chapter 1 introduction - welcome to...

Comprehensive EIA / EMP studies for Mahamaya – Dulki expn. Iron Ore mining Project of M/s. Bhilai Steel Plant

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Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd.

CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Purpose of the report

The growth of mining / industry significantly contribute towards economic progress of

the country. However, any project progress brings along with it a number of environmental problems. Many of these problems can be avoided, if adequate environmental control considerations are thought of during conceptual stage of the

project. Once the project is set up, it becomes very costly to install pollution control equipment and implement other environmental control measures, if the same are not considered in the conceptual stage. Any project exerts both positive and negative

environmental impacts. Negative impact cause environmental degradation. It is the responsibility of Planners, Scientists and Environmentalists to document these impacts separately so that these can be identified, quantified and attempts may be

made to minimize negative impacts and maximize the positive impacts for better development with least environmental degradation. In view of more industrialization,

the demand of iron ore has increased substantially in the recent past. In accordance with Mission and Objectives of M/s. Steel Authority of India Limited and National Steel Policy, SAIL proposes to develop/expand Mahamaya – Dulki mine with a rated

production capacity from 0.96 to 1.46 Million Ton per annum. The Mining lease area under is 1522.67 Ha. The TOR for preparation of draft EIA document is already obtained from Ministry Environment & Forests (MoEF), New Delhi vides their letter

no.J-11015/11/2007-IA.II (M) dated 13.04.2007. SAIL has entrusted the work of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

study to M/s. Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd (A Govt. of India Undertaking). Accordingly the final EIA / EMP report has been prepared after conducting public hearing and submitted to the Ministry for approval. The Expert Appraisal Committee

meeting held on 25.07.2012 desired to have the updated EIA/EMP report with at least

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one month baseline data as the prescribed validity of TOR is more than 4 years. The present EIA/EMP report was updated with one month baseline data (November 2012)

and based on the approved TOR provided by MoEF and Generic structure of Environmental Impact Assessment as per EIA notification 2006. The Index map of the project site is given in Fig. I.1.



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1.2 Profile of Project proponent & Background

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in India.

It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and special steels

for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive and defense

industries and for sale in export markets. The company is ranked amongst the top

ten public sector companies in India in terms of turnover. SAIL manufactures and

sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils,

galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural, railway products, plates, bars and

rods, stainless steel and other alloys. SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated

plants and three special steel plants, located principally in the eastern and central

regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials, including

the Company's iron ore, limestone and dolomite mines. The company has the

distinction of being India’s second largest producer of iron ore and of having the

country’s second largest iron ore mines network. This gives SAIL a competitive edge

in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and dolomite which are inputs

for steel making.

Major Integrated Steel Plants • Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) in Chhattisgarh

• Durgapur Steel Plant (DSP) in West Bengal

• Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) in Orissa

• Bokaro Steel Plant (BSL) in Jharkhand

• IISCO Steel Plant (ISP) in West Bengal

Special Steel Plants • Alloy Steels Plants (ASP) in West Bengal

• Salem Steel Plant (SSP) in Tamil Nadu



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• Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant (VISL) in Karnataka



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About Bhilai Steel Plant

Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) is India's major producer of rails and heavy steel plates and

structural has won Prime Minister's Trophy for best Integrated Steel Plant in the

country for Nine – times. The plant is the sole supplier of the country's longest rail

tracks of 260 metres. BSP has an annual production capacity of 3.153 MT of

saleable steel, the plant also specializes in other products such as wire rods and

merchant products. BSP is accredited with ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management

System and ISO:14001 has been awarded for Environment Management System in

the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. The Plant is accredited with SA:8000

certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-18001 certification for

Occupational health and safety. These internationally recognized certifications add

value to Bhilai's products and helps create a place among the best organizations in

the steel industry. Among the long list of national awards it has won, Bhilai has

bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability prize for three consecutive years.

1.3 Genesis and Objectives of the project

In view of more industrialization, the demand of iron ore has increased substantially

in the recent past. BSP has planned to enhance the production capacity of

Mahamaya mine , located about 111 km south-west of Bhilai, linked with state

highway from the existing Dalli-Rajhara mines. Mahamaya-Dulki Mine holding the

Mining Lease of 1522.67 ha. comes under control of Iron Ore Complex of Dalli-

Rajhara.

The deposit is located in the Nos. 64 D/15 and 64 H/3 between longitude 80°57'02”

to 81°00'53"E and between latitude 20°26'06" to 20°30’21"N. The products

(processed lump ore & fine ore) will be used as raw material for Bhilai Steel Plant.



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1.4 Nature of project

In accordance with Mission and Objectives of M/s.BSP and National Steel Policy,

BSP proposes to enhance the production capacity of Mahamaya Iron Ore Project,

at Mahamaya and Dulki villages, Durg and Rajnandagaon district, Chhatisgarh state

with an enhanced production capacity of 1.46 MTPA Run off Mine iron ore to meet

the domestic demand of BSP.

1.5 Size of Project

The proposal is enhancement of production capacity at Mahamaya Iron ore mine

with a rated production capacity of 1.46 Million Ton per annum. The Mining lease

area under is 1522.67 Ha. The existing Iron Ore Complex of Dalli- Rajhara will be

utilized for all other secondary mining facilities like Crushing plant, downhill

conveyor, screening plant, tertiary crusher and loading plant. The existing facilities

like Township, Hospital and Training institute available at Dalli-Rajhara Iron ore

complex will be utilized for the proposed enhancement.

1.6 Location and & Accessibility

State : Chhatisgarh

District : Durg and Rajnandagaon

Village : Mahamaya and Dulki

Lease Area : 1522.67 Hect.

The Mahamaya-Dulki lease area is well connected by road lying at a distance of 111

kms. South-West of Bhilai Steel Plant. The Iron ore produced from this mine is being

transported to Dalli-Rajhara Iron ore Complex located at a distance of 23 km.



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1.7 Scope of EIA

SAIL has entrusted the work of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) study to M/s. Richardson & Cruddas (1972)

Ltd (A Govt. of India Undertaking). The EIA/EMP have been considered as the most

important tools / documents which can be utilized by the project proponent and

Government Regulating Agencies and Public to clearly understand the

environmental implications of the proposed project with respect to the overall

developmental plan and to take decisions in the interest of environment and the

national economy. It also helps to analyze the techno-environmental feasibility of the

proposed project. This is primarily to ascertain, beforehand the potential impact

areas of the proposed project and initiate necessary corrective actions at the design

stage itself as well as the appraise the environmental protection regulating

authorities for issuing Environmental Clearance for the project, as required under the

relevant provisions of Environment Protection Act, 1986, Rules and EIA Notification

2006.

The TOR for preparation of draft EIA document is already obtained from Ministry

Environment & Forests (MoEF), New Delhi vides their letter no.J-11015/11/2007-IA.II

(M) dated 13.04.2007. SAIL has entrusted the work of Environmental Impact

Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) study to M/s.

Richardson & Cruddas (1972) Ltd (A Govt. of India Undertaking). Accordingly the final

EIA / EMP report has been prepared after conducting public hearing and submitted to

the Ministry for approval. The Expert Appraisal Committee meeting held on 25.07.2012

desired to have the updated EIA/EMP report with at least one month baseline data as

the prescribed validity of TOR is more than 4 years. The present EIA/EMP report was

updated with one month baseline data (November 2012) and based on the approved

TOR provided by MoEF and Generic structure of Environmental Impact Assessment as

per EIA notification 2006



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1.8 Methodology of EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment study has been conducted within an area of 10

km radius around the proposed mine. The various steps involved in the study of the

proposed project are divided into the following phases.

• Identification of significant environmental parameters and assessing the status

within the impact zone

• Prediction of Impacts envisaged due to proposed mining and transportation

activity on various environmental parameters

• Quantification / Prediction of impact for the identified activities and to study level

of impact on various environmental components

• Evaluation of impacts after superimposing the predicted scenario over the

baseline scenario.

• Formulation of Environmental Management Plan including waste Management

Plan

Accordingly, field studies were carried out during study period (April 2009 to May

2010) to establish the existing conditions. As per the instruction received from EAC

one month additional data also collected for Air, Noise and Water quality and which

is also included in this report. The details study carried for the preparation of EIA

document is given as under.



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Details of Environmental Parameters

Sl. No Attribute Parameters No of

Location Frequency of Monitoring

1 Meteorology Wind Speed and Direction, Temperature Relative Humidity, Rainfall

1

a] Hourly monitoring for Four seasons. b] Collection & Review of Data from secondary sources like IMD

2 Ambient air quality

SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, and Heavy metals 12

24 hrs monitoring, twice a week. CO samples shall be collected on 8 Hr. basis for Three seasons

4 Water quality As per IS:10500/ CPCB 10 Four seasons. 5 Hydrology

(Surface and Ground)

Drainage aquifer characteristic recharge & discharge -

Collection and review of data from secondary sources and field investigation during pre and post monsoon

6 Ecology Terrestrial and aquatic ecology -- Field study. Collection and

review of secondary data. 7 a. Noise

b. Vibration Noise levels dB(A) PPV(mm/s)

12 6

Three seasons Once in study period

8 Soil characteristics

Soil type & characteristic, texture class, heavy metal and NPK

6

Three seasons

9 Land use Land use for different categories -

Collection and review of data from census handbooks, 2001.

10 Socio-economic aspects

Socio-economic characteristics

-

Collection and review of data from census handbooks. Feed back through field survey and public hearing



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11 Risk assessment, Disaster Management Plan

Identification of risk and disaster.

-

Based on assessment.



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1.8 The Compliance of Consent Conditions

The consent for operation of the mines was obtained on 04.08.2012. Copy of the

same along with compliance conditions were given in Annexure-I Sanctions and

Approvals.

The action taken on compliance conditions for Air & Water are given as follows:

Air Consent

• Mahamaya Mine is maintaining and operating the pollution control facilities

properly and regularly:

a. Wet Drilling

b. Water sprinkling on haul roads

c. Provision of sprinkling arrangement at all dust generating points in the

screening plant.

The above arrangements are functioning so that the emission level is within the

prescribed standards.

• Road upto Mahamaya Mine is pucca. Roads within quarry are temporary in

nature. These roads are carpeted with murrum and wetted with water by

sprinklers to control dust. Housekeeping inside mine lease area improved on

regular basis.

• Plantation has been done in the open available area within and outside mining

lease.

• Use of fly ash bricks / blocks will be followed in future construction.

• Environment statement as per provision of environment (Protection) Amendment

Rules 1993 for the year 2012-2011 has been submitted to the Board in Form-V



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vide No. Mine/IOC/MM/4-(2)/ENVRNMT/A-RTN/FORM-V/2011/244 dated

24/04/2011.

• Production is within the capacity (i.e. 9,60,000 T/Annum) mentioned in the

consent letter.



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Water Consent

• The pollution control facilities are well maintained and operated. No treated

effluent is generated at Mahamaya Mine.

• Total 10 Nos. check dams have been constructed around Mahamaya Mine.

These check dams are maintained and desilted regularly.

• Overburden waste and mineral rejects are scientifically handled, transported and

stored. The dumps are located within mining lease in non-minerailsed area.

• Road upto Mahamaya Mine is pucca. Roads within quarry are temporary in

nature. These roads are carpeted with murrum and wetted with water by

sprinklers to control dust. Housekeeping inside mine lease area improved on

regular basis.

• Plantation has been done in the open available area within and outside mining

lease.

• Use of fly ash bricks / blocks will be followed in future construction.

• Environment statement as per provision of environment (Protection) Amendment

Rules 1993 for the year 2012-2011 has been submitted to the Board in Form-V

vide No. Mine/IOC/MM/4-(2)/ENVRNMT/A-RTN/FORM-V/2011/244 dated

24/04/2011.

• Production is within the capacity (i.e. 9,60,000 T/Annum) mentioned in the

consent letter.



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CHAPTER – II PROJECT PROFILE

2.1 Introduction

Steel Authority of India Ltd. (SAIL), a Government of India under taking, produces

Iron Steel products at different integrated steel plants for which various raw materials

such as Iron Ore, Lime stone, Dolomite, coal etc. are required. The raw materials

are supplied either from captive source or purchased. SAIL (Steel Authority of India

Ltd.) is the second largest mining company in the country. Bhilai Steel Plant

(BSP) of SAIL has an annual saleable steel production capacity of 3.15 MTPA for

the year 2009-10 and is a major exporter of steel products. Bhilai Steel Plant

specializes in products like heavy rails, structural & merchant mill products, plates

and wire rods. Mahamaya-Dulki Mine is is located about 111 km south-west of

Bhilai, linked with state highway from Dalli-Rajhara. Mahamaya-Dulki Mine

holding the Mining Lease of 1522.67 ha comes under control of Dalli- Rajhara Iron

Ore Complex of Bhilai Steel Plant, SAIL.

BSP is planning to enhance the production capacity of Mahamaya mine from 0.96

MTPA to 1.46 MTPA to meet the requirement of steel production at Bhilai Steel Plant.

The principal approval from Forest Dept. is obtained. The lease renewal and Forest

Clearance is given in Annexure–I (Sanctions and Approvals).

2.2 Physiography of the area

The whole region is hilly and undulating piece of land. The shift ranges of this region

are formed by Kalwar hills, Dulki hills and Mahamaya hills. The iron ore deposits are

mainly traced at the peak portions of the hills. The ridges are not susceptible to

erosion due to the presence of Banded Hematite Quartzite (BHQ). The Mahamaya-

Dulki lease covers 3 low lying hillocks of Mahamaya hill range. The Dulki range



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(consisting of 3 hillocks' namely D1,D2 and D3) lies in the southern continuity of

Mahamaya hill range and it extends over a length of 2.4 Kms. The D1 hill trends in

North-South direction and D2 & D3 in East-West direction. This hill range is

characterized by high peaks and saddles with steep slopes on either side. The

highest peak attains an elevation of 741.69 m above MSL and the general ground

level is being 500 m above MSL.

2.3 Geology of the area

The area under reference is Mahamaya-Dulki lease which lies partly in Mahamaya

and partly in Dulki hills. The rock types exposed in this area belong to Dharwar

group, similar to Dalli-Rajhara and Mahamaya deposits. The iron ores traced here

generally occupy the peaks and BHQ in intervening ridges. Both upper and lower

shale/ phyllites contacts with BHQ in hill sides. The intrusive bodies like thin quartz

veins of younger age also occur within the area.

The soil, laterite capping and ferruginous shale etc. occurring above the ore body

normally contain low iron and high alumina percentages and are considered as

overburden. The iron ore body consists of lateritic ore, shaly ore, silicious ore,

laminated ore, compact ore and soft friable / powdery type of ores. Among these, the

laterite ore, shaly ore and silicious ore are generally low grade. The ore containing

less than 55% Fe content and these ores are not considered for reserve calculation.

The remaining three types of ores viz. Laminated, Pre-Compact Laminated and friable

contain 55% to 67% Fe. The laminated ore constitute about 75% of the total available

reserves. The average grade of ore occurring in the area contains 62.17% Fe, 4.68%

Si02 and 2.83% Al2O3.

2.4 Exploration



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Initially, the area was covered under geological investigation by Geological Survey of

India. Later the Iron Ore Prospecting (I.O.P) division of M/s. Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP)

has carried out detailed exploration. The exploration done by the company includes

surveying, geological mapping, out crops sampling and drilling of bore holes etc.

covering both Mahamaya & Dulki sub blocks.

The IOP division of M/s BSP has initially drilled 34 core drill holes at 100m by 100

m staggered Intervals, i.e. 'M' series of holes covering all the three doposits M1, M2

and M3 A total area of 2.5 sq. km. has been explored. The cumulative drilling is

1716.26 mts. Afterwards, till date about 53 boreholes have been drilled to establish

the ore boundaries and continuity of ore body at depths. The boreholes have filled

the gaps of the earlier holes and brought the grid at 50 m X 100 m (approximately).

The average core recovery is recorded 90%. Similarly in D-1 block a total no. of

nine boreholes have been drilled by IOP division of which only three bore holes are

falling in Dulki sub block D1 ( 5 ha. Block), of this lease & remaining six bore Holes

are located in adjacent Kalwar-Nagur lease.

In Mahamaya sub block all the deposits viz. MIA, M1B, M2 and M3 have already

been explored in detail at 50 m x 100 m grid. However the deposits of Mahamaya

sub block is highly heterogeneous in nature, hence in order to gather some more

information on delineation of ore and waste contact, twenty additional bore holes

have been proposed i.e. ten bore hole each in M2 and M3 deposits. Similarly in

Dulki sub block (5 hects.) only 3 boreholes have been drilled so far (i.e. BH Nos.

DK8, DK9 and DKI0). Therefore, it is proposed to drill additional six boreholes to fill

the gaps in the 3rd and 4th year of the mining plan period. This proposed exploration

will prove the lateral and depth continuity of the ore body of Dl deposit. The details of

year wise proposal for drilling in M2, M3 & Dl deposit are given in Table 2.1



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Table 2.1 Year-wise Proposal as per scheme of Mining (2006-2011) D-1, M-2 & M-3 Deposits

Year Location of boreholes

Bore holes to be

drilled

Borehole

No.

Borehole-wise proposed

Meterage

Total Meterage

Remarks

1st - Nil Nil Nil Nil In case these holes are not touching the foot-wall, the drilling will continue to further depths.

2nd - Nil Nil Nil Nil

3rd D1 DEPOSIT (5HECT. BLOCK)

2 R-4 R-6

40 M 40 M

80 M

4th D1 DEPOSIT (5HECT. BLOCK)

4 R-7 R-10 R-13 R-17

55 M 45 M 30 M 40 M

170 M

5th M2 DEPOSIT &

M3 DEPOSIT

10 10

PR 11 PR 12 PR 13 PR 14 PR 15 PR 16 PR 17 PR 18 PR 19 PR 20 PR 1 PR 2

20 M 15 M 15 M 20 M 20 M 15 M 20 M 30 M 40 M 15 M 15 M 30 M

210 M 195 M



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PR 3 PR 4 PR 5 PR 6 PR 7 PR 8 PR 9 PR 10

20 M 20 M 20 M 20 M 20 M 20 M 20 M 10 M

The year wise details of development (waste removal) for the last five years (Scheme of

mining) from 2006-07 to 2010-11 is given Table 2.2

Table 2.2 Year wise waste excavation plan & actual (M-1, M-2,M-3)

YEAR PLAN ACTUAL

M-1 M-2 M-3 M-1 M-2 M-3

2006-07 141650 77432 99181 12399 103306 145231

2007-08 109478 78438 93059 178463 73558 152842

2008-09 132739 NIL 162949 133366 11115 132781

2009-10 156300 NIL 189011 83819 12414 78937

2010-11 137808 NIL 311342 183275 7481 179338

Year-wise Production plan & actuals (ore) (M-1, M-3, M-3) is given in Table 2.3. The

deviation in excavation due to changed quantities of lumps and fines by BSP

accordingly excavation schedule is modified to achieve the quantity & quality of

products.



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Table 2.3 Year wise waste excavation plan & actual (M-1,M-2,M-3)

YEAR PLAN ACTUAL

M-1 M-2 M-3 M-1 M-2 M-3

2006-07 417000 176000 343022 36251 187648 389046

2007-08 408235 175253 362128 419490 135964 330282

2008-09 422209 NIL 500354 351321 66589 240705

2009-10 411000 NIL 501005 195844 101172 162690

2010-11 461104 NIL 498896 337197 37616 362526



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Afforestation Programme

Afforestation programme for last five years (mining plan period) & the actual are

given in Table 2.4

Table 2.4 Afforestation programme for last five years

YEAR PLAN ACTUAL

2006-07 NIL NIL

2007-08 NIL NIL

2008-09 4.00 Ha(Top Exhausted benches) NIL

2009-10 5.00 Ha.(Top Exhausted benches) NIL

2010-11 3.00 Ha. Top Exhausted benches). 0.15 Ha. (Back fill area of M2)

Small plots could not be afforested because of inability shown by Chhattisgarh Van Vikas Nigam (CGVVN) to take up afforestation in such a small plots at different locations.

2.5 The Land use of ML area

The mining lease area of Mahamaya-Dulki is 1522.67 Hect. The breakup of the land

use is as follows Table 2.5

Table 2.5 The Land use of ML area

Location Forest Land

Crop Land

Grazing Land

Waste Land

Total (Ha.)

a) Pits & Quarries 53.88 Nil Nil Nil 53.88

b) Dumps of ore waste and Overburden

9.54 Nil Nil Nil 9.54

c) Infrastructure inclusive of offices, workshops plants, WB, Road, etc.

17.34 Nil Nil Nil 17.34

e) Sub-grade material 3.24 Nil Nil Nil 3.24



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f) Undisturbed natural forest land

1438.67 Nil Nil Nil 1438.67

Total 1522.67 Nil Nil Nil 1522.67

2.6 Reserves

A summary of block-wise/ deposit-wise reserves are given Table 2.6

Table 2.6 summary of reserves (as on 1/4/2006)

(Qty. in Tonnes)

Name of Block Deposit Name Reserves

Grade Characteristic of Ore

FE SIO2 AL2O3 P

MAHAMAYA BLOCK

M-1 3057370 61.85 5.03 2.79 0.081

M-2 351253 60.26 7.43 3.37 0.085

M-3 2989612 62.68 4.08 2.98 0.091

TOTAL OF M-1, M-2,M-3

6398235 62.17 4.68 2.83 0.085

DULKI BLOCK 5 HECT. D-1 1910464 63.53 4.15 2.70 ---

2.7 Depletion of reserves

Year wise balance quantity of Ore from 2006-2011 given Table 2.7

Table 2.7 Year wise balance quantity of Ore

Year as on Balance reserves

M-1 M-2 M-3 D-1



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01-04-2006 3057370 351253 2447817 1910464

01-04-2007 3021119 163587 2058771 1910464

01-04-2008 2529629 470878 1728489 1910464

01-04-2009 2178308 404289 1487784 1910464

01-04-2010 1982464 303117 1325094 1910464

01-04-2011 1344269 414330 1514641 2557172



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2.8 Additional reserves established category wise

Additional reserves established in M2 deposit after Geological mapping of the area

in the year 2008. After re-estimation Ore reserves increased from 27623 T to

470878 T. Thus 443255 T of ore reserves increased.

Based on the geological mapping in the year 2010 of the area M1 & M3 and

considering the thresh hold value 45% Fe as circular no. 5/2009 Dt.- 23.10.2009 of

IBM ore reserves estimated 1344269T instead of 1645267 T in M1 area and

1514641 T instead of 962568 T in M3 area.. Thus the ore decrease 300998 T in M1

area & 552073 T increase in M3 area. Similarly considering the thresh hold value

45%Fe the ore reserve is increased 148829 T in M-2 area. Thus the ore reserve in

M-2 area is 414330 T instead of 265501 T.

Similarly in D1 Block the ore reserve estimation is done by level wise and

considering the thresh hold value 45% Fe the ore reserve estimated 2557172 T

instead of 1910464 T. Thus ore increased 646708 T.

2.9 Category wise updated reserves with grade

Updated reserves with grade indicated in table given in Table 2.8

Table 2.8 Category wise updated reserves with grade (As on 1/4/2011)

(Qty. in Tonnes)

Name of block Deposit Name

In-situ reserves

Grade Characteristic of ore (%)

Fe Al2O3 SiO2 P

Mahamaya Block M-1 1344269 59.48 8.47 2.88 0.11

M-2 414330 58.17 10.15 3.65 0.08



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M-3 1514641 61.41 6.35 2.58 0.07

Total of M1,M2 & M3 3273240 60.24 7.65 2.82 0.09

Dulki Block (5 Ha) D-1 2557172 63.53 2.70 4.15 0.08

GRAND TOTAL 5830412

The details of level wise and grade wise reserves are given in Table 2.9 -2.12

Table 2.9 reserve (M1 pit) as per UNFC (as on 01.04.2011)

Sl. No.

Bench Level Ore Fe% SiO2% Al2O3% P Waste

From To

1 655 650 9155 58.92 6.68 4.67 0.08 1841

2 650 645 47618 57.66 7.54 5.79 0.06 38648

3 645 640 37040 59.38 7.79 3.43 0.05 63561

4 640 635 124846 58.92 6.68 4.67 0.08 95533

5 635 630 180482 60.98 6.99 2.29 0.07 113915

6 630 625 140145 58.97 10.26 2.70 0.06 129099

7 625 620 155322 58.67 10.70 3.77 0.07 130129

8 620 615 138987 56.01 13.08 3.47 0.07 143866

9 615 610 113460 58.69 9.95 2.73 0.14 87386

10 610 605 105795 57.10 12.35 3.51 0.06 64759

11 605 600 103252 60.23 6.44 4.06 0.09 58717

12 600 595 79021 59.35 8.94 3.52 0.08 45368

13 595 590 63039 57.42 12.28 2.46 0.12 45212

14 590 585 23320 63.87 3.73 1.46 0.15 16405



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15 585 580 9871 61.07 8.76 0.83 0.13 11611

16 580 575 6749 62.82 2.94 0.87 0.27 3490

17 575 570 4108 62.23 4.23 0.92 0.35 2482

18 570 565 2059 55.39 17.30 0.64 0.13 0

1344269 58.86 9.33 3.33 0.08 1052024



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Table 2.10 reserve (M2 pit) as per UNFC (as on 01.04.2011)

Sl. No.

Bench Level Ore Fe% SiO2% Al2O3% P%

Waste From To

1 650 645 23130 55.77 10.42 5.92 0.12 24767

2 645 640 37790 60.05 5.45 3.76 0.11 27896

3 640 635 35924 60.68 5.33 4.49 0.13 29597

4 635 630 44322 61.53 6.56 2.82 0.06 24494

5 630 625 42510 56.59 11.42 4.55 0.07 19228

6 625 620 25448 56.26 13.37 4.08 0.06 20680

7 620 615 25085 57.23 11.60 3.69 0.06 18280

8 615 610 38793 56.10 15.19 2.41 0.08 23320

9 610 605 62106 55.046 14.76 3.27 0.08 24950

10 605 600 48877 53.19 18.57 2.83 0.09 31331

11 600 595 15768 53.22 11.47 6.60 0.17 9335

12 595 590 12193 51.24 12.38 8.53 0.15 4667

13 590 585 2384 60.18 7.71 3.38 0.08 4667

414330 57.00 11.61 3.78 0.09 263214



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Table 2.11 reserve (M3 pit) as per UNFC(as on 01.04.2011)

Sl. No

Bench Level Ore Fe% Sio2% Al2O3% P%

Waste From To

1 655 650 1522 67.80 0.80 0.57 0.053 113542

2 650 645 5488 66.44 1.75 1.44 0.06 146478

3 645 640 38672 61.04 8.08 2.28 0.06 131412

4 640 635 55801 60.46 5.38 3.34 0.08 119903

5 635 630 60259 60.81 4.97 3.19 0.09 122623

6 630 625 103724 64.52 2.30 1.75 0.07 105101

7 625 620 136123 61.12 4.91 3.79 0.07 108443

8 620 615 260554 59.43 5.79 5.00 0.07 126712

9 615 610 211936 59.13 6.85 4.55 0.07 108444

10 610 605 186343 60.43 6.13 3.97 0.06 54879

11 605 600 162647 61.64 5.97 2.68 0.06 48554

12 600 595 101562 59.43 8.71 3.01 0.06 35346

13 595 590 79111 61.07 7.95 1.85 0.07 13399

14 590 585 63336 54.68 15.13 2.96 0.10 17046

15 585 580 28174 52.10 17.25 3.82 0.11 9314

16 580 575 13558 55.69 16.61 1.61 0.05 3912

17 575 570 4002 50.18 24.71 1.33 0.05 1875

18 570 565 1829 46.07 30.30 0.96 0.05 3036

1514641 60.09 6.76 3.56 0.07 1270019



III-30


Table 2.12 reserve (D1) as per UNFC (as on 01.04.2011)

Sl. No.

