH within certain parameters.

[ ][ ]!

+=A

HAlogpHp aK

The pH of a solution (its surroundings) determineswhich and is related by the following equation.

A weak acidRCO2Hwith a pKa =5.2

99% acid1% base

90% acid10% base

50% acid50% base

10% acid90% base

1% acid99% base

QUESTIONS from Worksheet:

The pKa of a general anesthetic, sodium pentothal, is 7.4. If apatient is given sodium pentothal orally instead of iv, will it putthe patient to sleep?

What information is needed to answer this fundamentalanesthesiology (“gas passer”) question?

A drug has a pKa of 7.8 and is a known teratogen. If given ivto a pregnant woman whose blood pH is within normal levels,will this drug cross the placenta and affect the baby?

What information is needed to answer this anesthesiology(“gas passer”) question?

Lewis Acids and Bases

• Lewis Acid: electron pair acceptor• Lewis Base: electron pair donor• Example:

Al3+ + 6

H

O

H

Al O

H

H6

3+

Question: 11

Select the chemical equation that depictsthe correct movement of electrons in thereactionof ammonia with hydrogenchloride.

A) B)

C) D)

Acid-Base ReactionsShowing a reaction with arrows

CH3SCH3 + BF3 (CH3)2S–BF3

CH3 + H2O

O

CH3CCH3 + H3O

HC!C + H2C=O HC!C–CH2–O

I + CH3Br ICH3 + Br

CH3O + CH3SH CH3OH + CH3S

H2O + CH3CCH3

OH

CH2=CH2 + HCl CH2–CH3 + Cl

CH3 OH2


Acid-Base ReactionsPredicting Products

O

CH3COH

+ HCO3

O

CH3COH

+ AlCl3

B(CH3)3 + (CH3)3N

+ OH

C O

H3C

H3C

+ MgCl2

H2SO4 + CH3OCH3

BF3 + O

NH3


Predicting if reactions occur and theproducts if they do

a. HO + Br–CH3 HO–Br + CH3

HO–CH3 + Br

b. H–C!C + H2C=O H–C!C–CH2-O

H–C!C–O–CH2

NH2 + H–OCH3 H2N–OCH3 + H

H2N–H + OCH3

HO + Br–CH3

c,

H–C!C + H2C=O

NH2 + H–OCH3


chapter 1 models of acids and bases -...

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