Chapter 1

*Lecture Outline

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Chapter 1 Outline

• History of Anatomy

• Definition of Anatomy

• Structural Organization of the Body

• Language of Anatomy

What Is Anatomy?

• Study of structure

– Greek for “to cut up” or “cut open”

– Need to know parts before functions

• Physiology is the study of function

• See Table 1.1 to compare anatomy and physiology of a structure

Two Sizes of Anatomy

Microscopic (a.k.a. histology)

• Structures too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Gross

• Structures that can be seen with the unaided eye

Gross Subdisciplines

• Comparative anatomy– Examines similarities and differences in

anatomy of species

• Developmental anatomy– study of structure changes within an

individual from conception through maturity

• Embryology– study of developmental changes occurring

prior to birth

Gross Subdisciplines

• Regional anatomy– study of structures within a single region

• e.g., the head and neck or abdomen

• Systemic anatomy– study of structures involved with a specific activity

• e.g., digestion or reproduction

• Surface anatomy– study of internal structures as their locations relate to

regions of skin or other surface markings

Structural Organization of the Human Body

• Atoms

• Molecules

• Cells

• Tissue

• Organs

• Systems

• Organism

Structural Organization of the Human Body

Figure 1.3

Characteristics of a “Living” Organism

1. Organization (see previous two slides)

2. Metabolism

3. Growth and Development

4. Responsiveness

5. Adaptation

6. Regulation

7. Reproduction

Introduction to Organ Systems

• There are 11* organ systems in the human body– Study trick: “Run Mrs. Lidec!”– (*counting male and female reproductive

systems separately = 12)

• Each with organs that work together to perform specific functions

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.4continued

Figure 1.4 continued

Figure 1.4 continued

Language of Anatomy

• Anatomy is a visual science, based on proper terminology.– For instance, if you are standing up, your

heart is “above” your stomach… – but where is the heart relative to the stomach

when you are lying down?

• A standard universal position for comparing structures is needed.

The Anatomic Position

Characteristics of the anatomic position:

• Standing upright

• Feet parallel and on the floor

• Head level and looking forward

• Arms at side of body

• Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body

(see next slide for example)

Anatomic Position

Sections and Planes

• Used to visualize internal and 3-D anatomy of body parts relative to each other

• A section– an actual cut or slice through a structure– or a piece removed by slicing a structure

• Planes– imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body

or an organ– there are three standard anatomic planes

Three Anatomic Planes

• Coronal (frontal) plane– divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior

(back) parts

• Transverse (horizontal) plane– divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior

(lower) parts

• Midsagittal (median) plane– divides the body into equal left and right halves– other sagittal planes divide the body into

unequal left and right parts

Body Planes

Figure 1.5

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Coronalplane

Transverseplane

Midsagittalplane

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./ Eric Wise, photographer

Anatomic Directions

Allow us to describe the relative position of one body structure in relation to another

•Anterior vs. posterior

•Superior vs. inferior

•Medial vs. lateral

•Proximal vs. distal(see next 2 slides)

Anatomic Directions

Figure 1.7

Regional Anatomy

The body can be divided into 2 major regions:

Axialhead, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the body)

Appendicular

upper and lower limbs (appendages)

Body Cavities

• Posterior cavities– Cranial: formed by skull bones– Vertebral: formed by vertebral column

bones

• Ventral cavities– Thoracic: the superior cavity– Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity

• physically separated by the diaphragm

Body Cavities

Figure 1.9

Cavity Membranes

• Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous membrane

– divided into two continuous parts (layers):1. Parietal layer: lines the internal surface

of the body wall2. Visceral layer: covers the external

surface of organs in the cavity– both layers produce a small amount of fluid

to lubricate the organs, protect against friction

Cavity Membranes

Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity

• The heart is located in a middle compartment called the mediastinum.

Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity

• The serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the pericardium.– As the heart develops, it projects into the

pericardium but doesn’t break it.

Figure 1.10

Thoracic Cavity

• The pericardium develops 2 continuous layers:

– Visceral pericardium: on surface of heart

– Parietal pericardium: surrounding heart

• Between the layers is a space called the pericardial cavity

• Similar development happens with the lungs (see p. 16)

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Two continuous cavities with no physical separation

– Abdominal cavity (superior)

– Pelvic cavity (inferior)

• The anatomical boundary between the two cavities is an imaginary horizontal line drawn across the superior border of both hip bones

Membranes of the Abdominopelvic Cavities

• The serous membrane = peritoneum– Two continuous layers

1. Visceral peritoneum: on outer surface of organs

2. Parietal peritoneum: lining the internal walls and not directly in contact with the organs

Regions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Being largest cavity, it is divided

– using 2 sagittal and 2 horizontal planes

– into 9 regions (see next slide)

– allowing anatomists and health-care professionals a more accurate way to describe organ locations

Nine Region Division

Figure 1.11

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(a) Abdominopelvic regions

Righthypochondriac

region

Epigastricregion

Lefthypochondriac

region

Rightlumbarregion

Leftiliac

region

Hypogastricregion

Umbilicalregion

Leftlumbarregion

Rightiliac

region

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• The abdomino- pelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 quadrants.

Figure 1.11(b) Abdominopelvic quadrants

Left lowerquadrant (LLQ)

Right lowerquadrant (RLQ)

Left upperquadrant (LUQ)

Right upperquadrant (RUQ)

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