Bench Level ORE

From To Total Reserve Measured Indicated Inferred

1 720 715 5690 0 0 5690

2 715 710 84366 73641 0 10725

3 710 705 123033 75868 0 47166

4 705 700 119518 73562 0 45956

5 700 695 124260 90510 0 33750

6 695 690 162584 133285 9599 19800

7 690 685 136686 107386 9499 19800

8 685 680 139564 110934 9499 19130

9 680 675 149635 131676 9499 8460

10 675 670 138125 119460 9499 9165

11 670 665 145319 126654 9499 9165

12 665 660 151074 106323 36290 8460

13 660 655 156576 71777 73166 11632

14 655 650 182916 99703 73166 10046

15 650 645 168282 87714 73166 7402

16 645 640 124383 46458 73166 4750

17 640 635 141945 66661 73166 2115

18 635 630 127309 65850 61459 0



III-31


19 630 625 108286 52680 55606 0

20 625 620 18689 10246 18443 0

21 620 615 21004 2561 18443 0

22 615 610 13832 0 13832 0

23 610 605 4098 0 4098 0

2557172 1651815 630999 274357

Due to grant of forestry permission of about 5 hect. only in the Dulki-Block the ore is

left in the section-AA, which is beyond the granted area.

Year wise balance quantity of Ore from 2001-2006 given in Table 2.13

Table 2.13 Year wise balance quantity of Ore from 2001-2006

Year as on Balance reserves

M-1 M-2 M-3 M-4

01-4-2001 3186576 906710 3523032 1910464

01-04-2002 3186576 792224 3251086 1910464

01-04-2003 3186576 697500 3041973 1910464

01-04-2004 3098770 605568 2880328 1910464

01-04-2005 3057370 490150 2686465 1910464

01-04-2006 3057370 351253 2447817 1910464

Additional Reserves established in M-3 deposit after Geological mapping of the area

in between the cross sections 1 to 4. After re-estimation Ore reserves increased

from 2447817 T to 2989612 T. Thus 541795 T of ore reserves increased.



III-32


Category wise updated reserves with grade as well as marginal grades. Updated

reserves with grade indicated in table given in Table 2.14

Table 2.14 Updated reserves with grade

Name of block Deposit Name

Reserves Grade characteristic of Ore

Fe Si02 A1203 P

Mahamaya block

M-l 3057370 61.85 5.03 2.79 0.081

M-2 351253 60.26 7.43 3.37 0.085

M-3 2989612 62.68 4.08 2.98 0.091

Total of M-1, M-2, M-3

6398235 62.17 4.68 2,83 0.085

Dulki block 5 Hect. D-1 1910464 63.53 4.15 2.70 --



III-33


2.10 Method of Mining

Brief description about the existing method of working

The Mahamaya sub block has been divided into three hills, which are known as M1

(having two parts A & B), M2 and M3 hill. Presently mining is being done in M1,M2,

M3 blocks of the Mahamaya deposit. In case of Dulki deposit, a virgin deposit falling

in the lease boundary of Mahamaya mine, no mining operations are being performed

in this area. Mahamaya mine was started on 4.11.1971 and is being continued with

semi-mechanised method of working. Presently the mine is producing about 0.70

MT of ROM per year.

In other working blocks i.e. M2 & M3, the semi mechanized operations are being

practiced, which consists of 5.5-6.0 m deep, hole drilling and blasting. Raising by

manual means by the departmental workers and loading & transport of ore to stock

piles / ore processing plant by excavators / loaders & 10 T tippers combination,

Similarly waste excavation is also done. As number of Daily Piece Rate (DPR)

raising mazdoor is decreasing day by day due to their redeployment as attendants

and also through voluntary retirement, hence production is being augmented by

mechanical excavation of ROM (0 to 900 mm) by deploying hydraulic

excavators/pay loaders and 10 T tippers.

Ore is processed in the Dalli- Rajhara crushing and screening plant and segregated to

different grades by crushing and screening and stacked at loading siding. Finally these

products are dispatched to Bhilai Steel Plant by railway wagons from Rajhara stock yard.



III-34


Design parameters considered for the existing workings

Semi-mechanised Mining:- All the operations of M2 and M3 hills of Mahamaya

Mine are carried out by the semi-mechanised means as described below.

Drilling & blasting: - Blast holes of 115 mm dia. are used for primary drilling in ore

and waste rock. Jack hammers are used for drilling in tow and boulders respectively.

The blast holes are blasted by using 83 mm dia. explosive. Details are explained at

subsequent chapter.

Loading Equipment:- The loading of stacked material is done by 0.96 cum

capacity excavator / pay loaders into 10 T tippers. This operation is carried out by

contractual agency.

Transport:- The +80mm ore is transported to Rajhara crushing & screening plant /

Dalli crushing, screening & washing plant, by the help of 10 tonner tippers. The high

grade fines (HGF) are transported by 10 tonner tippers. For transportation of waste

similar method is used as in case of lumps & fines. As the number of departmental

workers are getting reduced due to redeployment as attendant or voluntary

retirement, hence production is being augmented by mechanised excavation of

ROM (0 - 900mm) by hydraulic excavator / loader and 10 T tipper combination.

Present Mining Status

In M2 hill working is by semi-mechanised means i.e. drilling & blasting by

departmental means and raising by manual workers. The top most active bench is

at 650 MRL, and the lowest bench at 610 MRL. In this block average bench height

is 4 to 5.5mtr.



III-35


Working in M3 hill is also by semi-mechanised means and the top most level where

excavation is going on is at 655 MRL, and the lowest level is 610 MRL. In general

benches are of 4 to 5.5 mtr.



III-36


The details of existing equipment deployed in the overall mine are given in following

tables 2.15 – 2.16.

Table 2.15 List of departmental equipment

Equipment Equipment installed

(Nos.)

Equipment Working

(Nos.)

Remarks

Compressors CPT 7 3 4 Undermaintenance

Drills (Atlas copco) 6 4 2 for sell off Tractor 1 0 Under maint Explosive Van 1 1 Tippers (lOt) 2 2 Trucks 2 2 Water tanker 3 2 1 Under maint Jeep 3 3 Canteen Van 1 1 Bus 3 3 Ambulance 1 1 1 under maintenance

Table 2.16 List of contractual equipment

Equipment Equipment installed (Nos.)

Equipment Working (Nos.) Remarks

Excavator 3 3

Pay loaders 2 2



III-37


The Yearly pit wise development plan proposed is given in Table 2.17

Table 2.17 Yearly pit wise development plan proposed

(M1 + M2 + M3)

Year ROM Ore Over-burden (Waste)

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Ore to Overburden Ratio

2011-12 891421 645744 Nil Nil 1: 0.72

2012-13 669752 534666 Nil Nil 1: 0.79

2013-14 490860 453746 Nil Nil 1: 0.92

2014-15 504326 396660 Nil Nil 1: 0.78

2015-16 716878 554439 Nil Nil 1: 0.77

TOTAL 3273237 2585256 Nil Nil

D1

Year

ROM Ore Over-burden (Waste)

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Ore to Overburden Ratio

2011-12 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil

2012-13 290090 222400 Nil Nil 1:0.76

2013-14 469063 250353 Nil Nil 1:0.53

2014-15 455634 345224 Nil Nil 1:0.75

2015-16 243020 213075 Nil Nil 1:0.87

Total 1457807 1031051 Nil Nil



III-38


Excavation programme for D-1 block 5 Hect. is not planned in the year 2011-12

because forestry clearance still awaited. Removal of waste rock will be done

simultaneously in a systematic manner to get the adequate exposure of Iron Ore

faces.

Proposed method of mining

The existing method of mining, i.e. open cast mechanised will be continued in future

also for M-1,M-2 & M-3 pits. Proposed ROM @ 0.89 MT in 1st year and @0.96 MT in

remaining four years. Open cast mechanized mining is proposed for M-1,M-2 & M-3 pit

by contractual sources to fulfill the demand of BSP.

ROM produced from M-1 will be crushed at Mahamaya by contractual agencies and

finished product will be directly sent to Rajhara for despatch to Bhilai. Removal of

waste rock will be done simultaneously in a systematic manner to get the adequate

exposure of iron ore faces. It has also proposed to maintain the uniform benches of

5 mtrs. In all the 4 hills .It has been observed that the existing & proposed fleet of

mining equipment is adequate to handle the proposed excavation in all respects. In

case of enhancement in the fleet it can be managed with the contractual sources.

The time-to-time replacements shall be made for the departmental equipment

depending upon the hours consumed by the machine.

Handling of Waste material

Rate of yearly generation of waste and proposal for deposal of waste for

next five year is given in Table 2.18.

Table 2.18 Handling of waste



III-39


Year Top Soil Overburden/Waste Mineral Rejects

2011-12 Nil 645744 Nil

2012-13 Nil 757066 Nil

2013-14 Nil 704099 Nil

2014-15 Nil 741884 Nil

2015-16 Nil 767514 Nil

Total Nil 3616308 Nil

Waste generated from the M-1,M-2 ,M-3 & D-1 pits is dumped at the waste dump

located in the south-eastern slope. The area selected is a non-mineralised & away

from any perennial water source. The height of dump during the year 2011-12 will

be 20 mtrs. The waste quantity generated during 2011-12 to 2014-15 is 1723026

tonnes, will be proposed to dumped in the existing dump.



III-40


2.11 Conceptual Mining plan

The conceptual plan has been prepared for the period, in stages, after the end of

first 5 years of operation of Scheme of Mining period and after the end of Mining

Scheme period (2011-2016) in mahamaya mine (M-1, M-2 & M-3 block) ore will be

exhausted and in D-1 block (5 hect.) only 802744 T of ore will be left. Balance ore

will be mined out in next two year @ 0.4 MT/Year. Detail are given below.

M-1 BLOCK

Year Overburden

(waste) ROM Ore

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Stripping Ratio

2016-21 NIL NIL NIL Nil NIL

M-2 BLOCK

Year Overburden

(waste) ROM Ore

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Stripping Ratio


M-3 BLOCK

Year Overburden

(waste) ROM Ore

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Stripping Ratio


D-1 BLOCK



III-41


Year Overburden

(waste) ROM Ore

Sub-grade Ore

Mineral Rejects

Stripping Ratio

2016-18 271193 802744 Nil Nil 1:0.34



III-42


Exploration during Mining Scheme period

Year-wise Proposal as per Mining Scheme period (2011-16) is given in Table 2.19

Table 2.19 Year-wise Proposal as per Mining Scheme period (2011-16)

Year

Location of Bore holes

Boreholes to be drilled

Borehole No.

Boreholewise proposed meterage

Total meterage Remarks

1st (2011-12)

M-1 deposit

24

PR-32 PR-33 PR-34 PR-35 PR-36 PR-37 PR-38 PR-39 PR-40 PR-41 PR-42 PR-43 PR-44 PR-45 PR-46 PR-47 PR-48 PR-49 PR-50 PR-51 PR-52 PR-53 PR-54 PR-55

30 15 50 60 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 20 35 35 35 40 45 15 15 15 30 30 40 40

715

In case these

holes are not

touching the foot wall, the

drilling will continue to further depths



III-43


Year



Borehole No.



1st (2011-12)

M-2 deposit

12

PR-20 PR-21 PR-22 PR-23 PR-24 PR-25 PR-26 PR-27 PR-28 PR-29 PR-30 PR-31

25 20 25 40 20 20 50 30 25 20 15 20

310

In case these

holes are not



1st (2011-12)

M-3 deposit

19

PR-1 PR-2 PR-3 PR-4 PR-5 PR-6 PR-7 PR-8 PR-9 PR-10 PR-11 PR-12 PR-13 PR-14 PR-15 PR-16 PR-17 PR-18 PR-19

30 30 30 30 30 35 35 20 25 20 20 40 35 45 25 35 40 70 25

620

In case these

holes are not





III-44


Year



Borehole No.



1st (2011-12)

D-1 deposit

20

KR-1 KR-2 KR-3 KR-4 KR-5 KR-6 KR-7 KR-8 KR-9 KR-10 KR-11 KR-12 KR-13 KR-14 KR-15 KR-16 KR-17 KR-18 KR-19 KR-20

40 40 40 40 60 90 100 55 50 80 30 70 35 30 35 20 40 30 30 40

955

In case these

holes are not





III-45


2.12 Mine drainage

Mahamaya - Dulki area is it part of Dalli hill range and occurring above the ground

water table as revealed from few boreholes i.e. 424 to 432 MSL. The bottom most

bench during the next three years working will be at 690 mRL, which is much more

above the ground water table. The drainage pattern of the mine is such that the run

off during the monsoon goes along the non-perennial water courses.

The mine drainage system will be through open channel to natural drain. These

drains will be made all along with haul road to collect the rain water flowing around

the mine and the hill slope. During the monsoon the surface water may contain

higher concentration of suspended solids. A good number of check dams and water

filter beds will be constructed.

2.13 Use of Minerals

The iron ore mined will be used for consumption in Bhilai Steel Plant for Iron and Steel

making. The Bhilai Steel Plant is situated at about 120 km. No sizing or screening will

be done at the mine head of Mahamaya - Dulki area. The entire ROM (60% lump &

40% fines) will be transported to processing plant of Dalli - Rajhara Mechanised mine.

After crushing and screening the iron ore will be sent to Bhilai Steel Plant. The lumps

will be used for charging the blast furnace to produce the hot metal the high grade

fines will be used for sinter making.

2.14 Other services available at the site

The existing site services provided for Mahamaya iron ore mine will be utilized for the

expansion project also. The preventive and regular maintenance will be done at tipper

garage. This garage will cater the Heels of equipments which will be used during the

course of mining. The major repairs and overhauling will be done at the workshops of

Dalli - Rajhara group of mines. The drilling garage at existing Mahamaya mines will



III-46


cater the needs of drills and compressors. The major repairs and overhauling will be

done by garages and workshops of Dalli - Rajhara group of mines. There is a small

township for regular staff and executives of the mine, which will be used for proposed

expansion also.

There is a small health centre for taking care of day to day requirement In case of

serious problem the patients will be referred to Rajhara main hospital. The details of

infrastructure of hospital is mentioned below:-

Staff Nos.

Doctor 1

Lady Doctor 1 (only on Friday)

Pharmacist 1

Male Nurse 1

Dresser 1

Attendant 1

Sweeper 1

The available facilities are treatment lo OPD patients, observation facility for

emergency cases, ambulance for shifting patient to main hospital Immunization,

drugs, injection and a dressing room.

2.15 Facilities available with Dalli-Rajhara Group of Mine

The following facilities are available at Dalli – Rajhara mines

• Earth Moving Machinery Garage

• Central Garage



III-47


• Central Repair Shed

• Machine Repair shop/Block Repair shop

• Electrical Repair Shop

• Fire Service Station

• Tele phone Exchange

• Vocational Training Centre

• Canteen facilities

• Water Supply

• Power Supply

2.16 Mineral Processing

The ROM which will be produced at the mine (60% lump and 40% fines) will be

transported in 10 T tipper to the processing plant of Dalli – Rajhara mechanized

mine. Following equipments are being used at the processing plant of Dalli –

Rajhara Mechanised mine.

Nos.

a) Gyratory Crusher – 2100 T/Hour Capacity 1

b) Jaw Crusher 780 T/Hour Capacity 1

(2100 mm, 1500 mm)

c) Cone crusher 2200 mm Dia. – 800 TPH 2

d) Inertia screens 40 x 40/30x30 mm 870 TPH 4

e) Inertia screens double deck 8x10x20 4

f) Scrubbers 8’ dia 20’ 450 TPH 4



III-48


g) Duplex Spiral Classifiers 520 TPH 4

The plant can process the ore by dry/wet circuit. However only wet circuit is being

used. It has mainly 3 stages (i) Crushing (ii) Scrubbing and (iii) Screening and

Classification. The feed ore (-1200 mm) after primary and secondary crushing is

separated as BF grade (+40 mm) and conveyed to storage bins. The – 40mm

product is discharged into secondary storage bunker and fed to wet circuit. In the

wet circuit the – 40 mm ore is subjected to washing and scrubbers, then wet

screened and separated as BF grade (+10-40 mm). The remaining – 10mm is

passed through duplex spiral classifiers and +0.2 – 10 mm fraction is obtained as

SF (sinter fines). The – 0.2 mm fraction goes as slime to Radial settling tank for

recirculation of water.

Recently the Gyratory crusher of 2100 T/hour capacity has been installed feeding to

the main plant bunker for further processing through main plant. The product size of

gyratory crusher is 0-300 mm. This unit is having water and oil mixed water dust

suppression system including pressurization, ventilation system and plenum

ventilation system.



III-49


Dry Screening Bunker

For processing high grade fines from the manual working which contains substantial

amount of micro fines which would be lost in slime if processed through wet circuits.

Beneficiation

Average Analysis Report of the processed ore from the plant is as follows

(Ore from other mine)

I. Feed % 2.Conccntrate % 3.Tailings %

ROM Lumps Fines

Fe 62.76 65.33 64.54 49.63

SiO2 4.08 2.33 2.97 12.75

Al2O3 3.39 1.97 2.45 10.57

P 0.053 0.053 0.054 0.053

The ore after processing in the plant will be transported to Bhilai Steel Plant by

rakes. Lumps are loaded through overhead bunkers and fines loading are done

through excavators and loaders.



III-50


CHAPTER - III

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

The present environmental status of the proposed projects has been studied covering 10 Km radius and presented in this chapter. It is necessary to know the present quality of the environment with respect to the various aspects considered under impact identification. These factors include air, water, noise, soil, meteorology, land use, flora & fauna, socio-economic and demographic pattern. For this purpose, monitoring schedule covering the four seasons in the year 2009-2010 as per the details given below to generate baseline environmental data. The environmental monitoring was also carried out as per NAAQ 2009 standards during Pre-monsoon 2011 (March-May). As per the instructions given by the Expert Appraisal Committee one month additional data in 12 locations covering 10 km radius was carried out for Ambient Air Quality during November 2012. The water and noise level monitoring was also carried out during November 2012.

Table 3.1 Calendar of environmental monitoring of the study area

S.No. Monitoring period Season Details of monitoring

1 01st aPRIL`09-30TH jUNE`09

Pre-monsoon Ambient Air quality monitoring, Continuous meteorology, Noise level, Water quality, Soil quality, Hydrogeology

2 August – September`2009

Monsoon Water quality

3 01st October`09- 31st December`09

Post-monsoon

Ambient Air quality monitoring , Continuous meteorology, Noise level, Water quality, Soil quality, Hydrogeology

4 01st January`10-31st March`10

Winter season

Ambient Air quality monitoring , Continuous meteorology, Noise level, Water quality, Soil quality, Hydrogeology, Flora- Fauna, Socio-economic survey

5 March – May 2011 Pre-monsoon Ambient air quality as per NAAQS 2009



III-51


dtd .18.11.2009 standards

6 November 2012 Postmonsoon Ambient Air Quality, Noise Level and Water Quality.

The baseline data on flora & fauna, socio-economic and demographic factors, land use pattern, forests, geology, hydro-geology, soil and agriculture, mineral resources etc. was carried out by field survey and secondary data has been collected from the State Government authorities and compilation of all season are presented in this chapter.

3.1 Air Environment

Identification of different pollutants, which are expected to be released into the atmosphere and having significant impact on the neighborhood, is an essential component in impact assessment of the air environment. The ambient air quality status of the study area of 10 km radial distance from the existing project will form the baseline information. The predicted impacts due to the project will be superimposed to find out the net (final) impacts (post-project scenario) on environment.

If the final impacts due to the proposed project are known at the planning stage of the project, a viable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) can be proposed to mitigate and minimize adverse effects on the environment. The design of the ambient air quality-monitoring network in the air quality surveillance programme is based on the following considerations.

- Micro-meteorological conditions of the study area on synoptic scale

- Topography of the study area

- Representation of regional background levels

- Representation of core zone

- Representation of cross sectional distribution in the downwind directions

- Influences of the existing sources, if any.



III-52


3.1.1 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY

Regional climate and meteorology:

The study area lies in sub-tropical region where climate is characterized by hot summer, moderate monsoon and mild winter seasons. Summer is typically from March to mid June, when temperature ranges from a maximum of 45°C during daytime to a minimum of 27°C at night. Winter from January to February, when the maximum temperature during day time goes upto 36°C and minimum temperature 17°C at night. The area receives max annual rainfall of 1100mm. The rains predominantly occur between mid June to September due to south-west monsoon. Table3.2 presents month-wise average rainfall for the last six years (Source : IMD,Govt. of India).

TABLE - 3.2 MONTHLY RAINFALL (mm)

Month 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

January 0 0 0 0 0 0

February 0 - 0 5.8 0 0

March 0 3.5 26.8 1.8 6.8 0

April 0 6.2 18.2 0 0 0

May 0 29.3 44.8 0 0 0

June 291.8 98.2 27.4 229.6 240.0 21.5

July 306.4 326.0 251.7 298.4 138.3 405.2

August 300.5 236.4 392.6 328.8 287.9 213.0

September 85.9 353.5 120.5 202.1 231.8 51.8

October 13.3 48.2 4.4 2.0 0 4.2

November 0 0 0 0 0 0

December 0 2.6 0 0 0 0



III-53


Total 997.9 1103.9 886.4 1068.5 904.8 695.7

The pattern of rainfall is irregular and varies significantly from year to year.



III-54


Wind speed and wind direction have a significant role on the dispersion of atmospheric pollutants and therefore the air quality of area. Ground level concentrations for the pollutants are inversely proportional to the wind speed in down wind direction while in upwind direction no effect will be observed and in cross wind directions partial effect due to the emission source is observed.

Micrometeorology at site

Prevailing micro-meteorological conditions at site regulate the dispersion (and hence dilution) of air pollutants in the atmosphere. Therefore, study of meteorological conditions is an integral part of environmental impact assessment studies. Accordingly, a meteorological station was set up at project site. The following parameters were recorded at hourly intervals during all the seasons viz. Summer, Post-monsoon & Winter

Air temperature (°C)

Relative humidity (%)

Wind speed (m/s)

Wind direction (eight quadrants)

The data collected on wind speed and wind direction was used for computation of wind percentage frequencies in all the sixteen directions for wind speed in the range of 1.0 -5.0, 5.1-11.0, 11.0-19.0 and 19-29 kmph. Wind speed <1.0 kmph was considered as calm condition. Table 3.3 through 3.6 show the wind distribution pattern of 0-24 hours in each season. The seasonal and shift-wise wind rose diagrams for Pre-monsoon 2009, Post-monsoon 2009 & Winter 2009-10 seasons are presented in Fig. III.1-6.The season and shift-wise windrose for Pre-monsoon 2011 is given in Fig.III.7-8.



III-55


TABLE - 3.3 WIND FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION (0-24 hrs) (Pre-monsoon 2009)

Direction of wind

Wind frequency (%)

Calm 1-5 km/h

5-11 km/h

11-19 km/h

19-29 km/h Total

N

3.43

1.28 0.60 0.09 - 1.97

NNE 3.07 0.69 0.27 - 4.03

NE 4.99 1.47 0.64 - 7.10

ENE 1.14 0.46 - - 1.60

E 0.09 - - - 0.09

ESE 0.05 0.05 - - 0.10

SE 2.75 0.87 0.37 - 3.99

SSE 0.92 0.27 0.09 - 1.28

S 0.69 0.18 - 0.87

SSW 6.55 3.39 1.37 - 11.31

SW 20.97 10.12 3.53 - 34.62

WSW 11.58 4.12 1.42 - 17.12

W 4.80 2.15 0.73 - 7.68

WNW 1.10 0.55 0.18 - 1.83

NW 2.11 0.27 0.09 - 2.47

NNW 0.41 0.05 0.05 - 0.51



III-56


TABLE - 3.4

WIND FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION (0-24 HRS) (Post-monsoon 2009)

Direction of wind

Wind frequency (%)

Calm 1-5 km/h

5-11 km/h

11-19 km/h

19-29 km/h Total

N

9.74

13.81 2.76 0.91 - 17.48

NNE 10.78 3.08 1.04 - 14.9

NE 16.30 5.16 0.91 - 22.37

ENE 2.22 0.72 0.14 - 3.08

E 0.95 - - - 0.95

ESE 1.36 0.05 - - 1.41

SE 2.90 0.23 - - 3.13

SSE 0.99 0.14 - - 1.13

S 0.90 - - - 0.9

SSW 3.49 0.54 - - 4.03

SW 3.08 0.58 - - 3.66

WSW 0.77 0.23 0.09 - 1.09

W 0.91 0.09 - - 1

WNW 1.13 0.14 - - 1.27

NW 5.70 0.95 0.23 - 6.88

NNW 5.71 1.13 0.14 - 6.98

TABLE – 3.5 WIND FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION (0-24 HRS) (Winter)



III-57


Direction of wind

Wind frequency (%)

Calm 1-5 km/h

5-11 km/h

11-19 km/h

19-29 km/h Total

N

13.05

4.40 0.14 0.04 - 4.58

NNE 19.50 0.65 0.37 - 20.52

NE 15.84 1.02 0.28 - 17.14

ENE 1.30 0.23 - - 1.53

E 0.42 0.04 - - 0.46

ESE 0.33 - - - 0.33

SE 1.48 0.18 - - 1.66

SSE 1.48 0.14 - - 1.62

S 0.83 0.04 - - 0.87

SSW 3.47 0.42 - - 3.89

SW 5.19 0.46 0.04 - 5.69

WSW 10.56 0.74 0.09 - 11.39

W 3.25 0.66 - - 3.85

WNW 4.90 0.33 - - 5.23

NW 4.30 0.46 - - 4.76

NNW 3.29 0.14 - - 3.43

TABLE – 3.6



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WIND FREQUENCY, DISTRIBUTION (0-24 HRS) (Pre-monsoon 2011)

Direction of wind

Wind frequency (%)

Calm 1-5 km/h

5-11 km/h

11-19 km/h

19-29 km/h Total

N

2.40

1.22 0.54 0.09 - 1.86

NNE 3.13 0.54 0.18 - 3.85

NE 5.12 1.49 0.36 - 6.98

ENE 1.22 0.50 0.00 - 1.72

E 0.14 0.00 0.00 - 0.14

ESE 0.09 0.05 0.00 - 0.14

SE 2.94 0.77 0.32 - 4.03

SSE 0.82 0.23 0.09 - 1.13

S 0.54 0.18 0.00 - 0.72

SSW 6.12 3.40 1.22 - 10.74

SW 19.16 8.43 3.90 2.13 33.61

WSW 12.14 4.67 1.68 - 18.48

W 5.12 2.36 0.77 - 8.24

WNW 2.08 0.41 0.27 - 2.76

NW 1.90 0.50 0.09 - 2.49

NNW 0.52 0.09 0.09 - 0.70

Fig. III.1



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Fig. III.2



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Fig. III.3



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Fig. III.4



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Fig. III.5



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Fig. III.6



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Fig. III.7



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Fig. III.8



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The abstract of micro-meteorological status is furnished in Table 3.7. The daily abstract and micro-meteorological data are given in Annexure–I (Baseline Environmental data).

