chapter 1. keys skills for success mastery of the medical terminology development of excellent...
TRANSCRIPT
An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
Keys Skills for Success Mastery of the medical terminology
Development of excellent observation skills
Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to each other
Physiology is the study of the function of the body parts
Topics of AnatomyGross (Macroscopic) – the study of structures
large enough to see with the unassisted eye- 3 subcategories: Regional, Systemic and
Surface
Microscopic - study of structures too small to be seen with the unassisted eye
- 2 sub categories: Cytology and Histology
Developmental – study the changes of structures over the course of a lifetime- Embryology
Specialized Branches – - 3 subcategories: Pathological,
Radiographic, and Molecular Biology
Topics of PhysiologyCovers several topics; most of which are particular to the function of a specific organ system
Focuses on the cellular and molecular events
Complementarity of Structure & FunctionFunction is dependent on the structure and the form of the structure relates to its function
Addage: “Form vs. Function”
Levels of Organization 6 different levels of organization
Each level has specific functions and features
Chemical Level of OrganizationAtoms are the tiny building blocks of
matter which combine to form molecules
Molecules combine in specific ways to form organelles, which are the basic unit of living cells
Cellular Level of OrganizationCells are the smallest unit of life
Vary widely in size and shape based on the function of the cell
Tissue Level of OrganizationGroups of cells that perform a common function
Organ Level of OrganizationA groups of discrete structures
composed of at least 2 groups of tissue that work together to perform a specific function
Examples include: Lungs, Heart, Liver, Small Intestine
Organ System Level of OrganizationGroup of organs that work in conjunction
with each other to accomplish a specific goal or purpose
Examples are: Skeletal, Digestive, Respriratory, Circulatory, Muscular, Nervous, Reproductive
Organismal Level of OrganizationThe total of all the level working
together to promote and maintain life
Maintaining LifeNecessary Life Functions- Maintaining boundaries- Movement- Responsiveness- Digestion- Excretion- Reproduction- Growth
Survival Needs- Nutrients- Oxygen- Water- Normal Body Temperature- Atmospheric Pressure
HomeostasisHomeostasis - the ability of the
body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment regardless of the external environment.
Most homeostatic imbalance is result of disease
Homeostatic ControlComponents- Variable: the regulated factor or event- Receptor: Structure that monitors changes in
the environment and sends information to the control center
- Control Center: Structure that determines the set point for the variable, analyzes input and coordinates an appropriate response
- Effector: Structure that carries out the response directed by the control center
Negative feedback mechanisms- Most homeostatic control mechanisms are
classified as negative feedback mechanisms- Causes the variable to change in a way the
opposes the initial change- Nervous and Endocrine systems are
importance to the maintenance of homeostasis
- The goal is to prevent sudden, severe changes in the body
Positive Feedback Mechanisms- Causes the variable to change in the same
direction and the original change resulting in a greater deviation for the start point
- Typically activate self perpetuating events
- Most are not related to the maintenance of homeostasis
Language of Anatomy- must know the terms on pgs 12 & 15
Anatomical Position and Directional Terms
- Directional terms are used to explain EXACTLY where on body part is in relation to another
- Anatomical Position is the position in which the body is erect, palms face forward, and thumbs point away from the body- Terms left and right refer to the sides of
the person viewed not the observer- Anatomical position is ALWAYS assumed
regardless of the position of the body
Regional Terms- Two fundamental divisions of the body
- Axial region includes the head, neck and trunk- Appendicular region include the upper and
lower limbs
- Regional terms designate specific areas within the axial and appendicular divisions
Body Planes and Sections- Planes are flat surfaces that lie at right angles
to each other - Frontal plane: a vertical plane the separates the
body into anterior and posterior parts- Transverse plane: a horizontal plane that
separates the body from right to left into superior and inferior parts
- Sagittal: vertical plane that separates the body into left and right parts- Median (midsagittal): lies exactly along the body’s
midline- Parasagittal: lies offset from the midline of the body
Sections are cuts made along specific planesTransverse: is a cut made along the transverse planeOblique: is a cut made at anglesbetween the horizontal and vertical planes
Body Cavities and Membranes- Body cavities are spaces w/in the body that
are closed to outside and contain internal organs
- The dorsal cavity is the space that houses the central nervous system and has two subdivisions- Cranial Cavity - Vertebral / Spinal
Cavity- The ventral cavity is the anterior space that
is larger and has two subdivisions- Thoracic Cavity - Abdominopelvic
Cavity
Ventral body cavity houses the body organs or visceraMembranes
-Serosa membranes cover the inner walls of ventral cavity and outer surfaces of the organs- Parietal serosa line body cavity walls and is named for the specific cavity it is associated with- Visceral serosa cover the outer surfaces of organs and is named for the specific organ associated with
Secrete and are separated by a thin layer of lubrication called Serous Fluid, allows organs to slide without friction in the cavity
Abdominpelvic Region and Quadrants- There are 9 abdominopelvic regions used by
anatomists
- There are 4 quadrants used by medical personnel
Other body cavities- Oral and digestive: extend from the mouth
through the anus- Nasal: within and posterior to the nose- Orbital: houses the eyes- Middle ear: house the ear bones and
transmit sound- Synovial: joint cavities that secrete
lubricating fluid, found in all movable joints