Table 3.7 ABSTRACT OF MICRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATA

Sl. No. Parameters

Season

Pre-monsoon 2009

Monsoon 2009

Post

Monsoon 2009

Winter 2010

Pre-monsoon 2011

Post-monsoon (Nov.2012)

1 Predominant Wind Direction (From) SW WSW NE ENE SW NE/NNE

2 Calm Condition (%) 3.43 - 9.74 13.05 2.40 10.50

3 Predominant Prevailing Wind Range (Kmph)

1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5 1-5

4 Wind Speed (Kmph)

i. Minimum <1.0 - <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

ii. Maximum 18.0 - 14.7 17.7 20.4 12.7

5 Temperature (°C) -

i. Minimum 24.5 - 13.5 10.0 25.0 16.5

ii. Maximum 46.0 - 32.0 39.0 44.0 30.5

6 Relative Humidity (mean)(%) -

i. Minimum 37.9 - 58.4 52.8 35.4 58.0

ii. Maximum 70.3 - 74.2 75.5 68.4 72.0



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7 Total Rainfall (cm) 3.3 80.2 7.8 0.2 0.0 0.0

Data Analysis

Meteorological data collected during the study period reveals the following status.

Pre-monsoon 2009 : Predominant wind was from South-west quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging from <1.0 to 18.0 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 24.5 °C to 46.0°C. The mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 37.9 - 70.3 %.Sky was clear during the study period. A total rainfall of 3.3 cm was recorded during the study period.

Monsoon`09 : A total rainfall of 80.2 cm was recorded during the study period.

Post-monsoon`09: Predominant wind was from North-east quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging from <1.0 to 14.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 24.5 °C to 46.0°C. The mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 37.9-70.3%.Sky was clear during the study period. A total rainfall of 3.3 cm was recorded during the study period.

Winter 2010 : Predominant wind was from East Northeast quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging from <1.0 to 17.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 10.0 °C to 39.0.0°C. The mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 52.8-75.5 %.Sky was clear during the study period. A total rainfall of 0.2 cm was recorded during the study period.

Pre-monsoon 2011 : Predominant wind was from South-west quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging from <1.0 to 20.4 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 25.0 °C to 44.0°C. The mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 35.4 – 68.4 %.Sky was clear during the study period. No rainfall was recorded during the study period.

Post-monsoon (November 2012): Predominant wind was from NE/NNE. Wind velocity was ranging from <1.0 to 12.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 16.5 °C to 30.5°C. The mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 58 – 72 %. Sky was clear during the study period. No rainfall was recorded during the study period.



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3.1.2 Existing Ambient Air Quality

Methodology for Ambient Air Quality

Based on the project activities the parameters chosen for assessment of ambient air quality were Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM), Sulphur di-oxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), and Heavy metals. The sampling and analysis of ambient air quality parameters was carried out as per the procedures detailed in relevant parts of IS 5182 (Indian Standards for Ambient Air Quality parameters).Brief of these testing procedures are given in Table 3.8.The ambient air quality monitoring stations are shown in Fig. III.9 -12 and given in Table 3.9.

Table – 3.8

Procedures for Determining Various Air Quality Parameters

PM10 Gravimetric method using Respirable dust sampler

PM2.5 Gravimetric method using Fine particulate sampler

SPM Gravimetric method using Respirable dust sampler IS:5182

NOx Absorption in dilute NaOH for colorimetric estimation with sulphanilamide and N(1-Naphthyl) Ethylene Diamine Dihydrochloride and Hydrogen Peroxide (IS:5182, 1975, Part V)

SO2 Absorption in Sodium Tetra Chloromercurate followed by colorimetric estimation using p-Rosaniline Hydrochloride and Formaldehyde (IS:5182 Part II, 1969)

CO GC-FID method IS: 5182 ( Part XVII)

Heavy Metals High volume sampling through EPM 2000 Filter paper and analysis through AAS



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A field laboratory for the purpose of calibration of equipments and standardization of analytical procedures was established and the samples were analyzed on the day of sample collection.



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Table - 3.9

Ambient air quality monitoring stations

Sl.No Location name Monitoring season Distance in Km Direction

1 Core zone (Mine pit 3) S,P,W & Nov.’12 - -

2 Corezone (Canteen) S,P,W & Nov.’12 - -

3 Gajjitola S 4.9 NW

4 Dongarbhar S, P,W 6.2 SW

5 Kanikasur S, P,W 2.5 W

6 Nergaon S, P,W 6.4 SSW

7 Kumarkatta S 1.6 NE

8 Kopedera S 1.8 ENE

9 Dupkatola S,P,W & Nov.’12 3.9 E

10 Katrel S 1.7 SE

11 Tuedand P,W & Nov.’12 4.4 NE

12 Dulki P,W & Nov.’12 1.0 W

13 Markamtola P,W & Nov.’12 1.1 NW

14 Resuli P,W & Nov.’12 6.3 SSW

15 Kalangpur Nov. 2012 7.2 S

16 Bodra Nov. 2012 4.7 WSW

17 Kalwar Nov. 2012 4.5 S



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18 Dorba Nov. 2012 8.1 WNW

19 Nagbur Nov. 2012 8.3 SSW

S - PRE-MONSOON P- POSTMONSOON W- WINTER



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Fig.III.9 Location Map of Ambient air Quality (Pre-monsoon)



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Fig.III.10 Location Map of Ambient air Quality (Post-monsoon)



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Fig.III.11 Location Map of Ambient air Quality (Winter)



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Fig.III.12 Location Map of Ambient air Quality (November 2012)



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Data Analysis

The Ambient air quality status is given in Table 3.10-3.12 and summary of Ambient Air quality data is given in Annexure – II (Baseline Environmental data).

Pre-monsoon season (Apr.09-Jun.09)

Corezone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 200 and 321 µg/m3 and 83 and 128 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 8.2 and 14.2 µg/m3 and 8.9 and 15.8 µg/m3 respectively.

Bufferzone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 77 and 184 µg/m3 and 24 and 83 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 5.5 and 9.7 µg/m3 and 6.8 and 11.2 µg/m3 respectively.

Post-monsoon Season (Oct-Dec.09)

Corezone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 205 and 321 µg/m3 and 59 and 90 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 8.7 and 10.8 µg/m3 and 10.6 and 12.9 µg/m3 respectively.

Bufferzone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 90 and 172 µg/m3 and 34 and 74 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 5.2 and 9.2 µg/m3 and 6.3 and 11.5 µg/m3 respectively.

Winter season (Jan – Mar.10)

Core-zone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 185 and 293 µg/m3 and 62 and 96 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values ere ranging between 7.1 and 9.7 µg/m3 and 9.0 and 11.5 µg/m3 respectively.

Buffer-zone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 102 and 177 µg/m3 and 34 and 74 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 5.6 and 9.9 µg/m3 and 6.9 and 12.3 µg/m3 respectively.

Pre-monsoon season (March – May 2011)

Core zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 77 and 125 µg/m3 and 28 and 46 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 8.8 and 14.8 µg/m3 and 9.3 and 16.7 µg/m3 respectively. The Ammonia and Ozone values were ranging between 18 and 38 µg/m3 and 6 and 17 µg/m3 respectively.



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Buffer zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 30 and 65 µg/m3 and 8 and 21 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 4.1 and 10.2 µg/m3 and 4.1 and 16.1 µg/m3 respectively. The Ammonia and Ozone values were ranging between 10 and 40 µg/m3 and 4 and 14 µg/m3 respectively.

Postmonsoon (November 2012)

Core zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 58 and 82µg/m3 and 19 and 28 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 6.4 and 10.2 µg/m3 and 9.2 and 16.3 µg/m3 respectively. CO values were ranging between 285 and 410 µg/m3. The heavy metals values are found to be negligible.

Buffer zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 44 and 64 µg/m3 and 14 and 23 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 5.8 and 9.1 µg/m3 and 9.1 and 15.6 µg/m3 respectively. CO values were ranging between 210 and 355 µg/m3. The heavy metals values are found to be negligible

3.2 Noise Levels

Methodology

Noise levels were monitored at twelve locations within and outside the project premises. Noise readings were taken for daytime as well as night time. CYGNET 100X data logging Sound level meter was used for recording noise levels.

Data Analysis

The noise level abstract is given in Table 3.14 and Noise level data is given in Annexure – II (Baseline Environmental data).

Summer: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 39.6 dB(A) to 57.7 dB(A) and 30 dB(A) to 47.4 dB(A) respectively.

Post-monsoon: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 41.3 dB(A) to 55.3 dB(A) and 29.8 dB(A) to 46.6 dB(A) respectively

Winter: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 43.2 dB(A) to 56.9 dB(A) and 33.8 dB(A) to 49.3 dB(A) respectively.

November 2012: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 42.3 dB(A) to 54.8 dB(A) and 32.3 dB(A) to 45.0 dB(A) respectively.



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The Noise level values were found to be well within the CPCB limit prescribed by CPCB.



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Table 3.10

Ambient Air quality status

Location Name

SUSPENDED PARTICULATE MATTER (SPM) (microgram/m3)

PRE-MONSOON`09

POSTMONSOON`09 WINTER`10

Min. Max. Avg. Min

. Max. Avg. Min. Ma

x. Avg.

Core zone (Mine pit 3) 200 321 269.0 195 261 228.

9 209 293 293

Corezone (Canteen) 205 281 252.5 196 255 227.0

185 258 258

Gajjitola 77 112 93.8 - - - - -

Dongarbhar 98 110 104.5 98 138 120.9

112 152 134.9

Kanikasur 89 124 106.4 134 172 149.0

139 177 151.9

Nergaon 96 122 108.6 98 156 129.3

111 169 141.7

Kumarkatta 131 176 143.2 - - - - - -

Kopedera 139 184 152.0 - - - - - -

Dupkatola 127 172 139.2 90 125 112.3

102 137 124.3



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Katrel 111 123 117.5 - - - - - -

Tuedand - - - 98 110 104.5

102 114 108.5

Dulki - - - 132 152 142.5

137 157 147.5

Markamtola - - - 101 161 135.3

109 169 143.3

Resuli - - - 97 132 114.1

111 146 128.1

RESPIRABLE PARTICULATE MATTER (RPM) (microgram/m3)

Core zone Mine Pit 3) 83 128 106.3 59 89 76.8 70 96 83.0

Corezone (Canteen) 88 117 103.9 70 90 80.1 62 80 70.1

Gajjitola 24 36 29.2 - - - - - -

Dongarbhar 42 49 44.9 34 56 42.8 40 64 48.8

Kanikasur 37 48 42.5 37 60 44.0 42 65 49.0

Nergaon 46 57 51.2 31 49 41.1

Kumarkatta 56 75 60.9 - - - - - -

Kopedera 64 83 69.7 - - - - - -

Dupkatola 50 69 54.9 40 53 48.2 46 59 54.2

Katrel 33 41 36.5 - - - - - -

Tuedand - - - 42 49 44.9 44 51 46.9

Dulki - - - 55 74 59.5 59 78 63.5



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Markamtola - - - 36 57 47.5 44 65 55.5

Resuli - - - 36 47 41.0 50 61 55.0

Table 3.10

Ambient Air quality status (contd.,)

Location Name

SULPHUR DI-OXIDE (SO2) (microgram /m3)

PRE-MONSOON 09

POSTMONSOON`09 WINTER`10

Min. Max. Avg. Min

. Max. Avg. Min. Ma

x Avg.

Core zone (Mine pit 3) 8.2 14.2 10.6 9.2 10.8 10.1 8.1 9.7 9.0

Corezone (Canteen) 8.6 11.3 9.8 8.7 10.2 9.4 7.1 8.6 7.8

Gajjitola 5.5 6.9 6.1 - - - - - -

Dongarbhar 6.1 8.6 7.4 5.2 9.1 7.8 6.0 9.9 8.6

Kanikasur 7.0 8.4 7.8 6.9 8.6 7.9 8.1 9.8 9.1

Nergaon 7.2 8.7 8.0 6.5 7.8 7.3 6.8 7.9 7.2

Kumarkatta 7.5 9.0 8.4 - - - - - -

Kopedera 7.2 8.7 7.9 - - - - - -

Dupkatola 7.4 9.7 8.7 5.0 7.3 6.1 5.6 7.9 6.7



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Katrel 6.4 7.2 6.9 - - -

Tuedand - - - 8.1 8.6 7.4 7.2 9.7 8.5

Dulki - - - 8.2 10 9.1 7.1 8.9 8.0

Markamtola - - - 7.5 9.2 8.4 6.7 8.4 7.6

Resuli - - - 7.1 8.6 7.8 6.3 7.8 7.0

OXIDES OF NITROGEN (NOX) (microgram/m3)

Core zone Mine Pit 3) 9.0 15.8 12.5 10.

9 12.9 12.1 9.8 11.5 10.6

Corezone (Canteen) 8.9 13.2 11.2 10.6 12.3 11.3 9.0 10.

7 9.7

Gajjitola 6.8 9.0 7.7 - - - 7.3 12.0 10.1

Dongarbhar 7.6 8.9 7.8 6.7 11.0 9.5

Kanikasur 8.8 10.4 9.7 9.1 11.5 9.9 9.9 12.3 10.7

Nergaon 7.5 10.6 9.4 8.8 10.1 9.4 8.5 10.2 9.2

Kumarkatta 9.5 11.5 10.3 - - - - - -

Kopedera 7.8 10.9 9.7 - - - - - -

Dupkatola 9.2 11.2 10.7 6.3 9.8 8.5 6.9 10.4 9.1

Katrel 8.4 9.9 9.0 - - -

Tuedand - - - 7.6 11.1 9.8 8.4 11.9 10.6



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Dulki - - - 10.2 11.7 11.1 9.1 10.

6 10.0

Markamtola - - - 8.1 11.2 10.0 7.3 10.4 9.2

Resuli - - - 8.8 10.5 9.6 8.0 9.7 8.8



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Table 3.11

Ambient Air quality status (Pre-monsoon 2011)

Location name Parameters (µg/m3)

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX Ammonia Ozone

Core zone (Mine pit 3)

Min 77 31 8.8 9.9 18.0 6.0

Max 116 46 14.8 16.7 34.0 14.0

Avg. 101.9 40.8 11.2 13.4 24.7 10.0

Corezone (Canteen)

Min 96 28 9.0 9.3 20.0 9.0

Max 125 38 11.9 13.8 38.0 17.0

Avg. 113.4 33.1 10.3 11.7 27.7 13.0

Gajjitola

Min 30 10 6.0 7.6 24.0 6.0

Max 41 13 7.7 9.8 40.0 14.0

Avg. 34.3 11.0 6.9 8.4 31.5 10.0

Dongarbhar

Min 32 8 4.8 6.9 16.0 8

Max 46 12 6.4 9.6 28.0 10

Avg. 38.7 10.1 5.5 8.8 22.0 8.7

Kanikasur

Min 38 9 6.2 7.2 15.0 10

Max 59 14 7.8 9.4 34.0 11

Avg. 47.1 11.3 6.8 8.4 23.4 10.5

Nergaon Min 36 9 6.6 4.2 17 6

Max 55 13 10.2 16.1 19 15



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Avg. 49.8 11.9 9.0 11.8 18.1 11.8

Kumarkatta

Min 47 12 4.2 4.8 14 10

Max 62 16 6.0 7.1 16 12

Avg. 54.7 14.2 5.3 6.0 15.0 10.3

Kopedera

Min 48 16 6.4 7.7 17 6

Max 65 21 9.0 9.8 21 8

Avg. 57.0 18.8 7.4 8.6 19.0 7.1

Dupkatola

Min 33 9 4.8 4.1 10 4

Max 58 16 6.6 10.1 16 6

Avg. 48.9 13.7 5.6 7.5 13.5 5.0

Katrel

Min 36 13 4.1 4.8 12 5

Max 54 19 6.9 7.9 16 6

Avg. 44.9 16.2 5.7 6.2 14.4 5.5



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Table 3.12

Ambient Air quality status (Postmonsoon – November 2012)

Location name Parameters (µg/m3)

PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOX CO

Corezone (Mine Pit 3)

Min 62.0 22.0 8.4 9.2 285.0

Max 73.0 25.0 9.6 16.3 405.0

Avg. 67.9 23.9 9.0 13.4 336.9

Corezone (Canteen)

Min 58.0 19.0 6.4 12.2 310.0

Max 82.0 28.0 10.2 18.2 410.0

Avg. 69.0 23.8 8.5 14.4 341.3

Tuedand

Min 47.0 15.0 5.8 9.2 210.0

Max 56.0 18.0 7.2 14.2 355.0

Avg. 51.8 16.0 6.6 11.3 291.9

Dupkatola

Min 44.0 15.0 6.4 11.6 245.0

Max 52.0 18.0 9.1 13.4 305.0

Avg. 47.4 16.6 7.6 12.6 285.0

Dulki

Min 46.0 16.0 6.4 12.6 250.0

Max 56.0 19.0 7.4 15.4 325.0

Avg. 51.8 17.9 6.9 14.2 299.4

Markamtola Min 46.0 16.0 6.3 9.1 210.0

Max 56.0 18.0 7.2 13.2 305.0



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Avg. 51.3 17.1 6.9 11.4 265.6

Kalangpur

Min 46.0 16.0 6.3 10.2 210.0

Max 64.0 23.0 7.2 14.8 305.0

Avg. 54.5 18.8 6.7 11.9 232.5

Rasuli

Min 45.0 14.0 6.2 12.3 230.0

Max 56.0 18.0 7.2 14.2 310.0

Avg. 50.9 16.0 6.5 12.9 268.1

Bodra

Min 48.0 15.0 6.2 9.8 285.0

Max 56.0 19.0 7.2 14.2 320.0

Avg. 53.4 17.4 6.7 12.7 307.5

Kalwar

Min 58.0 16.0 6.2 9.2 210.0

Max 64.0 19.0 8.6 15.2 305.0

Avg. 61.3 17.4 7.5 13.2 226.3

Dorba

Min 52.0 15.0 6.8 9.6 210.0

Max 62.0 20.0 7.2 15.6 310.0

Avg. 55.1 17.1 7.0 11.4 242.5

Nagbur

Min 46.0 18.0 5.8 9.6 210.0

Max 52.0 21.0 7.6 11.6 305.0

Avg. 48.5 19.0 6.7 10.6 225.6

Table 3.13



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Heavy Metals in SPM Samples

Unit : ng/m3

Locations As Cd Cr Cu Mn Ni Fe Pb Zn

Corezone (Mine Pit 3) 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.43 4.27 0.18 3.20

Corezone (Canteen) 0.06 0.02 0.04 0.13 0.04 0.52 5.18 0.07 3.42

Tuedand 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.08 0.12 1.12 0.06 1.24

Dupkatola 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.12 0.05 0.12 1.24 1.06 1.23

Dulki 0.21 0.01 0.10 0.12 0.06 0.08 1.40 0.08 1.26

Markamtola 0.22 0.01 0.05 0.14 0.08 0.12 1.20 0.06 1.28

Kalangpur 0.08 0.02 0.06 0.12 0.06 0.12 1.40 0.07 1.26

Rasuli 0.12 0.01 0.02 0.12 0.05 0.12 1.52 0.10 2.01

Bodra 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.14 1.62 0.10 1.28

Kalwar 0.14 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.16 2.02 0.06 1.24

Dorba 0.14 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.14 1.52 0.06 1.45

Nagbur 0.12 0.01 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.18 1.56 0.05 1.25



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Table – 3.14 Noise Level status

S. No Location Name

Noise Level, dB(A)

Day Time Night Time

Summer

Post-monsoon

Winter

Summer

Post-monsoon

Winter



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1 Corezone (Mine Pit 3) (N1) 57.7 55.3 56.4 47.4 46.6 49.3

2 Corezone (Canteen) (N2) 55.9 54.7 56.9 45.6 45.0 46.0

3 Gajjitola (N3) 43.2 42.1 45.8 34.8 35.6 34.1

4 Dongarbhar (N4) 41.9 41.5 43.2 33.5 29.8 34.3

5 Kanikasur (N5) 39.6 41.3 44.9 30.3 35.7 33.8

6 Nergaon (N6) 43.1 45.5 48.3 34.7 39.1 40.2

7 Kumarkatta (N7) 53.6 53.0 55.5 43.3 44.4 46.0

8 Kopedera (N8) 54.7 50.7 49.9 35.6 38.2 43.3

9 Dupkatola (N9) 52.9 52.7 52.8 32.8 40.2 40.2

10 Katrel (N10) 46.2 48.9 49.2 35.1 36.7 38.5

11 Dulki (N11) 40.9 49.4 51.7 30.0 42.9 40.7

12 Bomboni (N12) 43.6 47.7 46.5 32.5 34.9 36.7

Sl. No.

Location Name Noise Level, dB(A), November 2012

Day time Night Time

1 Corezone (Mine Pit 3) 54.8 44.6

2 Corezone (Canteen) 54.2 45.0

3 Tuedand 42.3 32.3

4 Dupkatola 42.5 33.3

5 Dulki 42.7 34.4



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6 Markamtola 44.3 36.2

7 Kalangpur 46.7 38.4

8 Rasuli 48.2 38.2

9 Bodra 50.1 40.2

10 Kalwar 47.8 40.1

11 Dorba 48.2 41.4

12 Nagbur 47.5 40.4

3.2.1 Vibration Monitoring

Vibrations were monitored at existing mines before blasting and during blasting. Also, vibrations were monitored nearby residential areas. Impact of vibrations if any, on residential areas and workers in the plant were evaluated in comparison with vibration standards as suggested by DGMS.

Vibration can be characterized by various parameters such as Peak Particle Velocity (PPV), Peak Vector Sum (PVS), Peak Displacement (Pk Disp.), Peak Acceleration (pk Accl.), Peak Sound Pressure Level (PSPL) and Zero Crossing (ZC) frequency. Vibrations were monitored at various locations in and around (residential areas) the mine. The background vibrations recorded at mine at a distance of 320m and 640m from the blasting site is given in Table 3.15. The ground vibrations generated during blasting operations at a distance of 320m and 640m from the blasting site is given in Table 3.16.The vibrations monitored at various residential areas are give in Table 3.17. All these values are observed to be below the stipulated limits of DGMS and BIS.

Table 3.15

Baseline Ground Vibrations Recorded within Mahamaya - Dulki mine (March 2011)

Sr. Location PPV PVS Peak Peak PSPL ZC



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No. (mm/s) (mm/s) disp.

(mm)

Accel.

(g)

dB(L) (Hz)

1. Blasting site 0.06T 0.0674 0.0002 0.0099 118.1 >200

2. 320 m from Blasting site

0.0794L 0.0809 0.0004 0.0099 104.2 >200

3. 640 m from Blasting site

0.175V 0.198 0.0 0.0099 111.2 -

Table 3.16

Vibrations Generated By Blasting Operations within Mahamaya-Dulki mine (March 2011)

Sr. No.

Name of mine / location

PPV

(mm/s)

PVS

(mm/s)

Pk disp

(mm)

Pk

Accel.(g)

PSPL

dB(L)

ZC (Hz)

1 Mine I (320 m away from blasting site)

1.29T 1.31 0.037 0.013 129.3 4.3

2 Mine I (640 m away from blasting site)

0.222T 0.253 0.019 0.0099 107.9 3.5

Table 3.17

Vibration Monitoring at Residential Areas around the Mahamaya-Dulki mine (March 2011)

Sr. Location name PPV PVS Peak Peak PSPL ZC



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No. (mm/s) (mm/s) disp.

(mm)

Accel.

(g)

dB(L) (Hz)

1. Gajjitola (N3) 0.651V 0.756 0.0 0.0099 91.5 -

2. Dongarbhar (N4)

0.619V 0.747 0.0 0.0099 95.9 -

3. Kanikasur (N5) 0.698V 0.799 0.0 0.0099 94.0 -

4. Nergaon (N6) 0.175T 0.175 0.0002 0.013 94.0 102

5. Kumarkatta (N7)

0.0635T 0.0979 0.0562 0.0099 101.9 8.9

6. Kopedera (N8) 0.317V 0.342 0.0 0.0099 98.8 -

7. Dupkatola (N9) 0.429V 0.508 0.0 0.0099 91.5 -

8. Katrel (N10) 0.206L 0.239 0.0 0.0099 91.5 -

9. Dulki (N11) 0.381V 0.434 0.0 0.0099 98.8 -

10. Bomboni (N12) 0.730V 0.899 0.0 0.0099 91.5 -

3.3 Water Environment

Detailed survey was carried out based on the location of ground and surface water bodies, which represent baseline condition. A total of 10 water samples Viz., 8 ground/drinking water samples (W1 – W8) and 2 surface water samples (W9–W10) were collected and analyzed as per standard methods during all the seasons. The water quality monitoring stations are shown in Fig. III.13 &14 and Table 3.18. The



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ground/surface water quality status is given in Table 3.19 - 3.20 and data are given Annexure – II (Baseline Environmental data).

Methodology

Eight nos. of water samples and two no of surface water were collected during the study period for Physico-chemical and Bacteriological parameters after taking suitable precautions and analyzed as per Standard methods. Samples were collected for Chemical analysis as per procedure outlined in IS: 2488. Sterilized bottles were used for collection of water samples for bacteriological analysis, stored in icebox and transported to the laboratory for the analysis. Parameters like pH, Temperature, DO etc. were measured in the field while collecting the samples. MPN index of coliforms were determined in the laboratory as per Standard methods.

Table – 3.18 Water / Surface water quality monitoring stations

S.No. Location name Location Code

1 Drinking Water, Mine Canteen W1

2 Openwell, Kumarkatta W2

3 Handpump, Markamtola W3

4 Hanpump,Dulki W4

5 Handpump,Bodra village W5

6 Hanpump, Katrel W6

7 Handpump, Kalwar W7

9 Handpump, Bosewara W8

9 Pond Water, Bhamani W9

10 Boirdih Reservoir W10

11 Bore well, Takartola WN1

12 Open well,Dorba WN2



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13 Bore well, Kalangpur WN3

14 Bore well, Resuli WN4

15 Check dam No.1 WN5



Fig. III.13

Location Map of Water Quality Monitoring stations



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Fig. III.14

Location Map of Water Quality Monitoring stations



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Table 3.19 Ground water quality status (2009 to 2010)



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I – summer II – Monsoon III- Postmonsoon IV - Winter

Surface water quality status



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Table 3.20 Water quality status (November 2012)

Ground Water

Location Name pH Turbidit

y (NTU)

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)

Total alkalinity (mg/l)

Total Hardness (mg/l)

Iron (mg/l)

Chloride (mg/l)

Sulphate (mg/l)

W1 7.25 5 241 102 61 0.04 45 24

W2 7.42 5 988 326 350 0.02 252 89

W3 7.51 6 892 302 298 0.01 212 79

W4 7.72 5 1088 325 320 0.01 302 82

W5 7.32 5 850 256 254 0.02 230 65

W6 7.22 4 282 100 74 0.08 71 24

W7 7.12 7 942 290 340 0.04 254 69

W8 7.10 8 860 280 270 0.01 226 52

WN1 7.22 4 221 86 56 0.01 42 19

WN2 7.02 5 564 180 144 0.01 94 22

WN3 7.42 3 862 289 264 0.03 242 82

WN4 7.2 4 922 284 322 0.02 232 72



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2

Surface Water

Location Name pH

Suspended Solids (mg/l)

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l)

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l)

BOD (mg/l)

Chloride (mg/l)

Sulphate (mg/l)

Nitrates (mg/l)

Iron (mg/l)

W9 7.28 6 222 6.1 2 20 16 11.8 0.42

W10 7.46 5 324 5.8 2 60 14 10.2 0.50

WN5 7.34 12 212 5.6 2 18 14 8.4 0.80

WN6 7.22 18 242 5.4 3 24 17 6.8 0.76

WN7 7.12 24 256 5.6 3 26 21 5.9 0.82



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Data Analysis :

Pre-monsoon season

Ground water: At all locations, pH values were in the range of 7.44 – 8.12 with agreeable colour, taste and odour. Chloride and Sulphate values were in the range of 42 – 412 mg/l and 22 – 122 mg/l respectively. Hardness values were found to be in the range of 76–420 mg/l. At all locations, oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metal such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt, except iron values were found to be below the detection limit.

Surface water : pH values were found to be in the range of 7.34 - 7.79. At all locations Oil & Grease, Phenols, Cyanides, Sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metals such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron were found to be below the detectable limits.

Monsoon season

Ground water

At all locations, pH values were in the range of 7.24 –7.94 with agreeable colour, taste and odour. Chloride and Sulphate values were in the range of 42 – 324 mg/l and 24 – 104 mg/l respectively. Hardness values were found to be in the range of 60 – 368 mg/l. At all locations, oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metal such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron values were found to be below the detection limit.

Surface water

pH values were found to be in the range of 7.22 - 7.66. At all locations Oil & Grease, Phenols, Cyanides, Sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metals such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron were found to be below the detectable limits.

Post-Monsoon season

Ground water

At all locations, pH values were in the range of 7.14 –7.74 with agreeable colour, taste and odour. Chloride and Sulphate values were in the range of 40 – 294 mg/l and 20 – 96 mg/l respectively. Hardness values were found to be in the range of 54–362 mg/l. At all locations, oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides



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and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metal such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron values were found to be below the detection limit.

Surface water


Winter season

Ground water

At all locations, pH values were in the range of 7.34 –7.88 with agreeable colour, taste and odour. Chloride and Sulphate values were in the range of 42 – 366 mg/l and 22 – 112 mg/l respectively. Hardness values were found to be in the range of 54–362 mg/l. At all locations, oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metal such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron values were found to be below the detection limit.

Surface water


Post-Monsoon season ( November 2012)

Ground water

At all locations, pH values were in the range of 7.02 –7.72 with agreeable colour, taste and odour. Chloride and Sulphate values were in the range of 42 – 302 mg/l and 19 – 89 mg/l respectively. Hardness values were found to be in the range of 56–350 mg/l. At all locations, oil and grease, phenolic compounds, cyanides, sulphides and insecticides were found to be absent and all heavy metal such as nickel, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, iron, manganese, zinc and cobalt except iron values were found to be below the detection limit.

Surface water



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Summary

Ground water : While comparing with IS: 10500 – 1991 norms, all values except total coliforms were found to be well within the limits.

Surface Water : Low BOD/COD values and good D.O. content at these locations indicate that the natural restoration of water quality is maintained. While comparing with IS 2296 all values were found to be well within the norms for Surface water quality.

3.4 Soil quality

In order to assess the baseline status of soil quality of the project site and neighborhood, four sampling locations were selected. At each location, samples were collected using augers and analyzed for nutrient and engineering parameters. The location of Soil Sampling station is shown in III.12.The soil quality status is given in Table No. 3.21.

Table - 3.21 Soil quality status

Sl. No Parameters Min Max

1 pH 7.02 7.28

2 Electrical Conductivity (milli mhos/cm) 0.09 0.68

3 Nitrogen (Kg/ha) 136 576

4 Phosphorus (Kg/ha) 3.1 6.8

5 Potassium (Kg/ha) 61 164

6 Available Magnesium (%) 98 480

7 Organic Carbon (%) 1.2 3.7

9 Textural Class Sandy Loam



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At all locations, pH ranges from 7.02 to 7.28. Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus are found to be in the range of 136–576 Kg/Ha, 61–164 Kg/Ha and 3.1 –6.8 Kg/Ha respectively. Organic Carbon was found to be in the range of 1.2-3.7 %. Texture Class was found to be Sandy Loam.

3.5 Land Environment

Topography

The whole region is hilly and undulating piece of land. The hill ranges of this region are formed by Kalwar hills, Dulki hills and Mahamaya hills. The iron ore deposits are mainly traced at the peak portions of the hills. The ridges are not susceptible to erosion due to the presence of BHQ. The Mahamaya-Dulki lease also covers 3 low lying hillocks of Mahamaya hill range. The Dulki range (consisting of 3 hillocks namely D1,D2 and D3) lies in the southern continuity of Mahamaya hill range and it extends over a length of 2.4 Kms. This hill range is characterized by high peaks and saddles with steep slopes on either side. The highest peak attains an elevation of 741.69 m above MSL and the general ground level is being 500 m above MSL.

Drainage and water bodies

The area is it part of Dalli hill range and occurring above the ground water table as revealed from few boreholes i.e. 424 to 432 MSL. The bottom most bench during the next three years working will be at 690 MSL, which is much more above the ground water table.

The drainage pattern of the Mahamaya - Dhulki mine is such that the run off during the monsoon goes along the non-perennial water courses.

The mine drainage system will have been through open channel to natural drain. These drains will be made all along with haul road to collect the rain water flowing around the mine and the hill slope. There are 14 Nos. of Check dams were already under operations for the existing Mahamaya mine. During the monsoon the surface water may contain higher concentration of suspended solids and good number of check dams and water filter beds will be constructed.

There is no perennial river or channel within the mining lease area. Rain water flows down through shalslow seasonal nallahs and stream.

Geology



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The iron ore deposits of this region are associated with the metamorphosed banded ferrugenous formations consisting of Banded Hematite Quartzite/Jasperite belonging to Pre-cambrine age generally known as 'Iron Ore Series' of Dharwar group.

The iron ores traced here generally occupy the peaks and BHQ in intervening ridges upper and lower shales/phyllites contacts with BHQ can be seen in hill sides. The intrusive bodies like thin quartz veins of younger age also occur within the country rock in criss cross forms.

The sequence of rock types exposed in this particular area is given as follows.

STRATIGRAPHY SUCCESSION OF THE AREA

Order of Deposition Lithological sequence

Top cover : Soil

Laterate

Igneous Intrusion : Quartz veins

Meta sediments : Shales / Ferr. shales & clays

Banded Hematite Quartzite

Shales/ ferruginous shales



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Land-use Pattern

Remote sensing satellite Imageries were collected and interpreted for the 10 Km radius study area with project site as center. Based on the satellite data land -use / land cover maps have been prepared.

Land –use / Land cover classification system

The present land–use / land cover maps were prepared based on the classification system of National standards. For explanation for each of the land –use category the two references were used. Viz. 1.Manual of land use/ land cover mapping satellite imagery and 2. Manual procedures for waste land mapping.

Data requirement

IRS-1B Geo Coded False colour composite (FCC) products on 1:50000 scale of path 30 and row 45 with data were acquired from National Remote Sensing Agency, Hyderabad and used for the mapping and interpretation. Besides other collateral data as available in the form of maps, charts, census records other reports and especially topographical survey of India maps on 1:50000 were used. In addition to this, ground truth survey was also collected to verify and confirm the ground features.

Methodology

The methodology adopted for preparation of land use / land cover maps is mono-scopic interpretation of geo-coded scenes of IRS -1B satellite, Sensor L2A2, L2B2 and field observations taken. The various steps involved in the study area are preparatory fieldwork, field survey and post fieldwork.

Pre-field interpretation of Satellite details

The false colour Composite (FCC) of IRS-1B Satellite data at 1:50000 scale has been used for pre-field interpretation work. Taking the help of topo sheets, geology, geo-morphology and by using the image elements the features were identified and delineated the boundaries roughly. Each feature is identified on image by their image elements like tone, texture, colour, shape, size, pattern and association. A tentative legend in terms and erosion was formulated. The sample areas for field check were selected covering all the physio-graphic land-use / land cover features cum image characteristics.

Ground Truth Collection

Ground truth field verification was conducted using both topo sheets and imagery. Representative sample areas were traversed to observe the broad land–use features and the sample areas were adjusted according to the field conditions. Detailed field



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observations and investigations were carried out and land–use features on the imagery were recorded.

Post field work

The base maps of the study area were prepared with the help of Survey of India Topo sheet at 1:50000 scale. Preliminary interpreted land use and the land cover features boundaries from IRS-1B FCC were modified in light of field information and the final thematic details were transferred on to the base maps. The tentative legend during the pre-field work were finalized. The final interpreted and classified thematic map was prepared using standard colour coding and detailed description of features with Standard symbols. All the classes are noted and marked by the standard legend on the map. Visual interpretation of multi-sensor false colour imagery composite of the area was prepared using LANDSAT satellite data. The landuse map is shown in Fig. III.15.



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FIG. III.15 LANDUSE MAP



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Percentage of area covered by each Landuse class

5

32.1

3.8

14.8

24.6

3.4 4.2 3.46.4

2.3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Built up Crop Land Plantation Land w ith Land Forest Deciduous Barren Mines Water

Final output

The final output would be the land use / land cover on 1:50000 scale numerals are given different colour code for each category as shown in map. Area estimation of all the features of land –use / land cover categories are noted.

Observations

The main interpreted Land use / land cover classes of the study area are presented in Table 3.22 and in Fig. III.16.

Table 3.22 Land-Use in buffer zone

%age Area in Sq.m

Built up Land 5 35.325

Crop Land 32.1 226.7865

Plantation 3.8 26.847

Land with Scrub 6.4 45.216

Land without Scrub 2.3 16.2495

Forest Plantation 14.8 104.562

Deciduous Forest 24.6 173.799

Barren Land 3.4 24.021

Mines 4.2 29.673

Water bodies 3.4 24.021

100 706.5

Fig.III.16 Landcover



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3.6 Biological Environment

Biological environment

Stepping up towards the developmental activities for the benefit and sophistication of human life leads to undesirable changes on our biological wealth. Therefore, it is a prerequisite to maintain the biological wealth during the exploitation of energy sources. The ecological goods, and services which include the cultural benefits such as religious, aesthetic, recreational, or inspirational values that humans derive from ecosystems are the result of energy flow and related bio-geochemical cycling and hence is essential in view of maintaining the ecological goods and services not only for the present and future generations but also to all living organisms, including animals and plants.

Developmental activities such as agriculture, urbanization, industrialization, mining, other activities like the introduction of exotic species, elimination of local species etc., also have influence over the local biodiversity. Mining, one of an essential industry which generally provides energy and other minerals to the society and undoubtedly creates a destructive and damaging activity to the biodiversity in such a way that a total change and transformation of flora and fauna in all those areas. Mining is a process of digging that eliminates all plants and animals in the area of greatest impact while dumping buries them alive. Apart from direct damage due to digging and dumping, the dust and noise generated during mining are also capable of adversely impacting the local flora and fauna. Hence it is equally important to recognize and increase understanding of the industries environmental impacts, both negative and positive, and understand management techniques to both mitigate in the former and enhance in the latter. Therefore the baseline understanding of the local biodiversity is also essential in order to their management and conservation in natural environment during the operation of the project. Such a good environmental management in this industry can result in the creation of habitats for a variety species, including endangered species and specialist habitats and also in good publicity and public relations, increase in business etc.,



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Biological environmental assessment plays a significant role in environmental impact assessment for any developmental projects. As a measure of biological diversity assessment, detailed survey was undertaken to catalogue the plant and animal species present in the core zone and the area which are likely to be indirectly affected by the developmental activities, termed as Buffer zone, which lies within 10 km radius circle from the boundary of the core zone of the project, excluding the core zone and the mining impacts were predicted and management plans are prepared to minimize the adverse impact on the biodiversity.

Assessment of Flora

In order to assess the baseline status of the flora of the core and the buffer zones, a detailed survey of flora and fauna of the Mine lease area (MLA) and its environs extending up to a radius of 10 km was carried out during January 2010.

The survey of the floral diversity was carried out at 10 sites in the core zone. Each site was segregated into 4 quadrates measured about 15 × 15 mts square. In order to determine the floristic composition, diversity, dominance, and to calculate the Importance Value Indices (IVI) as well as the Biodiversity indices, standard ecological and phyto-sociological methods were adapted. All plants / trees available in the site were identified up to species level by referring various authentic floral checklists (Gambel, 1935). The species of vegetation found in each of the stations were identified and listed according to their families (Table 3.23). Number of individual species was catalogued and the Diversity Indices were calculated.

[I]. Shannon diversity index (H) was calculated using the following equation.

Where ni - the number of individuals in species i; the abundance of species i. ; S - number of species (species richness); N - total number of all individuals; pi - relative abundance of each species (calculated as the proportion of individuals of a given species to the total number of individuals in the community).



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[2]. Shannon Evenness index was calculated from the following equation

E = H'/In (S)

Where H'- Shannon diversity index; S - number of species (species richness);

[3]. Simpson diversity index was calculated by the following equation

.

where S is the number of species, N is the total percentage cover or total number of organisms and n is the percentage cover of a species or number of organisms of a species.

The results of the diversity indices are presented in Table 3.24. The Shannon diversity index value of about 1.1243 and the low index value for Simpson diversity (0.1644) resulted from ten random samplings in the core zone indicating the high species richness of the core zone. The evenness index value for the floral diversity of the core zone was calculated to be about 0.6155 which exhibits the near equal distribution of the plant species.

In order to exhibit the relationship between S (species richness), H(Shannon-Wiener diversity index) and E (evenness as measured using the Shannon-Wiener evenness index), SHE analysis is performed. SHE analysis therefore considered as an approach to look at the contribution of species number and equitability to changes in diversity.

Based on present SHE analysis, cumulative ln(E)/ ln(S) remained relatively constant in each plot, indicating that each sample community was best fit by log normal species abundance. The diversity of all the quadret studied showed almost similar type vegetation and such similarity is generally attributed to the topographic similarity of the core zone (Project area).



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Rarefaction analysis

Rarefaction analysis was applied to evaluate whether sampling at 10 quadrate was sufficient to estimate the diversity within samplings. The rarefaction curves reached a clear plateau, indicating that the sampling was sufficient for the complete diversity analysis .

The species distribution of Mahamaya core zone was also calculated. The results indicated that majority of the species belongs to the category herbs and shrubs and were found to be aggregated in distribution whereas most of the tree species were present in random distribution at the level of significance.

All the sampling sites studied in the core zone, exhibited a sparse herbaceous flora and those are common for almost all the terrestrial environments. Heteropogon sp is the naturalized plant species of those sites along with other tree species. The proposed project site of Mahamaya for Iron ore mining activities comprised mainly of natural vegetation consisting patches of scrubs and a dense mixed Sal forest, dominated by Buchanania lanzan, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia tomentosa, and Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb and also covered partly by plantations of Pongamia pinnata, Vent.

Generally these sites are rich in the tree species which are found in dry deciduous forest such as Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia, Bamboosa indica, Butea monosperma, Diospyros melanoxylon, Bassia latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lannea coromandelica, Shorea robusta, Terminalia bellirica, Boswellia serrata, Holarrhena antidysenterica and Dendrocalamus strictus. These tree species are endowed with a very high regenerative capacity. A small part of the core zone was occupied by open type forest endowed with agricultural fields which primly supports the cultivation of rice and very commonly available scrubs. These open type forests are generally dominated by Bassia latifolia, Roxb trees.

The abundant shrubs are Helicteres isora and Zizyphus nimularia while the Nerium odorum and Tecoma stans, ornamental shrubs, which were also present with a good frequency.

To assess the important Value Index of the three species found in the core zone, The frequency, density and cover of the tree species were measured by Point centered quarter method (PCQ). The Density, Total cover, Frequency and Important value of the tree species present at the core zone were tabulated.

The importance value gives equal weight to the three factors of relative density, cover, and frequency. This means that small trees (i.e., with small basal area) can be dominant only if there are enough of them widely distributed across transects. The



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importance value can range from 0 to 300. Among the tree species Terminalia arjuna, W.&A. (Important Value - 19.13476) and Buchanania lanzan (Important Value - 19.05414) were turn out to be the most important species within the community present in and around the project site because of their size and abundance and was followed by Terminalia tomentosa, (Important Value – 17.734) and Bauhinia sp. (Important Value – 17.2099) respectively where as Dichrostachys cinerea, W&A..,(Important Value - 0.7874) was considered to be the rare species of the community.

Food crops are often cultivated by the people of the buffer zones. The major crops cultivated in the buffer zones are Abelmoschus esculentus, Brassica oleraceae, Brassica oleraceae var. Botritus, Brassica rapa L., Dolichos lablab, L., Gajanus gajan, L., Helianthus annus, Momordica charantia, L., Musa sp., Oryze sativa, Raphanus sativus L., Sesamum indicum, L., Solanum melongen, L., Solanum tuberosum, Triticum sp. and Zea mays, L.



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Table 3.23 Checklist of floral diversity in Mahamaya core and buffer zone

Botanical name Local/Common name Family Name Core

zone Buffer zone

Herbs

Abutilon indicum, G. Don. Khangi Malvaceae - +

Acanthus sp Hargoza Acanthaceae + +

Achyranthes aspera, L Apang Amaranthaceae - +

Ageratum conyzoides ---------- Astraceae - +

Alternanthera sessilis, L. Washer woman

Amaranthaceae + +

Amarantus sp. Raamadaanaa Amaranthaceae - +

Argemone mexicana, L Bharbhand Papaveraceae + +

Aristida depressa, Retz. Tam Graminae + +

Boerhaavia diffusa, L. Gadahpurna Nyctaginaceae + +

Boerhaavia rependa, Willd ---------- Nyctaginaceae + +

Cleome gynandra, L. ---------- Capparidaceae - +

Cleome viscosa, L. Hurthur Capparidaceae - +

Coldenia procumbens, L. Boraginaceae - +

Commelina sp. L. Gandolgi (English)

Commlinaceae + +

Celosia cristata L. Kolikondai - +

Gomphrena decumbens, Jacq. --------- Amaranthaceae + +

Heliotropium indicum --------- Boraginaceae - +

Hyptis suaveolens, Poit. Wilayati tulsi Labiatae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Impatiens balsamina L. Balsom Balsaminaceae + +

Ipomaea carnea, Jacq. Kalmua Convolulaceae - +

Justicia simplex, D. Don ---------- Acanthaceae + +

Martynia sp. Bichu Martyniaceae + +

Melochia umbellate, Stapf. ---------- Sterculiaceae - +

Paspalum conjugatum, Berg. Carabao grass Graminae + +

Paspalum longifolium, Roxb Kodo, Kodra Graminae + +

Pavonia zelanica, Cav. ------- Malvaceae + +

Physalis minima, Linn. Tulatipati Solanaceae - +

Ruellia prostrata, Poir Acanthaceae + +

Salvia sp. Bathu ka sag Lamiaceae + +

Sida acuta, L. Broom grass Malvaceae + +

Sida cordifolia, L Khiraiti Malvaceae + +

Sida rhombifolia, L. Khas khas Malvaceae + +

Tiliacora acumunata ,L ----------- Minispermeace

ae + +

Trianthema decandra, L. Gadabani Aizoaceae + +

Vernonia cinera, Lees. Iron weed Compositae + +

Xanthium indicum, Roxb. Banokra Compositae + +

Medicinal herbs

Agave Americana, L. Bans-keora Agavaceae + +

Acalypha indica, L. Khokali Euphorbiaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Croton sparsiflorus, Mor Wild chilli Euphorbiaceae - +

Cynodon dactylon, Pers Dub Graminae + +

Datura stramonium, L Habaq el- ayalet

Solanaceae + +

Evolvulus alsinoides, L. Slender Dwarf-Morning Glory

Convolulaceae + +

Hybanthus enneaspermus Ratanpurus Violaceae + +

Indigofera tinctoria, L Gali Fabaceae + +

Leucas aspera, Spr. Guma Labiatea - +

Ocimum sanctum, L. Baranda Labiatea - +

Phyllanthus neruri, L. --------- Euphorbiacea + +

Phyllanthus rediculatus, Poir. --------- Euphorbiacea + +

Ruellia prostrata, Poir. --------- Acanthaceae - +

Tephrosia purpurea, Pers. Sarphonka Fabaceae + +

Tridax procumbens, L. Khal-muriya Astraceae + +

Cuminum cyminum, Linn. Karpoora valli Labiatae - +

Climbing herbs

Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Bojer

Samudrasos Convolvulaceae + +

Ichnocarpus sp. R. Br Vakeri mul Apocynaceae + +

Ipomaea staphylina R.&S. Sakarkand Convolvulaceae + +

Jasminum sp. Jasmin Oleaceae - +

Oxystelma esculentum Kirni Asclepidaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Climbing medicinal herbs

Crdiospermum helicacabum, L.

Kanphuti Sapindaceae

- +

Cissus quadrangularis, L Hadjora Ampelidaceae - +

Hemidesmus indicus, R. Br ---------- Peripolaceae + +

Passiflora edulis, Sims Jhumka-Lata Passifloraceae - +

Tinospora cardifolia Gurch Minispermacea

e + +

Pergularia pallida, W. & A. ---------- Asclepiadaceae + +

Abrus precatorius, L Erra-gurja Asclepiadaceae + +

Gymnema sylvestre, R,Br Gurmara Asclepiadaceae + +

Parasitic plants

Cuscuta, L. Akashabela Cuscutaceae + +

Vanda sp. Banda, Orchidaceae + +

Phoradendron sp Viscaceae + +

Exotic invasive weed

Parthenium hysterophorus L ----------- Asteraceae - +

Aquatic herbs

Cyperus sp. L. Koda, Kodaka Cyperaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Aschynomin aspera Pith plant Fabaceae + +

Hygrophila spinosa Talmakhana Acanthaceae + +

Nymphaea sp Kokaa Nymphaeaceae - +

Nelumbo nucifera Water lilly Nelumbonaceae - +

Typha angustata, B.& Ch Patera Typhaceae - +

Agricultural crops

Abelmoschus esculentus Bhendi Malvaceae - +

Brassica oleraceae Cabbage Brassicaceae - +

Brassica oleraceae var. Botritus

Cauliflower Brassicaceae - +

Brassica rapa L. Mustard Brassicaceae - +

Dolichos lablab, L. Lobia Fabaceae - +

Gajanus gajan, L. Dhal Fabaceae - +

Helianthus annus Sun flower Asteraceae - +

Momordica charantia, L Karela Cucurbitaceae - +

Musa sp Khela Musaceae - +

Oryze sativa Rice Graminae - +

Raphanus sativus L. Muulii Brassicaceae - +

Sesamum indicum, L Jingilee Pedaliaceae - +

Solanum melongen, L. Baigan, Solanaceae - +

Solanum tuberosum Alu /Potato Solanaceae - +

Triticum sp. Wheat Graminae - +



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zone Buffer zone

Zea mays, L. Maize Graminae - +

Woody climbers

Ipomoea obscura, K. Gawl. Zaqqume Convolulaceae + +

Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn

Papara Rhamnaceae

+ +

Shrub

Ehretia buxifolia, Roxb Pala Boraginaceae + +

Fluggea luecophyrus, Willd Hartho Euphorbiaceae + +

Dichrostachys sp, W. &A Kunali Fabaceae + +

Helicteres isora, L Maror phal Sterculiaceae + +

Zizyphus nimularia, L. Vilayti, pardesi Rhamnaceae + +

Opuntia, sp. --------- Cactaceae + +

Grewia asiatica, Mast --------- Tiliaceae + +

Medicinal shrubs

Adhatoda vasica Asgand Acanthaceae - +

Caparis aphyllus ---------- Caparidaceae + +

Capparis zeylanica Hins Caparidaceae + +

Holarrhena antidysenterica Korea Apocynaceae + +

Jatropha glandulifera Jangli-Erandi Euphorbiaceae + +

Phyllanthus rediculatus, Poir. Panjoli Euphorbiaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Ricinus communis, L. Arand, Euphorbiaceae - +

Vitex negundo, L. ---------- Verbinaceae - +

Zizyphus jujuba, Lam Badara Rhamnaceae + +

Solanum tarvum, Tit-Baigun Solanaceae - +

Cassia alata ---------- Fabacae - +

Sesbania sesban Merr --------- Caesalpiniacea

e - +

Jatropha gossypifolia L --------- Euphorbiaceae + +

Ornamental shrub

Bougainvillaea glabara, Choisy

---------- Nyctaginaceae - +

Gardenia latifolia Papura Rubiaceae - +

Hibiscus rosasinensis, L. Jasum Malvaceae - +

Nerium odorum, Soland. Kaner, Chandni

Apocynaceae - +

Pedilanthus tithymaloides, L. Slipper flower Euphorbiaceae - +

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth

Yellow bells Bignoniaceae + +

Exotic shrubs

Lantana camara, L Spanish Flag Verbinaceae + +

Prosopis spicigera. L Salpan, salpani Mimosaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Trees

Acacia arabica, Willd Babul Mimosaceae - +

Acacia melanoxylon, R. Br Black wattle Mimosaceae + +

Aegle marmelos, Corr. Beli Rutaceae - +

Ailanthus excelsa, L., Marukh Simaroubaceae + +

Alangium platanifolium -------- Alangiaceae - +

Anacardium occidentale, L. Cashew Anacardiacae - +

Anogeissus latifolia, Wall. Dhawda Combretaceae + +

Anthocephalus indicus Kadam Rubiaceae - +

Artobotrys odoratissimus Linn Madmanti Annonaceae - +

Artocarpus hirsute, Lam Phanas Moraceae - +

Azadirachta indica, A. Juss. Nimb Meliaceae + +

Bambusa arundinacea, Willd. Bamboo Graminae + +

Bassia latifolia, Roxb Mahua Sapotaceae + +

Bauhinia purpurea, L. Apta Caesalpiniaceae

- +

Bauhinia sp. Mahwa Caesalpinaceae + +

Bombax malabaricum DC. Simal Malvaceae - +

Boswellia serrata Salai Burseraceae + +

Buchanania lanzan Char Anacardiaceae + +

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Ta Palash Fabaceae + +

Callistemon citrinus Bottlebrush Myrtaceae - +

Carica papaya, L. Papaya Caricaceae - +



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zone Buffer zone

Cassia fistula, L Bahawa Caesalpinioidea

e + +

Cassia siamea, Lam. Torki Caesalpinioidea

e + +

Chloroxylon sweitenia Bhirra Meliaceae + +

Citrus sp. Tanaka Rutaceae - +

Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb Sisham Fabaceae + +

Delonix regia, Raf. Rai, Mohari Caesalpinioidea

e + +

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees. Bamboo Ebenaceae - +

Dichrostachys cinerea, W&A. -------- Fabaceae + +

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb Thendu Caesalpinioidea

e + +

Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain

Prain Caesalpinioideae

+ +

Eucalyptus globules, Labill. Nilgiri Moraceae + +

Ficus bengalensis.L Wad Moraceae - +

Ficus Cretovara, Roxb. Anjeer Moraceae + +

Ficus glomerata Fig Moraceae + +

Ficus religiosa, L Pipal Labiatae + +

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gumhar Lythraceae + +

Kigelia pinnata, Dc Jhar phanoos Bignoniaceae - +

Lagerstromia speciosa (Linn.) Pers.

Jarul Lythraceae + +

Lannea coromandelica L. Thingan Fabaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Madhuca indica, J.F. Gmel Mohwa Sapotaceae + +

Mangifera indica, L. Amba Annonaceae + +

Millingtonia hartensis, L Akas-Nim Bignonaceae - +

Mitragyna parvifolia, Korth Kaini Rubiaceae + +

Moringa olefera, Lam Soujna Moringaceae + +

Parkinsonia aculeata L. Vilaiti kikar Fabaceae - +

Peltophorum pterocarpum, DC Yellow flame Leguminosae + +

Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb. Khajur, Arecaceae + +

Polyalthia longifolia, Hk.F&T Asok Annonaceae - +

Pongamia pinnata, Vent. Karanj Fabaceae + +

Psidium guajava, L Amaruuda Myrtaceae - +

Shorea robusta Roth Sal Dipterocarpace

ae - +

Syzigium jombolanum, DC. Jamoon Myrtaceae - +

Tectona grandis, L. Sagwan Verbenaceae + +

Terminalia arjuna, W.&A. Arjun Kahua Combretaceae + +

Terminalia bellarica, Roxb. Baheda Combretaceae + +

Terminalia chebula, Roxb. - Combretaceae + +

Terminalia tomentosa, Roxb. Saja Combretaceae + +

Wrightia tinctoria, R. Br. Kala- Asclapiaedacea

e + +

Zizyphus oenoplia, Mill Makai Rhamnaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Plantations of core zone

Acacia auriculiformis, A. Cunn. ex Benth

Australian babul

Mimosaceae

Callistemon citrinus Bottlebrush Myrtaceae

Cassia siamea, Lam. Torki Caesalpinioideae

Dalbergia sissoo, Roxb. Seesam Fabaceae

Eucalyptus globules, Labill . Nilgiri Moraceae

Gmelina arborea Roxb. Gumhar Lythraceae

Leucaena leucocephala Lam. Subabul Mimosaceae

Pongamia pinata, Vent. Karanj Combretaceae

Shorea robusta Roth Sal Dipterocarpaceae

Syzigium jombolanum, DC. Jamoon Myrtaceae

Tectona grandis, L. Sagwan Verbenaceae

Terminalia arjuna, W.&A. Arjun Combretaceae

Terminalia bellarica, Roxb. Baheda Combretaceae

Peltophorum pterocarpum Yellow flame tree

Caesalpinioideae

Dominant plants

Buchanania lanzan Char Anacardiaceae + +

Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb Thendu Caesalpinioidea

e + +

Bassia latifolia, Roxb. Mahua Sapotaceae + +



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zone Buffer zone

Rare occurrence

Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb. Khajur, Arecaceae + +

Grass land- Nil

Endangered and Endemic flora – Nil



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Table-3.24 Shannon – Weiner and Simpson diversity Indices

Index Sample 1

Sample

2

Sample 3

Sample

4

Sample

5

Sample

6

Sample

7

Sample

8

Sample

9

Sample

10

Overall

Index

Shannon H' Log Base 10. 1.245 1.089 0.992 1.119 1.184 1.251 1.086 0.988 1.177 1.112 1.1243

Shannon Hmax Log Base 10. 1.881 1.813 1.806 1.748 1.886 1.881 1.813 1.799 1.881 1.748 1.8256

Shannon J' (Evenness – E) 0.662 0.601 0.549 0.64 0.628 0.665 0.599 0.549 0.626 0.636 0.6155

Simpsons Diversity (D) 0.115 0.212 0.218 0.147 0.127 0.115 0.213 0.22 0.128 0.149 0.1644



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Fauna assessment

The core zone exhibited a very few species of Mammals, Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds, which are quite common for all the terrestrial environments. Among the buffer zones, the human settlement areas exhibited some animals which are domesticated where as the natural forests of the buffer zone are often dominated by a few plant species which supports very few wild fauna. The identified Fauna is tabulated in Table 3.25.

Table 3.25. Check list of fauna in the core and buffer zone of Mahamaya Iron ore mine

Zoological name Local/Common name Family Name

Status in wild life protection Act, 1972

Core zone

Buffer zone

Shedule Part

Mammals

Bandicota bengalensis

Lesser bandicoot rat

Muridae V - - +

Bos sp. Cow Bovidae - +

Bubalus arnee Buffalo Bovidae - +

Canis lupus familiaris

Dog Canidae II II + +

Capra aegagrus hircus

Goat Bovidae

- +

Felis chaus Jungle cat Felidae I - +

Equus caballus × Equus asinus

Mule Equidae - +

Herpestes edwardsi (Geoffroy)

Indian mongoose

Herpestidae II II - +



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Melursus ursinus Sloth bear Ursidae I I - +

Presbytis entellus Grey langur Cercopithecidae

II I + +

Rattus rattus (Linnaeus)

Black rat Muridae V - + +

Vulpes benghalensis (Shaw)

Lomri (fox) Canidae II II - +

Fishes

Anabas testudineus Keu Anabantidae - - - +

Catla catla Thaila Cyprinidae - - - +

Channa punefatus Daulla Channidae - - - +

Clarias batrachus Catfish Clariidae - - - +

Heteropneustes fossilis

Singhi Clariidae - - - +

Mystus cavasius Tengna Bagridae - - - +

Puntius sophore Kotri Cyprinidae - - - +

Amphibians

Bufo melanostictus (Schneider)

Common toad

Bufonidae IV - - +

Geoclemys hamiltoni (Gray)

Tortoises Geoemydidae I I - +

Kachuga dhongoka (Gray)

Tortoises Geoemydidae I I - +

Rana breviceps (Schneider)

Indian burrowing frog

Ranidae IV - - +

Rana Limnocharis (Neigman)

Indian cricket frog

Ranidae IV - - +



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Rana tigrina (Daudin)

Indian bull frog

Ranidae IV - - +

Reptails

Calotes versicolour (Daudin)

Garden lizard Agamidae II + +

Enhydris enhydris Smmoth water snake

Colubridae IV - - +

Hemidactylus brooki (Gray)

Common lizards

Gekkonidae - - + +

Hemidactylus flaviviridis

Common lizards

Gekkonidae - - + +

Python molurus Pyton Pythonidae I II + +

Naja naja Cobra Elapidae II II - +

Xenochrophis piscator

Checkered backed water snake

Colubridae IV - - +

Aves

Apus affinis Ababeel Apodidae IV - + +

Ardeola grayii Pond heron Ardeidae IV - + +

Centropus sinensis Parroti Cuculidae IV - - +

Columbia livia Dove Columbidae IV - - +

Corvus splendens Crow Sturnidae V - + +

Eudynamys scolopacea

Indian koel Cuculidae IV - - +

Galles gallus Chicken Phasianidae - -- - +

Prodiceps ruficollis Little grebe Podicipedidae IV - - +



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Vanellus indicus Red-wattled

lapwing

Charadriidae IV - - +

Sturnus pagodarun Myna, Black-headed

- -

Acridothers trists Myna, common

-

- - - +

Amauromis phoenicurus

Water hen IV - - +

Theskiornis aethopica

White Ibis IV - - +

Pavo cristatus Common Peafowl

IV - - +



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3.7 Socio Economic Study

Socio-economic development is closely linked with the growth of industrialization. The industrial policy resolution in the year 1956 stressed the need of reducing regional disparities in levels of development in order that industrialization may benefit the country as a whole. This view was further endorsed in the new industrial policy statement (1980) which further felt that revival of the economy was inhibited by infrastructure gaps such as shortage in major industries. The policy also emphasized the need to promote suitable industries in rural areas. The process of industrial transitions where new industrial units are setup in a primarily agrarian economy is bound to create its impact on the socio-economic aspects of the local people. Therefore studies on the socio-economic impact of industrialization on the local population no doubt deserve considerable attention. The present study is being carried out to ascertain the impacts of proposed plant on the socio-economic conditions of local people. The data required to study the above aspects has been collected from secondary sources.

3.7.1 Methodology

The methodology adopted for the study is based on Review of secondary data (2001 District Census) with respect to population, occupational structure and infrastructure facilities available in the region.

3.7.2 Review of Socio-economic Profile

The information on socio-economic aspects of the study area has been compiled from secondary sources, which include information from various public and semi-public offices. The demographic data has mainly been compiled from Census of India 2001 data as this document is comprehensive and authentic. The sociological aspects like human settlements, demography and other socio-economic aspects in the study area have been covered in this study. The socio-economic details are briefly described in the following sections.

Major portion of the study area comprises only rural area. Study area contains 37 villages. The villages that come within study area of 10 km are covered in the present study.

3.7.3 Demography



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As per 2001 census, the study area consisted of 17538 persons inhabited in 37 villages. The statistics regarding the list of villages, number of households and human population is given in Table 3.26.

TABLE- 3.26 DEMOGRAPHY IN STUDY AREA

Sr. No. Name of Village No of Households Population

Total Male Female

1 Akola 42 250 116 134

2 Bamhani 143 678 330 348

3 Belargondi 239 1338 662 676

4 Bhatgaon 117 650 325 325

5 Bhirawahi 207 1051 543 508

6 Bodra 32 167 90 77

7 Boirdih 8 38 21 17

8 Chhindgaon 268 1363 656 707

9 Dorba 150 853 445 408

10 Dulki 24 143 64 79

11 Gainji 205 1166 569 597

12 Goyanda 44 219 97 122

13 Hinganjhar 72 402 200 202

14 Jhitkatola 94 432 208 224

15 Kalwar 28 150 72 78

16 Kamkasur 25 113 53 60

17 Katrel 26 112 54 58

18 Kodagaon 110 578 293 285

19 Kopedera 134 670 341 329



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Sr. No. Name of Village No of Households Population

Total Male Female

20 Kosmi 99 473 242 231

21 Kumudkatta 28 196 113 83

22 Kusumtola 161 876 404 472

23 Markatola 255 1287 631 656

24 Murar Gota 48 260 134 126

25 Naghur 88 481 248 233

26 Nalkasa 30 169 83 86

27 Nalkasa 15 78 37 41

28 Paindhur 55 288 150 138

29 Paiwani 69 372 181 191

30 Poswar 61 328 150 178

31 Pujari Para 92 458 223 235

32 Pusewada 98 549 249 300

33 Rasuli 13 89 45 44

34 Salhe Tola 21 87 48 39

35 Seoni 48 296 143 153

36 Tamora 99 531 252 279

37 Tarunnagar 64 347 186 161

Total: 3312 17538 8658 8880

Source: Census of India 2001

The distribution of population in the study area is shown in Table-3.27.

TABLE- 3.27 DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION



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Particulars Total

Total Population 17538

Male Population

(% with total population) 8658 (49.37%)

Female Population

(% with total population)

8880 (50.63%)

No. of Households 3312

Average Household Size 5.3

Sex ratio (Female/1000 male) 1025

The configuration of male and females indicates that the males constitute to about 49.37% and females to about 50.63% of the study area population. The study area at an average has 1025.64 females per 1000 males.

3.7.4 Social Structure

Majority of the people in the study area belong to Hindu religion. The study area also contains Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST). The distribution of population of socially weaker sections in the study area is shown in Table-3.28 &3.29 .



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TABLE –3.28 SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Sr. No. Name of Village Total Population Total SC Total ST

1 Akola 250 0 213

2 Bamhani 678 10 629

3 Belargondi 1338 10 1191

4 Bhatgaon 650 23 535

5 Bhirawahi 1051 7 884

6 Bodra 167 0 166

7 Boirdih 38 0 7

8 Chhindgaon 1363 42 609

9 Dorba 853 44 710

10 Dulki 143 0 136

11 Gainji 1166 135 539

12 Goyanda 219 3 201

13 Hinganjhar 402 18 325

14 Jhitkatola 432 10 332

15 Kalwar 150 0 149

16 Kamkasur 113 0 113

17 Katrel 112 0 112

18 Kodagaon 578 13 476

19 Kopedera 670 1 580

20 Kosmi 473 16 339

21 Kumudkatta 196 1 163



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Sr. No. Name of Village Total Population Total SC Total ST

22 Kusumtola 876 11 794

23 Markatola 1287 31 920

24 Murar Gota 260 15 219

25 Naghur 481 3 368

26 Nalkasa 169 0 167

27 Nalkasa 78 0 78

28 Paindhur 288 10 272

29 Paiwani 372 0 344

30 Poswar 328 8 251

31 Pujari Para 458 30 377

32 Pusewada 549 4 523

33 Rasuli 89 0 89

34 Salhe Tola 87 0 87

35 Seoni 296 2 225

36 Tamora 531 41 478

37 Tarunnagar 347 0 0

Total: 17538 488 13601

Source: Census of India 2001

TABLE-3.29 Distribution of Population by Social Structure



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Category Total


Scheduled Castes 488

% to total population 2.78%

Scheduled Tribes 13601


Total SC and ST 14089


In the study area 2.78% of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes (SC) while 77.55% to Scheduled Tribes (ST), thus indicating that about 80.33% of the population is formed by SC and ST population. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe sections are predominant in this area.

3.7.5 Literacy Levels

The distribution of literates and literacy rates in the study area are given in Table- 3.30 and Table 3.31.



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Table – 3.30 Literacy Levels

Sr. No.

Name of Village

Total Population Total Literacy

Male Literacy

Female Literacy

1 Akola 250 155 76 79

2 Bamhani 678 318 195 123

3 Belargondi 1338 891 503 388

4 Bhatgaon 650 428 237 191

5 Bhirawahi 1051 738 403 335

6 Bodra 167 110 66 44

7 Boirdih 38 24 13 11

8 Chhindgaon 1363 855 506 349

9 Dorba 853 492 312 180

10 Dulki 143 82 37 45

11 Gainji 1166 822 449 373

12 Goyanda 219 170 84 86

13 Hinganjhar 402 198 121 77

14 Jhitkatola 432 304 151 153

15 Kalwar 150 81 41 40

16 Kamkasur 113 68 37 31

17 Katrel 112 45 32 13

18 Kodagaon 578 404 225 179

19 Kopedera 670 375 240 135

20 Kosmi 473 311 169 142



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Sr. No.

Name of Village

Total Population Total Literacy

Male Literacy

Female Literacy

21 Kumudkatta 196 85 47 38

22 Kusumtola 876 586 325 261

23 Markatola 1287 668 405 263

24 Murar Gota 260 166 89 77

25 Naghur 481 244 142 102

26 Nalkasa 169 111 61 50

27 Nalkasa 78 18 15 3

28 Paindhur 288 182 97 85

29 Paiwani 372 174 111 63

30 Poswar 328 204 92 112

31 Pujari Para 458 298 149 149

32 Pusewada 549 349 162 187

33 Rasuli 89 38 20 18

34 Salhe Tola 87 49 35 14

35 Seoni 296 208 109 99

36 Tamora 531 288 162 126

37 Tarunnagar 347 260 149 111

Total: 17538 10799 6067 4732

Source : Census of India 2001

TABLE-3.31 LITERACY RATES



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Particulars Total


Male population 8658

Male literates 6067

Female population 8880

Female literates 4732

Total literates 10799

% of study area literates to total population 61.57%

Male literacy rate 70.07 %

Female literacy rate 53.29%

The study area experiences a moderate literacy rate of 61.57%. The male literacy i.e. the percentage of literate males to the total males of the study area is observed as 70.07% while female literacy rate, which is an important indicator for social change, is observed as 53.29% in the study area.

3.7.6 Occupational Structure

The occupational structure of the study area is studied with reference to main workers, marginal workers and non-workers. The main workers include 10 categories of workers defined by the Census Department consisting of cultivators, agricultural laborers, those engaged in live-stock, forestry, fishing etc. mining and quarrying; manufacturing, processing and repairs in household industry; and other than household industry, construction, trade & commerce, transport & communication and other services.

Due to boom in Iron Ore in recent years majority of farmers as well as agriculture laborers are engaged in the mining activity. This information is not forthcoming from the Published Census Data.

The marginal workers are those engaged in some work for a period of less than six months during the reference year prior to the census survey. The non-workers include those engaged in unpaid household duties, students, retired persons, dependents, etc.; institutional inmates or all other non-workers who do not fall under



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the above categories. The occupational structure of the study area is shown in Table-3.32 and Table 3.33.

Table -3.32 Occupational Structure

Sr. No.

Name of Village

Total Population

Total Workers

Total Main Workers

Total main Cultivated Labors

Total Main Agricultural Labors

Total Marginal Workers

Total Non Workers

1 Akola 250 134 131 95 33 3 0

2 Bamhani 678 455 430 322 25 25 2

3 Belargondi 1338 738 733 598 96 5 0

4 Bhatgaon 650 336 336 273 37 0 0

5 Bhirawahi 1051 571 273 249 13 298 0

6 Bodra 167 100 49 42 2 51 0

7 Boirdih 38 22 21 9 0 1 0

8 Chhindgaon 1363 803 735 432 144 68 0

9 Dorba 853 493 491 478 6 2 0

10 Dulki 143 70 39 37 1 31 0

11 Gainji 1166 593 522 324 130 71 1

12 Goyanda 219 139 115 96 9 24 0

13 Hinganjhar 402 249 205 130 74 44 0

14 Jhitkatola 432 277 243 149 48 34 1

15 Kalwar 150 84 75 54 17 9 0

16 Kamkasur 113 62 36 25 9 26 0



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Sr. No.

Name of Village

Total Population

Total Workers

Total Main Workers




Total Non Workers

17 Katrel 112 70 65 57 8 5 0

18 Kodagaon 578 326 79 50 8 247 0

19 Kopedera 670 382 352 217 104 30 0

20 Kosmi 473 259 211 141 49 48 0

21 Kumudkatta 196 117 39 37 0 78 0

22 Kusumtola 876 464 443 318 100 21 1

23 Markatola 1287 713 693 495 139 20 2

24 Murar Gota 260 153 92 75 6 61 0

25 Naghur 481 281 217 160 29 64 0

26 Nalkasa 169 80 2 0 1 78 0

27 Nalkasa 78 53 36 27 6 17 0

28 Paindhur 288 162 133 95 32 29 0

29 Paiwani 372 196 184 135 36 12 3

30 Poswar 328 174 174 104 62 0 0

31 Pujari Para 458 292 276 243 29 16 0

32 Pusewada 549 291 150 105 35 141 1

33 Rasuli 89 52 40 36 3 12 0

34 Salhe Tola 87 50 29 29 0 21 0

35 Seoni 296 213 170 143 11 43 0



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Sr. No.

Name of Village

Total Population

Total Workers

Total Main Workers




Total Non Workers

36 Tamora 531 296 140 120 3 156 1

37 Tarunnagar 347 249 125 122 0 124 0

Total: 17538 9999 8084 6022 1305 1915 12

Source : Census of India 2001

TABLE-3.33 Occupational Structure of Study Area

Occupation Total

No. % to population

Total Workers 9999 57.01

Cultivators 6022 34.34

Agricultural laborers 1305 7.44

Total main workers 8084 46.09

Marginal workers 1915 10.91

Non-workers 12 0.006

Total population 17538 100

Altogether the main workers work out to be 46.09% of the area population. The marginal workers and non-workers constitute to 10.91% and 0.006% of the population respectively. The cultivators and agricultural laborers together form 57.01% of the total population.

3.7.7 Amenities Available



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Amenities available in the villages considered in the Study Area have been collected from Census Book for the District. Educational facilities, Healthcare facilities, Water supply, Communication facilities, Banking facilities, Road and Transportation facilities, availability of news papers & magazines etc., are covered in these amenities. It is noticed that villages have majority of all these facilities. The facilities available for all the villages in the Study Area is furnished in Table : 3.34. Health details and morbidity pattern is given in Table 3.35 & 3.36.



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TABLE 3.34 AMENITIES AVAILABLE IN THE STUDY AREA

Sl. No. Village Name AREA House

holds Educational Institutions

Medical Facilities

Drinking Water Supply

Communi-cation

Transpor-tation

Approach Road

Power Supply

1 Akola 142 42 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

2 Bamhani 1157 143 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

3 Belargondi Alias Sattaitola 681 239

P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EAG

4 Bhatgaon 702 117 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

5 Bhirawahi 585 207 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

6 Bodra 140 32 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

7 Boirdih 329 8 P,M PHS W,HP PH --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

8 Chhindgaon 370 268 P,M PHS W,HP PH --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA



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G

9 Dorba 838 150 P,M PHS W,HP PH --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

10 Dulki 180 24 P,M PHS W,HP PH --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

11 Gainji 659 205 P,M PHS W,HP PO,PT --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

12 Goyanda 233 44 P,M PHS W,HP ---- --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

13 Hinganjhar 452 72 P,M PHS W,HP ---- --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

14 Jhitkatola 361 94 P,M PHS W,HP ---- --- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

15 Kalwar 478 28 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

16 Kamkasur 111 25 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

17 Katrel 540 26 P,M PHS W,HP PO,PT BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G



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18 Kopedera 788 134 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

19 Kosmi 426 99 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

20 Kumudkatta 245 28 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

21 Kusumtola 364 161 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

22 Markatola 665 255 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

23 Murar Gota 231 48 P,M ---- W,HP ---- ---- PR,MR,FP ED

24 Naghur 733 88 P(2),M PHS,CH

W W,HP PO,PT ---- PR,MR,FP EA

25 Nalkasa 244 30 P,M CHW W,HP ---- ---- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

26 Nalkasa 35 15 P PHS,CH

W W,HP ---- ---- PR,MR,FP ED

27 Paindhur 246 55 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G



III-165


28 Paiwani 428 69 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

29 Poswar 172 61 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

30 Pujari Para 551 92 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

31 Pusewada 360 98 P,M PHS W,HP PH BS PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

32 Rasuli 298 13 P(2),M PHS,CH

W W,HP PH ---- MR EA

33 Salhe Tola 212 21 P(2),M PHS T,W,HP PO ---- MR EA

34 Seoni 345 48 P ---- W,HP ---- ---- PR,MR,FP ED

35 Tamoda 516 99 P ---- W,HP ---- ---- MR,FP EA

36 Tarunnagar 505 64 P,M PHS W,HP PH ---- PR,MR,FP ED,EA

G

Amenities if not available within the village, a dash (-) is shown in the column. Source: Village Directory CD–2001, Durg district, Chhattisgarh.


Comprehensive EIA / EMP studies for Mahamaya -Dulki Iron Ore mine of M/s. Bhilai Steel Plant

I-1

Abbreviations:

Educational Institutions Medical

Facilities

Drinking

Water Supply

P : Primary School PHC : Primary Health Centre

W : Well Water

M : Middle School PHS : Primary health sub centre

HP : Hand pump

S : Secondary School

MCW : Maternity & child Welfare

T : Tap Water

HS : Higher/ Senior Secondary School

CWC : Community Health Worker

TW : Tube well Water

Communication Transportation Power Supply

PO : Post Office Bs : Bus ED : Electricity for domestic use

PT : Post & Telegraph Office

RS : Railway Station EAG : Electricity for agriculture use

PH : Telephone Connection

EO : Electricity for other purposes

EA : Electricity for all purposes

Table 3.35 Morbidity Pattern of the Study Area

Sr. No. Diseases Month/ Year Registered No. of Patient

1. Malaria Jan – Dec 2009 208

Jan – Dec 2008 368

Jan – Dec 2007 196

2. Leprosy Jan – Dec 2009 27



I-2

3. Tuberculosis Jan – Dec 2009 231

Source: Block Medical Officer Community Health Centre, Rajnandgaon tehsil, Durg district, Chattisgrah



I-3

Table - 3.36 Details of Most Prevalent Disease in the region

Source: BSP Mines Hospitals

Sr.No. Diseases

1 Viral fewer

2 Gastroenteritis

3 Malaria

4 UTI (Urinary Tract Infection)

5 Asthma

6 Sickling (Sickle Cell)

7 High per tension

8 Diabetes Mellitus

9 Dyslipidmia (high cholesterol)

10 CAD (Coronary Artri Diseases)

11 Febrile Convulsion

12 Epilepsy

13 Alcoholism

14 Psychiatric problem (minor, major)

15 CVA (Ceribro Vascular Accidents)

16 Cancer

17 Accidents (Road Traffic)

18 Gyneac Cancer, Infertility, abortion

19 Kidney stone

20 Gallbladder

21 Common dental problem

22 Eye cataract problem

23 Skin Diseases (Tanea infection)



I-4

CHAPTER-IV

ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

4.1 Anticipated Environmental Impacts

4.1.1 Preamble

The mining activities proposed will have both positive and negative effects on the

surroundings. This change is called an impact. The impact could be either useful

or detrimental to the environment. The net impact could be determined by

evaluating the impact on various parameters. The parameters with adverse

impact due to unavoidable reasons have to be nullified, kept to the minimum or

brought to have positive effects by taking suitable corrective measures, to create

better environment. The project being considered will have a bearing on the

socio-economic aspects as well as on the environment due to mining and other

incidental activities. The impact depends upon the extent of mechanization,

method of mining, infrastructure facilities, environmental profile and

characteristics of environment.

The impact prediction due to the project has been made in respect of the

parameters considered in the present scenario. The quality parameters of

ambient air, water, socio-economic aspects, soil and solid waste, Health

aspects, inventory of flora and fauna due to mining operations in the buffer zone

over a period are available. These help in prediction of the impact more

correctly. Identification of environmental impacts is one of the basic analytical

steps in EIA for subsequent prediction and evaluation of impacts.

4.1.2 Construction Phase

The proposed project is only capacity enhancement of the existing mine and

impact due to construction work / activity is not anticipated except laying of

approach roads and haul road pits. During dry season, there would be the



I-5

problem of dust emission and noise production. The wildlife near the mining area

may be disturbed due to noise and dust pollution. Some trees needs to be cut in

forest area for construction.

The unstabilised excavated soil may responsible for water pollution. However, air

pollution is occurred due to transport of materials and the construction would be

insignificant considering the high assimilative capacity of this pristine environment and

dense forest cover around it.

4.1.3 Operational phase

4.1.3.1 Impact on Land use

The impact on land use pattern in the region can be divided into two distinct

domains, namely within and outside the mining area. The topography within the

mining area will have marked changes in the quarry area, the dump area and the

mining equipment area. No appreciable change in the topography is anticipated

outside mining area. The landscape and landuse pattern will have a change

within the mining area due to excavation, waste dumps and other allied mining

activities. The surface drainage in the mining area and outside mining area will

change due to mining activities and construction of Check dams.

4.1.3.2 Air Environment

Climate

Micro-climatic conditions such as temperature, rainfall, wind-speed and relative

humidity, etc are regional phenomenon and are affected only if there are

significant variations in the environmental set up.

Impact on Air Quality



I-6

The major source of air pollution into the atmospheric environment are:

1. Removal and dumping of over burden

2. Drilling and blasting operations

3. Extraction of ore by machinery.

4. Loading of ore into trucks.

5. Dump yard waste material.

6. Ore Transportation



I-7

Anticipated Impacts

In the open cast mine envisaged, mining operations such as drilling, blasting,

excavation, loading and unloading and movement of dumpers on haul roads are

expected to generate air-borne fugitive dusts. The fugitive dust released may

cause immediate effect on the mine workers, who are directly exposed to the

fugitive dust. Smaller size dust particles (<2µm) may be transported longer

distances by wind and may cause impact on the people residing nearby villages.

Dust Emission sources

Fugitive and non-fugitive dust emission sources during the iron ore mining are presented in Table 4.1.

TABLE: 4.1 Fugitive and Non-Fugitive Dust Emissions during Iron Ore Mining

S. No. Source Nature of

emission Frequency of

emission Nature of air

pollution

1. Top soil stripping

Fugitive and area source

Infrequent and pre-mining

Particulate matter (PM)

2. Drilling Fugitive and point source

Infrequent and operational phase


3. Blasting Fugitive and point source

Frequent and Operational phase

CO, NOx, SO2, H2S (slurry explosives)

4. Excavation of ore

Fugitive and area source

Very frequent and Operational phase


5. Waste rock dumping

Non-fugitive and point source





I-8

6. Loading and unloading of ore

Non-fugitive and point source



7. Material transport

Fugitive and line source



8. Heavy equipment exhaust

Non-fugitive and line source

Very frequent and Operational phase NOx, SO2, HC

Emission factors in opencast mining

The fugitive emissions from a mining activity are most frequently determined

from an emission factor method, although typical emission factors may be

significantly less accurate. Despite this in accuracy, emission factors are widely

used to estimate pollutant emission rates because there is at present no better

quantification method. Silt content, moisture content, drop height, wind speed,

wet days, precipitation evaporation index are the major factors governed in

fugitive emission rates. Some of the emission factors of interest in iron ore

mining are presented below:

1. Top soil stripping and dumping = 18.5 g/MT

2. Drilling = 75.0 g/hole

3. Blasting

The emission factor for blasting is given in Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Emission Factor for Blasting

Nature of Dust particle Gaseous factor (g/kg of



I-9

pollutant size in µm pollutants explosive)

Dust

< 2.5

2.5 – 15

15 – 30

-

-

-

5.1

41.0

49.9

Gaseous pollutants

- CO

NOx

SO2

34

8

1

4. Excavation of iron ore = 25 g/MT

5. Waste rock dumping = 20 g/MT

6. Haulage emissions = 980 g/ VKT (uncontrolled)

(Material transport) = 98 g/VKT (controlled)

7. Heavy mine equipment exhaust (grams per liter of diesel) is given in Table

4.3.



I-10

Table - 4.3 Emission factors for heavy equipment

Sl. No. Pollutant Wheeled

dozer Scraper Grader Front-end loader

Haul truck

1. CO 14.73 10.185 6.590 11.86 14.738

2. HC 1.557 2.276 1.557 5.15 1.557

3. NOx 34.27 31.03 30.43 38.46 34.27

4. SO2 3.714 3.714 3.714 3.714 3.74

5. SPM 1.797 3.235 2.636 3.474 2.156

Combination of emission sources for air quality modeling

The worst scenario of simultaneous operations of mining includes (1)

drilling, (2) extraction, (3) waste rock dumping are given in Table 4.4.

TABLE - 4.4 AIR QUALITY MODEL APPLICABILITY

Sl. No. Mine operation Nature of emission Air quality model

1. Drilling Point source FDM

2. Blasting Point source Puff model

3. Extraction of ore Area source FDM

4. Waste rock transport Line source FDM

5. Waste rock dumping Point source Puff model

Fugitive dispersion model (FDM)

The fugitive dispersion model (FDM) is a computerized air quality model

specifically designed for computing concentrations and deposition impacts of



I-11

fugitive dust sources. The model is based on the well known Gaussian plume

formulation for computing concentrations and also the model specifically transfer

deposition algorithm. Emissions for each source are apportioned into a series of

particle size classes. Gravitational settling velocity and deposition velocity are

calculated by FDM for each class. The model is designed to work on hourly

meteorological data.



I-12

The main equation is the FDM model is:

= β Vg - β 2 h)-(zVg -e

.u. ZQC 22

zzy σσπσ

++

−−2

2

2

2

22 zhze

zhze

σσ)()(

2

121 y 2

2V.e2

hz- V 4

++

+

−σσσ

βπ hzzuz

e 2.k2

z V erf 1

++

zhzσ

σ

where

β = u.2 .z

xσ

; V1 = ug – 2

gV . K =

xuz

2

2.σ

C = Concentration (g/m3)

Q = Emission rate (g/s)

σy, σz = Standard deviation of concentration in Y and Z direction (m)

x, y, z = Receptor coordinates (m)

Vg = Gravitational settling velocity (m/s)

h = Plume center line height (m)

k = Eddy diffusivity (m2/s)

Ug = Deposition velocity (m/s)

Puff model:

This model can be employed when the dust and gaseous pollutants are released

instantaneously into the atmosphere. The main equation in the puff model is

zyx

1

.. 2 σσσ∧= m

tyxQC ),,( exp.

+

−

− 2

22 y 21

yxutx

σσ



I-13

Where,

C (x, y, t) : The pollutant concentration of coordinates x and y at time

t (mg/m3)

1mQ : The mass of pollutant released (mg)

U : Wind velocity (m/s)

σx, σy, σz : The dispersion coefficients in the x, y an z directions

respectively (m)



I-14

Predicted Ambient Air Quality - Basic Input data requirements

The basic data inputs include the run stream set up file and the meteorological

data file. The run stream set up file contains the selected modeling options,

source location and parameter data receptor locations, meteorological data

specifications and output options. The meteorological data file contains the

hourly data on wind speed, wind direction, ambient temperature, atmospheric

stability class and mixing height. The meteorological for each season are given

in the Table - 4.5.

Table 4.5 Meteorology Inputs

Meteorology Inputs – Pre-monsoon season

Hour Wind speed

(m/s) Wind

direction Temperatur

e Stability

class Mixing

height (m)

1. 1.14 SW 301.5 F 300

2. 1.28 SW 304.0 F 320

3. 1.40 S 307.5 F 340

4. 1.68 SW 309.5 F 350

5. 2.14 SW 312.5 F 350

6. 2.74 SW 313.5 F 350

7. 2.86 SW 314.5 F 350

8. 2.94 SSW 315.0 B 750

9. 3.24 SW 315.5 A 1200

10. 3.64 SW 315.5 A 1400

11. 4.14 SW 314.0 A 1750

12. 3.64 SW 313.0 A 2200

13. 3.18 SSW 311.0 A 2400

14. 2.74 SW 310.0 A 2500

15. 2.62 SW 308.0 B 2700

16. 2.50 SW 307.0 B 2600

17. 2.40 SW 305.0 C 2500

18. 2.30 SSW 303.0 C 2500



I-15

19. 2.14 S 302.0 F 2300

20. 2.10 S 301.5 F 2000

21. 1.86 S 301.0 F 1400

22. 1.72 SW 300.5 F 1000

23. 1.52 SSW 300.0 F 750

24. 1.34 SSW 300.0 F 500

Post-monsoon season

1. 1.08 NE 288.0 F 90

2. 1.12 ENE 289.5 F 120

3. 1.12 ENE 291.0 F 140

4. 1.4 ENE 292.5 F 140

5. 1.86 NE 294.0 F 150

6. 2.46 NE 296.5 F 150

7. 2.58 NE 298.0 F 250

8. 2.66 NE 300.0 B 400

9. 2.96 NE 301.5 A 500

10. 3.36 NE 302.5 A 700

11. 3.86 NE 299.0 A 800

12. 3.36 NE 297.0 A 950

13. 2.9 ENE 294.0 A 1100

14. 2.46 NE 292.0 A 1200

15. 2.34 NE 291.5 B 1100

16. 2.22 ENE 290.5 B 1050

17. 2.12 NNE 290.0 C 950

18. 2.02 NNE 289.5 C 650

19. 1.86 ENE 289.0 F 400

20. 1.82 NNE 288.5 F 300

21. 1.58 NE 288.0 F 250

22. 1.44 NNE 287.5 F 180



I-16

23. 1.24 NNE 287.0 F 150

24. 1.06 NNE 286.5 F 100

Winter season

1. 1.04 NE 282.0 F 50

2. 1.08 ENE 283.0 F 50

3. 1.08 ENE 285.5 F 50

4. 1.36 ENE 288.5 F 60

5. 1.82 ENE 291.0 F 75

6. 2.42 ENE 293.5 F 90

7. 2.54 ENE 296.5 F 100

8. 2.62 ENE 298.0 B 160

9. 2.92 NE 299.5 A 220

10. 3.32 NNE 300.0 A 350

11. 3.82 E 299.0 A 800

12. 3.32 E 298.0 A 1200

13. 2.86 E 297.5 A 1300

14. 2.42 NNE 295.5 A 1500

15. 2.3 ENE 291.0 B 1500

16. 2.18 ENE 289.0 B 1400

17. 2.08 ENE 287.0 C 1300

18. 1.98 ENE 286.0 C 750

19. 1.82 ENE 285.0 F 550

20. 1.78 E 284.0 F 200

21. 1.54 NE 283.0 F 150

22. 1.4 NE 282.0 F 100

23. 1.2 NE 282.0 F 50

24. 1.1 NNE 282.0 F 50



I-17

Output data

The output may be obtained for short term (hourly, daily or monthly) averages or

long term (annual) averages. The predicted values are given in Table 4.6 – 4.8.



I-18

Predicted ground level concentrations Pre-monsoon season

Table – 4.6 Air Environment in the study area - Post project Scenario (PM10) (µg/m3)

S. No. Location name Baseline

scenario (max) Predicted

values Post Project

scenario

1 Core zone (Mine pit 3) 128 10.2 138.2

2 Corezone (Canteen) 117 9.2 126.2

3 Gajjitola 36 1.4 37.4

4 Dongarbhar 49 0 49

5 Kanikasur 48 0.8 48.8

6 Nergaon 57 0.3 57.3

7 Kumarkatta 75 2.8 77.8

8 Kopedera 83 4.1 87.1

9 Dupkatola 69 1.9 70.9

10 Katrel 41 3.2 44.2

11 Tuedand - -

12 Dulki - -

13 Markamtola - -

14 Resuli - -



I-19

Post Monsoon season

Table 4.7 Air Environment in the study area - Post project Scenario (PM10) (µg/m3)



values Post Project

scenario

1 Core zone (Mine pit 3) 89 8.3 97.3 2 Corezone (Canteen) 90 7.2 97.2 3 Gajjitola - - - 4 Dongarbhar 56 0.8 56.8 5 Kanikasur 60 0.5 60.5 6 Nergaon 49 1.2 50.2 7 Kumarkatta - - - 8 Kopedera - - - 9 Dupkatola 53 0 53

10 Katrel - - - 11 Tuedand 49 0 49 12 Dulki 74 5.1 79.1 13 Markamtola 57 4.9 61.9 14 Resuli 47 4.2 51.2

Winter season

Table s4.8 Air Environment in the study area - Post project Scenario ((PM10) (µg/m3)

S. No. Location name Baseline scenario

(max) Predicted

values Post Project

scenario

1 Core zone (Mine pit 3) 96 9.1 105.1


3 Gajjitola - - -

4 Dongarbhar 64 1.1 65.1

5 Kanikasur 65 0.5 65.5

6 Nergaon 54 1.8 55.8

7 Kumarkatta - - -

8 Kopedera - - -

9 Dupkatola 59 0.0 59

10 Katrel - - -



I-20

11 Tuedand 51 0.0 51

12 Dulki 78 5.2 83.2

13 Markamtola 65 5.1 70.1

14 Resuli 61 3.6 64.6

Post Monsoon season ( Nov.2012)

Table 4.7 Air Environment in the study area - Post project Scenario (PM10) (µg/m3)



values Post Project

scenario

1 Corezone (Mine Pit 3) 73 8.8 81.8


3 Tuedand 56 0.2 56.2

4 Dupkatola 52 0.2 52.2

5 Dulki 56 6.2 62.2

6 Markamtola 56 5.4 61.4

7 Kalangpur 64 0.5 64.5

8 Rasuli 56 0.8 56.8

9 Bodra 56 1.8 57.8

10 Kalwar 64 1.1 65.1

11 Dorba 62 0 62.0

12 Nagbur 52 0 52.0

It is clear from the predicted values that the concentrations of PM10 are below

the limits of NAAQS in the buffer zone (residential and rural area). However in

the pre-monsoon season, core zone values were found to be exceeding the

NAAQ standards (residential and rural area). However It is clear from the predicted values with baseline data, the concentrations of PM10 are below

the limits of NAAQS in the buffer zone and core zone. The air pollution

control measures discussed in this Chapter may be implemented to control the

fugitive dust emission in the corezone mining area. The isopleths of PM10 is

given for different season are shown in Fig. IV.1-3.



I-21

Prediction for vehicular emissions

In the present case, prediction of impacts has been carried out on 8 hourly basis

upto a distance of 500 m on either side of the roads of mines. It is predicted that

the maximum contribution to ground level concentrations of CO, HC, NOx and

SPM due to vehicular movement will be less than 3 µg/m3 beyond 500 m from

the road as the vehicular density is very less and is only due to mining activities.

So there will not be any significance impact due to vehicular emission at various

receptors within the study area, when taking into consideration the stipulated

standards of 80 µg/m3, 80 µg/m3 and 2000 µg/m3 for SO2, NOx and CO

respectively.

4.1.3.3 Impact on Noise Level

Once the mine becomes operational, there would be various sources of noise in

the area. These sources would be Drilling,Blasting,Operation of HEMM and

Vehicular Movement. Mining operations is the main sources of noise pollution.

Noise due to vehicular movement will be intermittent, but will also add to the

background noise level. It has been observed that mechanization of mining

technology generally leads to higher noise levels if not properly controlled.

Operation of drills, shovels, dumpers, pay loaders and dozers involve noise

generation above 90 dB(A),which is the prescribed Threshold Limit Value

(TLV).The anticipated Noise level in opencast mines due to Heavy Earth Moving

Machinery (HEMM) equipment is given in the Table 4.9.



I-22

Fig IV.1 Isopleths for SPM (Pre-monsoon)



I-23

Fig IV.2 Isopleths for SPM (Post monsoon)



I-24



I-25



I-26

Fig IV.3 Isopleths for SPM (Winter)



I-27

Table 4.9 Anticipated Noise level due to HEMM

Equipment Measurement

Location Noise Level dB (A)

Shovel, Operating Operator's Position 80-82

Shovel, Operating 03 m away 94-100

Electric Shovel Operating 10 m away 87-92

Dozer, Operating Operator's position 92-98

Equipment Measurement

Location Noise Level dB (A)



I-28

Dozer, Operating 10 m away 87-96

Drill, Operating Operator's position 94-98

Dumper, operating (50 t) 12 m away 88-102

Dumper, operating (80 t) 12 m away 70

Dumper, operating 03 m away 98-100

Dozer & Dumper both, operating 06 m away 95-110

.

It is being observed that at the mine site where heavy earth moving machinery is

in operation, noise level is more than the stipulated 90 dB (A) per DGMS Circular,

No 18 (Tech) of 1975. The noise level is within the tolerance limit at a distance of

15 to 20 m or so. The sound pressure level generated by a noise source

decreases with increasing distance from the source due to wave divergence.

Noise attenuation with respect to distance in all directions over horizontal distance

can be given by the following equation:

Sound level dB(A) = Lw - 20 log10 R-8

Where Lw = Sound level of source, dB(A)

R = Source distance, m

4.1.3.4 Impact on Water quality

Surface Water

There is no perennial water stream within or outside the mine lease area and

hence there is no impact on surface water quality.



I-29

Ground Water

The potential impact of mining would have negligible impact on the ground water,

as the site and its adjoining areas are, located at an elevated topography coupled

with mine run-off management planning and regional geology. The likely chances

of the contaminants reaching the groundwater are very rare. In general, no

significant on ground water quality in the study area.

4.1.3.5 Impact on Soil Quality

The soil fertility will have impact due to Surface mining operations comprising

removal of vegetation and topsoil disturbs the natural ecosystem due to land

degradation and dumping of overburden, and where erection and development of

plants, service /allied services buildings, colony, roads and drains are to be

executed. The impact assessment of various soil parameters are given in Table

4.10.

Table – 4.10 Impact Assessment of soil parameters

Parameters Impact Assessment

pH Existing pH of the soil level is neutral indicative and the

mining activities are mainly opencast, therefore, the likely

effect on surface soil quality will be to a few extent.

Electrical conductivity (EC)

Existing EC being <1.00 milli-mho/cm is not going to an

appreciable change as the mining activities are mainly

opencast, therefore, the likely effect on surface soil quality

will be to some extent. It will hardly attain harmful

germination condition level of EC in this project.

N, K & P The mining activities are mainly opencast therefore, dump

leachate may have to some extent the likely effect on

surface soil quality.



I-30

Parameters Impact Assessment

Soil characteristics,

erosion aspects and

Engineering parameters

The mining activities are mainly opencast, therefore, the

likely effect on surface soil quality will be in few extent.

4.1.3.6 Socio economical impacts and infrastructural developments

In terms of the major socio-economic impacts, the project will provide more direct

and indirect job opportunities and better economic standards to the people and

others, through improved infrastructural, community facilities etc. creation of civic

and welfare amenities like primary health care, communications, educational

institutes, recreational facilities, etc, that will develop along with the project will

ensure better quality of life for the local population. The increase in income

opportunities and employment potentialities in this sector is anticipated as the

mining activities increase, the other economic sectors starts gaining in

momentum. New avenues of employment in the sectors such as construction,

trade & commerce and service is also getting on the move resulting in shooting up

demand of workers and others. Population growth in the project area as well as in

the buffer zone is already accelerated owing to immigration of people from

outside resulting in increased job and income opportunities. The incoming

population to the project is already moved in search of jobs and thereby, a

problem of new human settlement come into existence, and additional worker

colonies start growing in. In view of that the existing civic amenities such as water

supply, power supply etc. is in improvement with the ongoing of the project. With

added educational, medical and communication facilities developed in the areas,

the standard of living has improved. With ongoing of mining activities additional

facilities for local population by way of better communication, postal services,

educational facilities, advanced medical services etc. are on in the area. There is

a marked change in social status of the area with opening of the project. State

Government is benefited through financial revenues in crores of rupees by way of

royalty, sales tax etc. from the -direct and indirect operations in the project area.



I-31

Central exchequer is also getting financial revenues by way of Income tax,

Central Sales Tax etc.

4.1.3.7 Impact on flora and fauna

There will be positive impact on flora and fauna due to the proposed plantation

activities and the conservation plan proposed for the forest and wild life. The

negative impacts are mainly due to Mining activities such as excavation for quarry.

This activity will guide to forest degradation, lost of vegetation cover. The

plantation work and forest and wild life conservation in scientific way by project

authorities will increase astheticity of the area and reduces impact due to air and

noise pollution.

4.1.3.8 Hazard assessment

Ground Vibration

Due to blasting, the vibrations can cause damage to the nearby structures if

appropriate control measures are not adopted. Blasting will also result in fly rocks.

The factors, which influence fly rock production, are long explosive column with

little stemming column, improper burden, loose material or pebbles near the holes

and long water column in the hole. The actual blasts at the mines are to be closely

monitored for any fly rocks and precautions against fly rock are to be taken. When

an explosive charge is fired in a hole, stress waves propagate radically in all

directions and cause the rock particles to oscillate. This oscillation is felt as ground

vibration. The existing mining operations using deep hole drilling and blasting

using delay detonators are bound to produce ground vibrations. Blasting, in

addition to easing the hard strata, generates ground vibrations and instantaneous

noise. Ground vibrations from mine blasting may be expressed by amplitude,

frequency and duration of blast. The variables, which influence ground vibrations

are controllable and non-controllable. The vibrations are measured as per the

assessment criteria given under Bureau of Indian Standard Criteria for Safety and

Design Structures Subject to Underground Blasts – IS : 6922 – 1973 (Reaffirmed

1995).Per the Standard, for safety of structures from threshold damage, the

ground particle velocity should not exceed the following:



I-32

• Soil, Weathered or Soft rock 50 mm/sec

• Hard Rock 70 mm/sec

The main impacts due to ground vibration are may be due to

• Development of cracks in the houses located in the neighboring areas.

• During blasting rock fragments mayfly up to a distance of about 150 m.



I-33

Possible accidents

The possible chances of accident in opencast mining operation are due to slope

failure of mine pit, OB dump slope failure, explosive handling, blasting operation ,

mine inundation., fire etc. These may cause severe impacts on life and property

unless proper care and mitigative measures have been adopted. The possible

accident and risk assessment with proper mitigative measures are as follows:

Slope failure in Mine Pit

The exposed ends of the mine benches and OB will be left with a safe slope to

avoid slope failure and collapse of benches. Similarly, at the end of mining

operation safe terminal pit slope-will be provided to avoid failure.

All the working benches will be under the direct supervision of project level

officials and all the necessary precautions will be taken to make the workings

safe.

Blasting

The risks involved in storage of explosives and its handling are:

• Accidental explosion due to adopting unsafe practices

• Poor blasting parameters leading to excessive ground vibrations, noise, air

blast and fly rock during blasting.

Accidental Explosion Due to Adopting Unsafe Practices:

All activities involving storage, handling and transportation will be in accordance

with the rules made under the Indian Explosive Act and conducted with proper

licences and approval from concerned authorities. All blasting operations will be

performed by competent persons taking adequate precautions to make the

operation totally safe. A detailed code of procedures for storage, handling and use

of explosives will be prepared and strictly followed. All the employees will be

trained and made conscious of adopting safe practices as per the safety policy

and procedures laid down by the company.



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Poor Blasting Parameters Leading to Excessive Ground Vibrations, Noise, Air

Blast and Fly Rock During Blasting. The frequency of blasting will be optimized by

conducting blasting once a week and also adopting multi-row blasting using delay

detonators. The blasting pattern, stemming column, charge per hole, etc. will be

designed so as to control the fly rock and the ground vibrations. Non-electric

shock tube initiation systems will be deployed to enhance safety of operations,

better blasting control and reduce noise due to air blast. Depending on the actual

experience once the excavation commences, blasting parameters can be

changed suitably to adhere to strict safety measures.

The following precautions have been suggested to avoid dangerous situation:

• The optimal blast design parameters will be implemented.

• A safety zone of 100m beyond the quarry limit is envisaged and controlled

blasting will be done keeping this aspect in mind.

• The blasting will be done at a fixed time as far as possible.

• All necessary precautions will be taken while blasting.

• Regular monitoring of vibration will be carried out and necessary precautions

will be taken while blasting.

• Before blasting is done, warning siren will be activated so that people can

move over to safe places.

Mine inundation

The mine pit will receive water from three sources namely, direct precipitation

over excavated area, surface run-off from the surrounding area and seepage

from the strata. During heavy rainstorms, there may be a situation when the

mine may get flooded due to ingress of water from the higher ground through

natural drainage. This may cause loss of human life, equipment etc. To guard

against this eventuality, the following steps will be taken.

• Provision of garland drain around the mine to prevent ingress of precipitation,

run off & keeping the same.

• Provision of sufficient number of pumps to pump out mine water during the

critical rainfall period.



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Road Accidents

Sufficient arrangements for illumination of road including haul roads will be

undertaken. Properly planned and designed road crossing will be implemented to

prevent vehicular accidents. Further haul roads have been planned in such a way

that the HEMM traffic will be away from the passenger traffic. These are likely to

prevent road accidents. All the dumpers are fitted with sound warning while

reversing, thereby preventing accident

4.1.4 Mitigative measures

4.1.4.1 Hazardous and accidents

Steps to be taken by the project authority to avoid hazards/accidents are as under

a) Mining

(i) Machinery maintained properly giving emphasis on preventive maintenance

(Replacing all worn out parts)

(ii) Imparting proper training to all the operators

(iii) Following strict traffic discipline

(iv) Not allowing unauthorized persons to enter the mine or traveling in the

dumpers or other units

(v) Storage, transport and use of explosives as per the provisions of

Explosives Act , Rules and DGMS issued in this regard.

(b) Slope failure of benches :

i) Regular bench geometry so as to keep the near all pit slope less than 45o .

ii) Regular inspection for cracks and crevices in benches and bench

movement including dumps.



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(c) Inundation :

Inundation of lower benches of the mine is a remote possibility. But this hamper

the mining operations on those benches but it is not likely to cause any

casualties.

(d) Fire :

To avoid occurrence of fire accidents within the mine the following management

measures shall be undertaken :

1. Proper maintenance of equipment including the electrical fittings

2. To have fire lines cut to avoid spreading of forest fires during summer seasons.

3. Provision of firefighting equipment at various installations

4. Training of personnel in fire fighting.

(e) Gaseous Pollutants :

The precautions such as proper maintenance of equipment shall reduce

gaseous emissions such as SO2, NOx and CO so that their emissions are below

the permissible limit in the mine environment.

4.1.4.2 Employment opportunities

There will be spontaneous economic stimulus in the area with the

commencement of opencast mine. Traders and private enterprises will grow in

the area with this economic growth. Besides, the State exchequer will derive

financial revenues through levy of royalty, sales tax etc. and Central Government

will also be, benefited by way of Central Sales Tax, Income Tax, Cess's etc.

4.1.4.3 Medical Facilities

Medical facilities are required to be increased by the project for their workers and

the people of the area. Every worker is to be periodically checked up once in

every five years keeping proper record of their health profile including X-ray and



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laboratory tests by establishing and extending pathological facilities.The

importance of such periodical medical examination is to detect and prevent

occupational diseases like Pneumoconiosis and Tuberculosis. The mining

activities expose workers to some injuries and health hazards. Incidence of

occupational disease and injuries and health hazards has not been recorded in

those health centers / hospitals.

Preventive measures

The project authorities have adopted following measures to prevent occupational

diseases and health hazards.

• Pre-employment, periodic medical examination of employees.

• Regular monitoring of working environment and implementation of safety and

control measures, to prevent hazards.

• Use of protective equipments, clothing, helmets, Gas mask, shoes, etc.

• Periodical medical examination-of every worker is done once in five years to

detect preventable and curable diseases at an early stage.

• Lung Function Test (LFT)

• Cases suspected having Pneumoconiosis is examined by a Special Board

constituted by the Chief Medical Officer. Established cases are suitably

compensated and their job is changed if required.

4.1.4.5 Solid Waste Disposal and Its Management

Planning of OB dumps

Rate of yearly generation of waste and proposal for deposal of waste for

next five year.

Year Top Soil Overburden/Waste Mineral Rejects

2011-12 Nil 645744 Nil

2012-13 Nil 757066 Nil

2013-14 Nil 704099 Nil



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2014-15 Nil 741884 Nil

2015-16 Nil 767514 Nil

Total Nil 3616308 Nil

Waste generated from the M-1,M-2 ,M-3 & D-1 pits is dumped at the waste

dump located in the south-eastern slope. The area selected is a non-mineralised

& away from any perennial water source. The height of dump during the year

2011-12 will be 20 mtrs. The waste quantity generated during 2011-12 to 2014-

15 is 1723026 tonnes, will be proposed to dumped in the existing dump.

Rate of yearly generation of sub-grade mineral is given as below:-

YEAR SUBGRADE MINERAL (G.F.)

2011-12 154929

2012-13 116403

2013-14 85311

2014-15 87652

2015-16 124593

Total 568889

Around 45-55 % Fe content mineral being encountered during mining

considered as sub-grade mineral and being stacked separately for future

consumption in dump. The height of the dump will be 5 mtrs. Around 55-58 % Fe

content is available in sub-grade material and quantity of total G.F. accumulated

in G.F. dump is approx. 2 MT. It is also dumped in non-mineralized zone.

4.1.4.5 Control measures for air pollution



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Following air pollution control measures are being done and will be practiced

within the mining area and at ore handling plants.

• Saplings planted on OB dump, road side and colony to arrest dust.

• Mobile water sprinklers deployed in mine.

• Stationary sprinkler installed in the mine haul road from mine entry.

• Overloading of trucks is strictly prohibited.

• Ore transportation through covered trucks

• Optimum blast hole geometry will be followed to reduce the dust during

blasting.

• Regular monitoring of ambient air quality of the project area & its surroundings

villages

4.1.4.6 Water management

Management of surface water drainage

Garland drains will be made around the periphery of the quarry. These garland

drains will be connected to the local nalla which is not likely to be disturbed by

mining operation. In the workings, heavy duty pumps will be deployed in rainy

season which will throw the accumulated water from the working face into these

garland drains. As the extraction of the quarry advances, the position of garland

drain will also advance. Thus these garland drains will drain of the rain water away

from the workings. There are 14 nos. of check dams were already constructed and

10 nos. are proposed in earmarked area

Mine Water Discharge

The mine water discharge which needs treatment before discharge to the surface

water drainage. The collected water at the floor of mine sump will be pumped to

the settling tank where suspended solids will get settled. The clear water after

sedimentation will be reused for water sprinkling, plantation etc.

Water Conservation



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The waste water recycling after due treatment for the purpose mentioned above

will enable conservation of water. Storage of conserved water in mine pits will be

given due emphasis to provided water round the year and quality of water will be

maintained before and after storage.

Rainwater Harvesting Scheme in Study Area

The general range of ground water levels in the phreatic aquifer varies from 4.25

to 10.2 meter below ground level in pre-monsoon period, while in post-monsoon

period it varies from 0.60 to 7.20 meter below ground level.

The recharge ponds will be developed and minimum distance between two

structures within same pond should be kept as 50 m. Rainwater Harvesting

(Percolation) structures will also be made along road side or in open areas

wherever feasible as per physiographic gradient. The minimum spacing between

two such structures shall be at least 100 m.Existing defunct/abandoned

wells/tubewells may be connected to the recharge structures. Rain water

harvesting structure shall be made in all office buildings of Mahamaya mine.

4.1.4.7 Control measures for Noise

The present noise levels are below the prescribed limits. If the impulsive noise

levels increase due to mining operation, suitable measures will be adopted to

maintain the noise level within permissible limits at working zone.

To keep the ambient noise levels within the permissible limits of 65 dB(A), the

following measures should be adopted:

• Innovative approaches of using improvised plant and machinery designs, with

in-built mechanism to reduce sound emissions like improved silencers,

mufflers and closed noise generating parts

• procurement of drill, loaders and dumpers and other equipment with noise

proof system in operator's cabin

• confining the equipment with heavy noise emissions in soundproof cabins, so

that noise is not transmitted to other areas

• regular and proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including the

transport vehicles and belt conveyors, to maintain the noise levels



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• blasting operations to be carried out only during daytime so as to avoid high

noise intensity in night time

• provision should be made for noise absorbing pads at foundations of

vibrating equipment to reduce noise emissions

• thick green belt should be provided at the mine periphery, within the mine

lease area along the roads and all around the working areas, to screen the noise.

Blasting Vibration Control Plan

Vibration standard

Ground vibrations due to blasting and its impact on various mine structures, to be

studied in details when the mine becomes operational, especially the charge per

delay factor. Drilling and charging pattern should accordingly modified based on

this study. A proper management plan should be designed and administered. The

general measures to reduce ground vibration & flyrocks resulting from blasting are

given below:

• Peak particle velocity or ground vibrations for safety of nearby structures and

residential buildings should be well within 12.5 mm/sec

• to contain fly rocks, stemming column should not be less than the burden of the

hole, and the blasting area should be muffled

• short delay detonators should preferably be used in blasting rounds rather than

detonating fuse as trunk line

• detonating fuse, if used, should be covered at least with 150 mm thick cover of

sand or drill cuttings

• blasting should be carried out in the daytime, as during the night time the sound

intensity becomes higher

• blasting should not be carried out when strong winds are blowing towards the

inhabited areas

• each blast should be carefully planned, checked, and executed under the

supervision of a responsible officer. Blasting data/observations should be

recorded

• Bruggs mesh shall be provided as and when required for arresting any fly rocks



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and boulders from mining operation

As per the mining plan, in order to ensure slope stabilization, controlled production

blasting shall be adopted to avoid tension cracks and back breaks. Such cracks

may get filled with water, which reduces the stability of excavated slopes and the

angle of slopes.

Warning

Before blasting is carried out, warning sound will be given so that people can move

to safe place.

4.1.4.8 Green Belt Development

Plantations including Dust Filtering Trees

The tree and shrub vegetation will be grow around the beneficiation plant and by

the side of roads which act as dust filters and sink to the fumes coming from

blasting, heavy machinery and heavy vehicles.

Dust filtering trees will be planted by the side of roads including haul roads in

mining lease area, at infrastructural facilities like crushing plant, beneficiation

plant. Green belt will be developed around crushing plant, beneficiation plant.

The green belt will be developed by making use of diverse local tree species,

fodder plants, fruit trees and grass species of fodder importance.

The plantation and green belt would provide habitat for birds and arboreal

animals as well as natural environment for wildlife and may not scare away due

to aesthetic environment.

Selection of Plant Species for Greenbelt

The plant species suitable for green belt development will be selected based on

the following characteristics.

• Diverse fast growing local plants



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• They should have thick canopy cover

• They should be perennial and evergreen

• They should have high sink potential for pollutants

• They should be efficient in absorbing pollutants without significantly affecting

their growth.

Plan for Plantation

The plant species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using

pitting technique. The pit size will be either 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm or 60 cm x 60

cm x 60 cm. Bigger pit size is prepared on marginal and poor quality soil. Soil

used for filling the pit will be mixed with well decomposed farm yard manure or

sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry

weight basis) for 45cm x 45 cm x 45 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm size pits

respectively. The filling of soil will be completed at least 5-10 days before actual

plantation. Healthy sapling of identified species will be planted in each pit. The

list of air borne dust collector trees are as follows..

• Azadirachta indica (Neem)

• Bauhinia purpurea (Keolar)

• Butea monosperma (Palas)

• Cassia fistula (Amaltas)

• Delonix elata

• Ficus benghalensis (Bargad)

• Ficus religiosa (Peepal)

• Lagerstroemia parviflora (Lendia)

• Mangifera indica (Aam)

• Polyalthia longifolia (Ashok)

• Tamarindus indica (Imli)

• Tectona grandis (Teak)

• Terminalia arjuna (Sagwan)

• Thespesia populnea (Karra)

4.1.4.9 Mine closure plan



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This progressive mine closure plan has been prepared as a statuary document

required with the mining plan required to be for renewal of mining lease.M/s

Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP), a subsidiary of Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL), is

having a mining lease of 1522.67 Ha. known as Mahamaya - Dulki lease situated

in the Durg district of Chattisgarh State.This is an opencast mine being worked

manually. At present the mine is producing @ 0.96 million tonnes of ROM per

year. The ore produced is feed to Bhilai steel plant at Bhilai, Chattisgarh State.

The production is proposed to increase 1.460 MT per year.

Considering the availability of reserves, rate of production and the demand of

iron ore, at present there is no any proposal to close the mine. The item wise

explanation for this is as follows:

a. Exhaustion of mineral

Considering the availability of reserves and the present rate of production the

life, of the mine is more than 10 years. Hence the mine will be closed only after

complete exhaustion of mineral in the leasehold.

b. Lack of demand

At present the iron ore demand is very high and the rates in the national and

international market are also showing a rising trend, thus there is no iogical

reason for ceasing the mining activity.

c. Uneconomic operations

At present the iron ore is in high demand and is fetching a high sales price, thus

will fetch a good profit. It is expected that this trend will continue for another 10

years.

d. Natural calamity

Since the leasehold is not in a seismic zone, and situated on top of the hill, the

possibility of closure due to natural calamity like earthquake or flood is not

expected.

e. Directives from statutory organisation or court



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No directives have been issued for closure of the mine from any statuary

organization or court for this lease.The calculated life of the mine based on

available reserves and the proposed production plan is about 10 years and shall

be abandoned during the year 2020. A final mine closure plan incorporating time

schedule for abandonment shall be submitted before one year of its closure as

per rule

Abandonment Cost

The activity wise cost estimation for abandonment area as under:-

a) The protective and rehabilitation measure cost @ Rs.1.5 lakhs/ hect.

- 0.30 crores

b) Desilting of check dams for 2 years - 0.20 crores

c) Environment monitoring mechanism for 2 years - 0.10 crores

d) Unforseen expenditure towards corrective measures for safety & environmental protection measures & statutory payment

- 0.20 crores

e) Dismanting of structures - 0.10 crores

f) Miscellaneous expenditures - 0.20 crores

Total Estimated cost - 1.10 crores



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Mine Closure Monitoring & Auditing

The mine authority shall comply with the closure plan approved. Monitoring of the

plan will be carried out at the project site during the life of the project and at each

stage of the closure. The mine authority has an ongoing responsibility for

rehabilitation of its mine site to the point where the site can be returned to the

concerned. The company should create organization at mine, area and

headquarter level to monitor the operation of mine closure.

There will be an organization / team of supervisory officers / staff and workman for

implementing and carrying out various activities of mine closure. A team of

employees will continue at the mine site even after the mine is closed, to see

that completion criteria are met or not. The last phase of the closure may take 4

to 5 years of time even after production of ore is stopped. The mine authority will

finally withdraw from the area after the implementation of closure plan.

CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

5.1 Preamble

Several measures have been suggested in the Environment Management Plan

(EMP) for mitigation of identified adverse environmental impacts. These have to

be implemented to ensure compliance with the environmental regulation and

also to maintain a healthy environmental conditions in and around the project.

A monitoring strategy is required to ensure that all environmental resources

which may be subject to contamination are kept under review and hence

monitoring of the individual elements of the environment is necessary. The

Environment Lab at Dalli – Rajhara will be entrusted with this responsibility. The

officers of EMD will assess the progress and analyze the data periodically. In



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addition to the above, the project will take all necessary steps to implement the

safety measures as per DGMS guidelines.

5.2 Meteorological Station

It is necessary to monitor the meteorological parameters regularly for

assessment and interpretation of air quality data by installing a weather station to

record the following data

• Wind speed and direction

• Rainfall

• Temperature and humidity

5.3 Air Quality

BSP will monitor the ambient air quality for the parameters PM10, PM2.5, SO2,

NOx,CO,NH3,Ozone and Heavy metals regularly at 6 locations in and around the

mine (downwind direction and where Max. GLC of Particulate Matter) as per the

NAAQ Standards 2009.

5.4 Water Quality

Ground water will be sampled regularly once in a season from various locations

around the mine site to ascertain the trend of variation in the water quality, if

any. The surface water quality in the nearby nallah and check dams will be

analyzed once in a month as per GSR 422E.The drinking water will be monitored

and analysed as per IS.10500 norms once in a month.

5.5 Drainage System

The effectiveness of the drainage system depends on proper maintenance of all

drainage pipes/channels. Regular cleaning of drains will be done to remove

accumulated sludge/sediments. The catch-pits linked to the storm water drainage

system from the areas will also be regularly cleaned to ensure their effectiveness.

This exercise will be carried out during the pre monsoon.

5.6 Noise Levels



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Noise levels will be measured at the source of generation on quarterly basis- It is

desirable that the noise attenuation measures are taken at the design stage

itself. However, in case of high noise generating equipment which are not

frequented by the project personnel, the area may be clearly marked as `High

Noise" area and the employees be provided with personal protective equipment

like ear plugs/ear muffs.

5.7 Plantation Monitoring

The project authority at field level will continuously monitor the growth and

survival/mortality rates of the plantations till the end of 3 years ".Once trees

attain desired growth, no further monitoring will be required.

5.8 Socio-Economic Development

BSP will undertake various social welfare programmes for up-liftment of

surrounding villages.BSP will have structured interactions with the plant

surrounding villages people to disseminate the measures taken by the proponent

and also to elicit suggestions for overall improvement of the surrounding villages.

5.9 Action Plan for Land Reclamation and Plantation

Details of action should be made for systematic land reclamation and plantation

on a regular time schedule. The action plan should delineate the quantum of

overburden to be excavated, backfilled, the plantation schedules etc. Interaction

with different Government Departments like Department of Agriculture,

Chhattisgarh State forest department, Forest Research Institute would give

additional technical guidelines. Guidelines from State and Central Ministry of

Environment and Forest will be obtained for effective implementation of EMP.

5.10 Health Monitoring

A regular system exists under which all the new appointees are subject to IME

(Initial Medical Examination) and regular employees are covered by PME

(Periodic Medical Examination) for monitoring health of the workers and staff

associated with the mining operations and other connected industrial activities

for identifying occupational diseases etc. in time and initiating remedial



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measures. Mobile ambulance will also be used for such programmers to monitor

the health of the population around the area.

5.11 Emergency procedures

In the process of regular monitoring as per the schedule discussed in the

preceding sections if any environmental parameters such as air quality, water

quality, noise levels etc. found to be above the prescribed levels of standards

immediate control measures are adopted at the source of generation of

pollutions.

5.12 Budget

The total budget for environmental monitoring shall be 20 Lakhs / Annum.

CHAPTER VI

6.0 Additional Studies

6.1 Public consultation during EIA Studies

The proposed ML area of Mahamaya–Dulki Mines falls under the districts of

Rajnandgaon and Durg in Chhattisgarh state. Two separate Public hearings

were conducted on 17.02.2011 and 02.05.2011. Around 195 and 231 public

were attended in the above public hearings at Rajnandgaon and Durg districts

respectively.

Chhattisgarh Environmental Conservation Board in their letter Nos.

TSCECB/2011 dated 10.03.2011 and 28.06.2011 has forwarded the

proceedings of PH for the two districts separately along with other documents

and CD’s of video recording to MOEF, GOI.

6.1.1 Comments of Responders on key issues

The proponent has identified the following issues,

Employment



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Most of the responders of the two districts were asked about the job

opportunities. The main queries raised were as under

• The villagers are highly unemployed and employment should be given to the

local persons. Dulki mine should be opened to resolve the unemployment

problem.

• Provide jobs for unemployed youths in mine

• The mechanization of the mines to be closed and mine workers are to be

employed for Iron ore excavation

• As far as possible avoid appointment on contract basis and provide regular

jobs.

• The Outsiders should not be entertained to get jobs in the Mahamaya mines

• ITI centres are to be opened at Kumarkatta



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Socio-economic issues

• Education is most backward in this area and schools may be opened.

• Primary Health Centres and Hospitals to be provided

• Education to be provided as per the choice of the people

• Improve infrastructures like road, electricity & water supply

• New Bridges across the water bodies to be constructed for transportation

• Hand pump and drinking water facilities may be made to the location people

• Mahamaya Temple and road from Mahamaya to Nalkasa should be

developed

• Health facilities should be made within the Grama Panchayat, Kurumkela

• There should be plan for physically disabled peoples

Land Acquisition issues (of the existing other mines of BSP)

• No compensation is paid to the land losers.

• Compensation should be provided for the affected farmers due to the project

• The crops were damaged and compensation to be given

Pollution aspects

• Air pollution will be increase due to blasting and Transportation

• The nearby nallahs and fields were polluted due to mining

• The water is contaminated with Iron ore

• The proposal for overburden waste may be explained

• The fields become barren due to red soil

• The proper water sprinkling is not done and all the roads were polluted

• Iron ore fines entering to the crop fields may be avoided

Green belt development

• The existing tree plantation may be made



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6.1.2 Reply and Action Plan

After observing the above comments and suggestions raised during public

hearing, the following solutions / action plan were made by BSP. The details of

Public Hearing, proceedings and action plans were given in Annexure III.

Rajnandgaon district

• New mines being opened to increase the production of steel

• Opening of Mines will not harm to anyone.

• Industry has experience of mining in the last 60 years. Therefore, during

mining pollution or any other losses will be taken care of.

• The contaminated water produced from Dulki mines will not released through

the nallah or else it will be prevented through check dam. Already 14 check

dams were constructed and 10 more is proposed. The EMP given in the EIA

/EMP report will be strictly followed to control the water pollution

• Control Blasting will be adopted

• Pollution is mainly generated during crushing. Crushing will be at Dalli-

Rajhara, so it will not cause pollution

• Pollution will not be built. By cleaning the indoor streets from time to time

• Camp and other facilities would be provided in terms of health.

• According to the plan 20 children of rural areas will be provided with Living,

dining as well as education in Bhilai by BSP.

• More capacity stoves will be made available to villagers to reduce fuel

consumption according to CSR

• There will not be any displacement of habitation and no revenue land will be

acquired

• It is mentioned that the pollution due to Hitkasa dam in relation to water

pollution is to be prevented by making check dam to prevent red water

entering to farms.

• The affected have been given compensation of Rs. 2.5 crore so far.



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• Village street light burning is to be done through the solar energy system

• The development of community is taken care by the industry with CSR

activities.

• To prevent the air and water pollution impacts due to the proposed mines will

be prevented / controlled by strictly following the EMP and the conditions of

Consent from State Pollution Control Board / EC conditions by MoEF,

New Delhi.

Durg district

• Industrialization is essential for the development of the country.

• The village infrastructure is also important to the BSP government. BSP will

work with the local administration to provide infrastructure facilities as per the

CSR activities of SAIL

• The convenience of local residents expected to increase employment after

opening of Dulki mines

• mechanization is required to run Mines as far as possible we will do the work

manually

• SAIL – BSP have its own R&R policy and it is not possible that BSP

management has not given compensation after acquiring the land of a poor

people. However any complaints received will be re-examined by the

management.

• The employment will be given to the local residents as per qualifications and

skills as per government rules as BSP is a Public Sector Undertaking. It is not

possible to give full employment but BSP management will try to reduce the

unemployment

• BSP management will try to do work manually

• Education will be adequate. Special attention will be given in collaboration

with State and Central Government



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• Two percent of mines gain will be spent in rural areas which will facilitate

them is decided by BSP management

• Iron ore fines went to many villages which destroyed the fields. The fields

have been reclaimed by giving 1.72 crs. And the villagers are happy and the

remaining land will be rectified after getting the written complaints

• After opening of mines the land which will be affected, will be given

compensation till now 2.5 crore has been given

• About 10 lakhs plantation has been done.10 times plantation will be done by

management

• BSP make their own road as well as roads are made for convenience for

other people as per the CSR Initiatives

• The maintenance for jharan temple road is under discussion, in few days the

work will be completed.

• Water is sprinkled on the road for dust and which will be done regularly

• There will be facility for hand pump

• For better education the schools are handed to BSP in contract basis

• There is a need for ITI in Mahamaya which will be established soon after

discussion with the Management and local administration

• The area of health center in hospital will be increased. The treatment which is

not possible here will be taken to Rajhara or else to BSP, Bhilai

• Culverts, community buildings, etc. will be made in the nearby villages as per

the CSR activities

• To prevent the air and water pollution impacts due to the proposed mines will

be prevented / controlled by strictly following the EMP and the conditions of

Consent from State Pollution Control Board / EC conditions by MoEF, New

Delhi



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6.13 Action plan to address the issue rose during public hearing with time frame and financial allocation

The main issues in the Public Hearing were identified as education, health, road,

employment, infrastructure, development and environment have been discussed and

the response/clarification is given below:

Sr. No.

Component Issues of Public Hearing Response by BSP

1. Education - Enhance education facilities

- Open more school,

- Budget of Rs. 25/- lakhs provided for EMP.

- BSP provides financial aid to DAV public school which allows admission of children of local people.

- Special quota for children of local people is provided in all BSP managed school.

- Every year 20 children from local community selected by BSP for educational facilities. Some of them are now players of national levels.

2. Health - Improvement of health and medical facilities

- Improve drinking water facilities

- Primary health centers and hospitals has to be started

- For health and family welfare scheme Rs. 25/- lakhs is allotted for EMP.

- BSP owned hospital provide good and subsidised medical facility for local community.

- Till date 52 medical camps have been organized in the study area.

3. Road /Rail - Proper road management of PWD road

- Lack of pucca road - The road from Mahamaya

to Nalaksha should be developed

- Rs. 170/- Lakhs allocated for improvement of the village road.

- Under CSR scheme, BSP allocated Rs. 430/-Lakhs for road construction Amount submitted to Government of Chhattisgarh

- The budget allocation for the project for infrastructure development is 100 Lakhs

4. Employment - Provide employment to the youth

- Provide regular employment instead of contract jobs

- A budget of Rs. 80/- Lakhs has been allocated for improvement of the economic up-liftment activities such as dairy development, poultry farming and improvement of agricultural practices in the region.



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Sr. No.

Component Issues of Public Hearing Response by BSP

- Proposed project improve the job opportunity in the area.

5. Infrastructure - Lack of infrastructure and its development

- Improve basic amenities

- New bridges across the water bodies

- Provide hand pumps to local people

- Under CSR scheme Rs. 8/- Crores has been spent for construction of bore well, road culvert, murum road and Chiklakasa high school.

- In addition to that Rs.100/- lakhs of budgetary provision has been made for improvement of infrastructure facilities.

- Till date 50 Nos. of water bore wells have been drilled in the study area.

6. Environment - Affect the flora and fauna

- Dust emission from mine road

- Plantation around the plant

- Occasionally discharge of red water

- Air pollution due to transportation and blasting

- Red water does not get mixed in natural source. 10 check dams have been provided for this purpose.

- Pollution control activities such as air pollution, water pollution, tailing pond facilities, occupational health, biological environment, greenbelt development, socioeconomic development, rainwater harvesting and other cost of environmental control and monitoring measures is envisaged with an amount of Rs. 678.00 Llakhs.

Oppose - Oppose for mechanical processing facilities as it will reduce job opportunity.

- Oppose to engage external contractor

- Harassment by contractors to common people.

- Suitable measures shall be taken so the local people can not be harassed by contractors.

Support - Mining work should continue

- No shortage of iron ore - BSP- glory of India - Benefit to local people

by new plant due to employment

- Development due to BSP plant

- Thanks for the valuable support from the local people during the public hearing



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Financial Allocations

Sr. No. Activities Amount Allocated (Rs. in Lakhs)

1. Infrastructure 100.00

2. Economic upliftment 80.00

3. Environmental Control & Monitoring 20.0

4. Pollution control 678

9. Rainwater harvesting 50.00

Total Rs. 928.0

6.2 Risk Assessment and Disaster Management Plan

It is presumed that the proposed mining would be designed and engineered with

all possible safety measures and standard code of practices. In spite of this,

there may be some design deficiency or due to operation and maintenance faults

which may lead to accidental events causing damage to life and property. This

chapter presents an over view of environmental risk associated with various

mining operations, suggested remedial measures and outlines of the emergency

preparedness plan.

6.2.1 Risk assessment

The objectives of environmental risk assessment are governed by the following,

which excludes natural calamites.

a. To identify the potential hazardous areas so that necessary design safety

measures can be adopted to minimize the probability of accidental events.

b. To identify the potential areas of environmental disaster this can be

prevented by proper design of the installations and its control operation.

c. To manage emergency situation or a disastrous event, if any from the mining

operation.



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6.2.2 Identification of hazards

During the operation of the proposed open-cast mechanized mine, the following

risks have been identified.

1. Filling up the mine pit due to excessive rains.

2. Failure of slope in the pit.

3. Failure of slope of external dump.

4. Fly Rock Fragment from Blasting Operations.

5. Accidents of heavy machinery.

6. Surface fire (Electrical and Oil).

7. Possible Danger due to Storage of Explosives.

The hazard potential and consequences of hazards are presented in Table 6.1

Table 6.1: Hazard potential of various mining operations

Sl. No.

Item Hazard Potential

Remarks

1. Failure of slopes in mine-pit Moderate Land Slides

2. Failure of slopes of external waste dumps

Moderate Erosion of solids during precipitation surface water pollution

3. Accidents due to blasting operations Major Flying of rock

fragments, injury damage to property

4. Accidents due to mining machinery Major Permanent disability/death

5. Surface fire Major Fire and injuries

6. Sabotage of explosive magazine Major Explosion/ Property damage injuries/death

7. Filling-up of the mine pit due to excess rains

Major Inundation/stagnation of mining work



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6.2.3 Risk Management

Filling up the mine pit due to excessive rains

Filling up the mine pit due to excessive rains in the worked out area is a remote

possibility. Normally there will be sufficient warning time before such as incident

takes place harming equipment and human life. However, as a precautionary

measure, interceptor ditches along the outer boundary of the pit area

constructed to control inflow of runoff into the mine pits. Water that collects in the

mine pit from rainfall will be pumped out from the pits, using submergible pumps,

if required.

Failure of slope in the pit

In order to allay dangers due to open cast slope failure, slope stability

estimations have been made after determining various physical parameters of

the ground mass like uni-axial compressive strength, tri-axial compressive

strength, cohesion, angle of friction, specific gravity of the rock, water pressure

etc. Besides, all the discontinuities have been plotted in stereo plots, which

indicate that there is no chance of any planer failure or wedge failure. Even then,

factor of safety has been determined against overall slope failure as well as

against individual bench slope by circular failure, planer failure, wedge failure.

Besides determining factor of safety the slopes are monitored at regular intervals

to check for any possible failure. The well-developed drainage system over the

lease area ensures that storm water does not accumulate in the lease area and

therefore hydrostatic pressure remains at a low level.

Thus all types of measurements and inspections will be carried out. The mine

has been designed based on the above considerations with sufficient safety

margins to eliminate any chances of slope failure in the pit.

Fly rock fragments and vibrations due to blasting

Trial blasting results from nearby mines have been used to arrive at the field

empirical equations based on which the charge per delay has been regulated to



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protect the nearby structures. All precautions related to control of fly rock will be

taken during the blasting operations. Safety zones of 500 m as per statute are

being maintained. The nearest habitation is too far to be affected by fly rock.

Accidents of heavy machinery

Most of the accidents during transfer of dumpers, trucks and other vehicles are

often attributed to mechanical failures, in which the factor of human errors can

not be ruled out. Regular maintenance and testing of all mine equipment as per

manufacturers guide lines can largely eliminate accidents of heavy machinery.

Surface fire

Spillage of HSD and resultant fire constitutes a potential risk. The quantity of the

maximum oil, which can spill, is not much and can be easily controlled. Sufficient

numbers of portable fire extinguishers have been provided at strategic locations

to take care of any eventuality.

Danger due to storage of explosives

Adequate safety zone has been provided as per statutory requirements while

locating the magazine. The magazine has been constructed as per plan

approved by Department of Explosives. The following have been considered in

the design of the magazine.

Ø All dry vegetation within a 15 m radius cleared.

Ø Lighting arrestor installed on the magazine roof.

Ø A safety zone around the magazine created.

Ø In summer, the temperature inside the magazine is monitored to guard

against spontaneous fire.

Ø The manufacturing dates of all explosives stored in the magazine are

carefully recorded so that no explosive whose shelf life has expired is kept

in stock.

In case of any fire, whosoever notices the fire will sound the alarm and inform

the shift-in-charge. The shift-in-charge will inform security personnel and arrange

to evacuate all personnel, except those who are required for fire fighting, from



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the area. The fire brigade shall be summoned to deal with the emergency.

Concerned district officials will be informed. Nearby hospitals will be informed to

standby to handle casualties.

6.2.4 Preparedness Plan

A major emergency is one, which has the potential to cause serious injury or loss

of life. It may cause extensive damage to property and serious disruption both

inside and outside the work zone area. Sometimes, it would require the

assistance of outside agencies. The aim of disaster Management is concerned

with preventing accidents through good design, operation, maintenance and

inspection, by which it is possible to reduce the risk of an accident. An important

element of mitigation is emergency planning, i.e recognizing accidents that are

possible, assessing the consequences of such accidents and deciding on the

emergency procedures, both onsite and offsite, that would need to be

implemented in the event of an emergency. Emergency planning is a critical

aspect of safety and cannot be considered in isolation.

The on-site plan is called Disaster Management Plan (DMP) and the off-site plan

is called Emergency preparedness Plan (EPP). Both the elements recognize

clearly the responsibility of line and staff to necessitate immediate action when

need arises.

Onsite Emergency

Types of emergency in respect of Donimalai Iron ore mine are classified into the

following three categories.

1. Fire

2. Explosion

The following are the measures proposed to be undertaken in respect of onside

emergency management plan i.e., Disaster Management.



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Fire and Explosion

1. The quantity of explosives will not be stored in excess of the licensed

capacity of each magazine at any time.

2. Opening, weighing and packing of explosives will not be carried out in the

magazine house.

3. First in - First out method of usage of explosive is envisaged. Further, the

un-used explosives returned back from the mine site to the magazine

house will be re-used immediately during the next available opportunity.

4. The interiors of the magazine houses will be constructed in such a way

that all the fittings including that of doors, ventilators, shelves, benches,

etc., shall be as per requirement of Explosives Act, 1884 and Rules

thereof. They shall not possess any exposure of iron or steel, grit or any

such material making a possible spark with the explosives. Brass hinges

will be used for doors.

5. Lighting conductor as recommended by the Controller of Explosives

would be installed at rooftop of each magazine house to prevent any

incidence of natural electric discharge on to the magazine house. In no

case, the resistance would be more than 10 ohms. This resistance will be

measured monthly once by competent electrician appointed for the

purpose and suitable records be maintained.

6. All materials capable of producing fire viz., cotton, match boxes, polyester

or similar clothes, etc. will not be allowed into the magazine houses.

Further, smoking will be banned in the premises of the magazine and

blasting sites.

7. The magazines will be well maintained and "Z" ventilation with mesh wires

will be done as to ventilate the area only to the desired level and avoid

excess oxygenation inside the houses.

8. Adequate security of armed personnel from Central Industrial Security

Force has been provided for the magazines.



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9. The explosive packages will be stacked to maximum height of 3m with a

free board of at least 1m to the roof in such a way so as to allow the

movement of at least one person to check the condition of all packages

stored and to read the manufacturing particulars of each package.

10. A distance of 15m surrounding each magazine house will be kept clear of

grass or brush or flammable materials within the fenced areas.

11. Every packet of explosive at the time of bringing inside the magazine will

be examined for its sound condition.

12. Not more than 4 persons will be allowed inside any magazine house at

any given time.

13. Only authorized persons nominated by the Mines Manager will be allowed

to enter the premises.

14. For charging and stemming a shot hole, only wooden tamping kits will be

adopted.

15. No re-boring or tampering of a charged hole will be done either before

firing or after mis-fire.

16. Before commencing the shot firing, sufficient warning to the public by an

efficient system of signals, sirens and by putting up red flags in the danger

zone will be given so as to restrain men entering into the active area.

17. The work personnel will be allowed to enter the danger zone area only

after the "all-clear signal" is given.

18. In the event of mis-fire, all provisions as per regulation no.167 of

Metalliferrous Mines Regulations (MMR) 1961, framed under mines

act,1952 will be followed. The holes will be fired by duly qualified

personnel only taking all standard precautions.

19. Regulation No.162 of MMR 1961 dealing with the procedure for drilling,

charging, stemming and firing of shot holes will be strictly compiled with.



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20. The transport of explosives to and from the magazines will be arranged

utilizing an approved explosive van.

21. No person will be allowed to take any naked light other than an enclosed

light or electric torch into any of the explosive magazine houses.

22. Arrangements will be made for using the explosives at the first available

opportunity or for return the same to the magazine, if any, found at the

mine face due to mis-fire during mineral excavation operations utilizing

the services of properly qualified blasting personnel.

23. Water in a small sump will be provided at the entrance of each magazine

house for cleaning the feet of persons entering into it, to avoid any chance

of entry of grit particles.

For the above listed emergencies, a systematic response plan is worked out.

The salient feature of the response plan is given below.

The following control and co-ordination locations are identified to provide contact

points for the various services involved.

1. Initial emergency action calling fire tender, medical assistance and

security.

2. The shift incharge to coordinate the emergency initially.

3. Sounding of alarm, sirens etc.

Duties and Responsibilities

The prime and foremost responsibility of the management in the event of

occurrence of any major accident is to avoid creating panic in the work force and

neighborhood.

The emergency organization is prepared so that responding persons are clear

about various actions required to be taken by them. It is proposed to give wide

publicity about this plan to the employees through the safety and training

department along with learning programmes. The emergency situation will be



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initially managed by shift personnel and when the Mines Manager / Addl.

General Manager (production) arrives at the site, the emergency organization

will be taken over by him. The responsibilities of the emergency officers are

listed below:

Shift In charge

v To Inform mines manager about the emergency and site of accident

v To inform time office for ambulance

v To inform security officer for Siren/Fire brigade

v To inform project hospital to alert doctor/Medical Administrator

v To arrange water tanker, transport vehicles etc.

v To rush to the site for evacuation and relief works

Mines Manager

v To inform General Manager / E.D. / Agent

v To rush to site to oversee relief works

v To inform DGMS, Controller of explosives

v to inform State Environment Control Board authorities

v To inform Civil / Electrical departments to maintain Fire Water Supply and

Power supply

v Key personnel representative to handle Emergency Plan are:

Shift Personnel

v Shift Incharge in the mine

v The time office personnel on duty



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v Shift Maintenance Engineer

v Telephone exchange incharge

v Medical Officer or Nurse on duty

v CISF Security Officer on duty

Senior Officers

v General Manager / Executive Director

v Mines Manager / Additional General Manager (Production)

v Manager, Fire and Safety at Training Institute

v Personnel Manager for Administration and Security

v Medical Officer / Medical Administrator

Disaster Information Flow

In case any disaster due to fire or explosion, minimum information shall reach

the control points. Every person who comes to know about disaster first informs

the emergency officer (Shift in charge) and the time office/security; office

concerned. The channels for passing the above information are made available

as follows:

Flow of disaster information is shown in Plate VI.1.

Emergency Response Plan

The nominated emergency officer, once gets the information shall take charge of

the situation and arrange for the rescue and other facilities like Ambulance, Fire

Tender and he will also inform Mines Manager, Electrical and Water Supply

sources, Hospitals etc. for the rescue work.

On-site Emergency plan initially to be dealt by shift in charge and then by Mines

Manager. The on-site emergency plan showing the response mechanism is



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depicted in the flow chair (Plate VI.2). The following services shall also be

arranged for taking up the emergency work.

A. Fire Services

Call for the fire fighting tender by special siren, mobilization for firewater from

storage, etc. Request for outside Fire Brigade from Dalli – Rajhara if needed.



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Plate VI.1 - Disaster Information flow, DIOM

Channels § Telephone § Wireless § Messenger

Plate IV.2 - Response Mechanism-Onsite Emergency Plan Preparation

Magazine /

Emergency Officer

(Shift In-charge)

Time Office / Security Office

Security Office / Fire Brigade District Authority

/ Police

Project Taluk & District Hospitals

Emergency Officer

(Shift In-charge / Mines Manager)

ED / GM / Agent Electricity &

Water

Transport Administration

Dept. Pit Safety Committee

Time Office / Ambulance



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Organization for meeting emergency

Key Person Organization position

Telephone No.

Office Residence

Chief Controller Agent & MM 07748 – 259340 07748 – 285069

Site Controller Sectional Head 07748 – 259186 07748 – 285190

Liaison Officer Personal Officer 07748 – 259186 07748 – 283092

Communication Officer

Production Control

07748 – 259186

Security Officer I/C CISF, IOC 4229 3496

Asst. Security Officer I/C CISF, Mine Gate

4121

Fire Officer Fire Officer 3000 3000

Medical Officer Medical Officer Rajhar Male Hospital,

3020,

07748 – 283717

3041

Elect. Supervisor Elect. I/C. 07748 – 259186 07748 – 259186

Safety Officer Mine Foreman (Safety)

07748 – 259186 07748 – 259186

Transport Officer Garage I/C 07748 – 259186 7748 – 259186

B. Medical Services

Arrange for Ambulance van to the site, call for the medical and para-medical

staff to attend emergency at hospital and site. Arrange for casualty transport to

the Hospital, alternate medical facility outside if needed.



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C. Security

Mobilization of manpower for rescue work, traffic control, blow special siren for

calling Fire Brigade, evacuation, security of the area and liaison with police,

mode control.

D. Transport

Transport in charge to arrange transport vehicles like Bus, Car, Van etc.

Maintenance and upkeep of Ambulance and Fire Tender of all types render

assistance to Site in charge and Personnel officer for transporting the

causalities.

8.6 Offsite Emergency Plan

The off-site emergency plan deals with those incidents, which might have the

potential to harm the persons or affecting the surrounding community outside the

boundary. The off-site emergency plan provides guidelines for the individual role

and/or collective role during an emergency under overall directions of the

Executive Director / General Manager of the Project; it also serves as a ready

reference to all the agencies like fire fighting, medical services, civil defense,

district administration etc. for taking immediate actions.

The key feature of a good off-site plan is its flexibility in its application to various

emergencies. The responsibility for the off-site plan will be likely to rest either

with the mine management or with the local authority.

Some of the aspects to be included in off-site management plan are as follows:

Organization

Names and designation of incident controller, site main controller, their duties

and other key personnel are identified for immediate action in the matter.

Further, details of the command structure, warning systems, implementation

procedures, emergency control centers are as follows:



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Communication

Identification of personnel involved, communication center, call signs, network,

list of telephone numbers.

Special emergency equipment

Details of availability and location of heavy lifting gear, bulldozers, specified fire-

fighting equipment, fireboats.

Voluntary Organization

Details of organizers, telephone numbers, resources etc.

Information on Hazardous material storage etc.

Details of the hazardous substances stored or processed on each site and a

summary report of the risks associated with them.

Meteorological Information

Arrangements for obtaining details of weather conditions prevailing at the time

and weather forecasts.

Humanitarian arrangements

Transport, evacuation centers, emergency feedings, treatment of injured, first

aid, ambulances, temporary mortuaries.

Public Information

Arrangements for (a) dealing with the media-press officers, (b) informing

relatives etc.

Assessment

(a) Collecting information on the causes of the emergency, (b) reviewing the

efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.

Role of the Emergency Co-ordination Officer

The various emergency services will be coordinated by an emergency

coordinating officer (ECO), who will be designated by the district collector. The



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ECO will liaise closely with the site main controller. Again depending on local

arrangements, for every severe incident with major or prolonged off-site

consequences, the external control will be passed to a senior local authority

administrator or even an administrator appointed by the central or state

government.

Role of the Local Authority

The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The

emergency planning officer (EPO) appointed will carry out his duty in preparing

for a whole range of different emergencies within the local authority areas. The

EPO will liaise with the Works, to obtain the information to provide the basis for

the plan. This liaison will ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date.

It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations,

which will be involved in handling the off-site emergency, know their role and are

able to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate

equipment to cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans

will be organized by the EPO.

Role of Police

Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and

property and controlling traffic movements. Their functions will include controlling

by-standers, evacuating the public, identifying the dead and dealing with

casualties and informing relatives of death or injury.

Role of Fire Authorities

The control of a fire will be normally the responsibility of the senior fire brigade

officer who would take over the handling of the fire from the site incident

controller on arrival at the site. The senior fire brigade officer will also have a

similar responsibility of other events, such as explosions and toxic materials

release. Fire authorities in the region will be appraised about the location of all

sorts of flammable materials, water and foam supply points, and fire fighting

equipment. They will be involved in on-site emergency rehearsals both as



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participants and, on occasion, as observers of exercises involving only site

personnel.

Role of Health Authorities

Health authorities, including doctors, surgeons, para-medical staff, mobile

hospitals, ambulances etc. will have a vital part to play following a major

accident, and they will form an integral part of the emergency plan.

For major fires, injuries will be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a

varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but

extreme cases may be generally available in most hospitals.

Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities

additional to those available locally, and a medical “mutual aid” scheme should

exist to enable the assistance of neighboring authorities to be obtained in the

event of an emergency.

Training

The training of mine personnel is conducted regularly with respect to environmental

protection. Training facilities are also extended to equipment maintenance and

operation also to the operators. Training will cover the following fields.

v Awareness regarding pollution control and environmental protection.

v Operation and maintenance of pollution control equipment.

v Afforestation / plantation and post care of plants.

v Field monitoring, maintenance and calibration of pollution monitoring

instruments.

v Chemical analysis of various environmental parameters at laboratory.

v Repair of pollution monitoring instruments.

v Knowledge of norms, regulations and procedures.

v Occupational health and safety.



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v Risk assessment and disaster management plan.

CHAPTER VII

PROJECT BENEFITS

7.1 Preamble

In view of more industrialization, the demand of iron ore has increased

substantially in the recent past. In accordance with Mission and Objectives of

M/s. Steel Authority of India Limited and National Steel Policy, SAIL proposes to

enhance its production capacity of Mahamaya mines from 0.96 MTPA to 1.46

million Tone per annum. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading

steel-making company in India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker,

producing both basic and special steels for domestic construction, engineering,

power, railway, automotive and defense industries and for sale in export

markets. The company is ranked amongst the top ten public sector companies in

India in terms of turnover, SAIL manufactures and sells a broad range of steel

products, including hot and cold rolled sheets and coils, galvanized sheets,

electrical sheets, structural’s, railway products, plates, bars and rods, stainless

steel and other alloy steels. SAIL produces iron and steel at five integrated

plants and three special steel plants, located principally in the eastern and

central regions of India and situated close to domestic sources of raw materials,

including the Company's iron ore, limestone and dolomite mines. The company

has the distinction of being India’s second largest producer of iron ore and of

having the country’s second largest mines network. This gives SAIL a

competitive edge in terms of captive availability of iron ore, limestone, and

dolomite which are inputs for steel making.

Bhilai Steel Plant (BSP) is India's sole producer of rails and heavy steel plates

and major producer of structural has won Prime Minister's Trophy for best

Integrated Steel Plant in the country for Nine – times. The plant is the sole

supplier of the country's longest rail tracks of 260 metres. BSP has an annual

production capacity of 3.153 MT of saleable steel, the plant also specializes in

other products such as wire rods and merchant products. BSP is accredited with



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ISO 9001:2000 Quality Management System and IS0:14001 has been awarded

for Environment Management System in the Plant, Township and Dalli Mines. It

is the only steel plant to get certification in all these areas. The Plant is

accredited with SA: 8000 certification for social accountability and the OHSAS-

18001 certification for Occupational health and safety. These internationally

recognized certifications add value to Bhilai's products and helps create a place

among the best organisations in the steel industry. Among the long list of

national awards it has won, Bhilai has bagged the CII-ITC Sustainability award

for three consecutive years.

7.2 Following aspects of State Industrial & Mining Policy favours the establishment of the proposed project

• Government accords highest priority to the objectives of dispersal of

industrial investments in various backward regions / districts of the State so

that the fruits of economic development and employment opportunities are

shared by all segments of society and in all parts of the state in as equitable

manner as possible.

• To focus on strengthening of the manufacturing industry in the state and to

increase its percentage share in the GSDP from the present average of

16.70% to over 20% by the end of the policy period.

• Special incentives for entrepreneurs setting up units in backward areas.

Additional incentives for units promoted by entrepreneurs from the category

of SC/ST, Minority, Women, Physically challenged & Ex-servicemen.

• To maximize value addition to the mineral extracted, the state is encouraging

maximum investments in down stream industries.

• Priority will be given to the entrepreneurs who propose establishment of

industries for value addition with in the vicinity of the mineral bearing areas.

• To promote indigenous utilization of Iron Ore fines and Beneficiation of low

grade ore.

7.3 Employment and income effects



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Employment and income generation are the most important aspects that need

detailed investigation in case of any project. The present project has some

positive employment and income effect. A sizable number of local persons are

likely to be involved in different activities. For execution of the project, a large

number of people will be required directly and indirectly. This will create a huge

employment and income effect on the socio-economy of the study area. So far

indirect employment is concerned, the effect is very strong and widespread. The

project is expected to generate indirect employment and income which is 4-5

times higher than the direct employment.

The project will generate revenues to the State and Central governments. Some

of the potential economic benefits likely to be accrued from the project are as

follows:

• Earnings by the Govt. by way of taxes levies and duties like ED, IT, VAT,

TDS etc

• Business opportunities for the local entrepreneurs to set up small and

medium scale industries

• Business opportunities for the local entrepreneurs serving as service

providers, suppliers, contractors

• Investment opportunity for local infrastructure development

Thus, the proposed project will facilitate in catalyzing the development of

infrastructure, health care, upliftment of civic amenities, education for economic

upliftment of the locals and improvement in their living standards.

7.4 Improvement in the Physical Infrastructure

Road

Improvement and extension of the existing network is, essential to develop remote

areas, better connection between the economic centers of state, and also cross-

border transport and for personal mobility of the masses.

Rail Network



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Railways provided an important mode of transportation in the public sector

spreading over the entire country. It contributes to the country’s economic

development by catering to the needs of large-scale movement of freight as well

as passenger traffic and is a major source of promoting integration among the

masses. Railway provides transport facility to people and handles freight above

600 million tons annually. The Indian railway is intended to modernize the vast

railway network, keeping both the economic and social dimensions in mind.

7.5 Other Tangible Benefits

The other tangible benefits will be in the form of township hospital and schooling

facilities which will also help local population to enjoy the fruit of better facilities in

nearby. BSP also will undertake various community welfare measures for up-

liftment of plant surrounding villages. These measures include:

• Encouraging female education

• Encouraging entrepreneurship among locals Vocational training

• Upgrading one/ two primary school buildings and play grounds.

• Adoption of few villages for infrastructure development (Sanitation, water

supply, education, primary health)

• Construction of bus shelters.

• Health camps and eye camps.

• Improvement of road network in the nearby villages

• Traffic islands, wherever required in Bellary / project surroundings. CHAPTER VIII ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT

After collection of base line data, subsequent identification, prediction and

evaluation of impacts, EIS has been delineated for five basic environmental



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components that are likely to be affected or benefited due to the proposed

project and its allied activities. For proper assessment of environmental changes

in the coming years, impacts predicted due to proposed project are presented for

each environmental parameter in Table 8.1.

EIS has been furnished for the following;

I. Air Environment

II. Water Environment

III. Noise Environment

IV. Land and Biological Environment

V. Socio Economic Environment

TABLE 8.1 COMPARATIVE CHART OF VARIOUS IMPACTS

Component Impact Due to Plant

I. Air Environment

1. Air Quality Impact scenario of air component due to the

proposed project is insignificant.

2. Meteorology The meteorological data collected confirmed that

the climatic status of the study area is consistent

with regional meteorology. The project activity

that is coming up has very negligible influence on

the meteorology of the region. As such, the same

pattern may continue.

II. Water Environment

3. Water There is no perennial water stream within or

outside the mine lease area and hence there is no

impact on surface water quality. The potential



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impact of mining would have negligible impact on

the ground water, as the site and its adjoining

areas are, located at an elevated topography

coupled with mine run-off management planning

and regional geology. The likely chances of the

contaminants reaching the groundwater are very

rare. In general, no significant on ground water

quality in the study area.

4. Water Supply The impact on the water resources in and around

the mine is significant. Water conservation

practices, especially storage of Rainwater in mine

pits would likely fulfill the water requirements to

the project.

III. Noise Environment

5. Noise There may be slight increase in noise levels due to

the proposed project such as Dumper, Blasting,

vehicular movement etc,. Proper Noise

attenuation such as enclosures, green belt

development will minimize the noise impact to

the surrounding environment.



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IV. Land and Biological Environment

6. Flora and Fauna Greenbelt has a positive impact on flora.

7. Land use No adverse impacts are anticipated on land use of

buffer zone due to the proposed mining

operations, as all the mining activities will be

confined to core zone only, except mine site.

8. Landscape Rich plantation improve the visual effect.

9. Livestock Positive impact due to demand for milk, eggs and

meat.

10. Solid waste The OB generated will be disposed off in ear

marked dumpsite.

V. Socio Economic Environment

11. Educational Facilities No significant impact is anticipated immediately.

12. Medical The proponent will provide medical facilities in

the study area

13. Occupational Facilities Some of the employees will find direct

employment and many others indirect

employment.

14. Transportation Slight impact due to increase in vehicular traffic.

15. Economic aspects Local economy may improve through employment

and rise in commercial activity.

CHAPTER – IX



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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

9.1 General

This chapter discusses the environmental management plan (EMP) to minimize

the identified adverse impacts of the proposed 1.46MT enhanced capacity of

Mahamaya Iron ore mine. This section discusses the management plan for

mitigation/abatement of adverse environmental impacts and enhancement of

beneficial impacts due to mining. The EMP has been designed within the

framework of various Indian legislative and regulatory requirements on

environmental and socio-economic aspects. The implementation and monitoring

of pollution control measures and for overall environmental management,

environmental cell at the area and corporate level will take all necessary care.

It will look after the following aspects of environmental management.

• Generation of environmental data bank.

• Evolving micro environmental management plan for the project in

collaboration with other agencies and consultants.

• Monitoring project implementation along with environmental control

measures.

• Co-ordinate with other project activities to ensure timely implementation

of the project.

• Co-ordination with Ministry of Environment & Forests, Central / State

Pollution Control Board for prevention and control of water and air

pollution.

This organization will be responsible for:

• Implementation of environmental control and protection measures and

• Monitoring of the implementation system.



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9.2 Objectives of EMP

The objectives of the proposed EMP are aimed for meeting five basic

requirements, namely,

i) To integrate comprehensive monitoring and control of impacts.

ii) To comply with the environment protection regulations.

iii) To ensure that adverse environmental impacts on the baseline are

minimized,

and

iv) To plan for ecologically sustainable development (ESD) within the frame

work of existing legislation and environmental management policies.

9.3 Applicable regulations

Following regulations on environment protection have been considered in

formulating this EMP:

• Section 21 of the Air (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

• Section 25 and 26 of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,

1974

• The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989

• The Hazardous Wastes Management Handling Rules and Transboundary

Management Rule 2000

• The Noise Pollution (Regulations and Control) Rules, 2000

• The Environment (protection) Rules, 1986.



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9.4 Implementation Organization

The responsible for implementing management plan would rest with the project

officer of the project, who would be properly assisted by team of qualified and

trained personnel. The existing environmental lab at Dalli - Rajhara will carry

out the task and responsibility connected therewith.

• Pollution Control Measures

• Plantation / Greenbelt Development

9.5 Environment Management Plan

9.5.1 Ambient Air quality Management

Mitigative measures suggested for air pollution controls are based on the

baseline ambient air quality of the area. From the point of view of maintenance

of an acceptable ambient air quality in the region, it is desirable that air quality

is monitored on a regular basis to check compliance of standards as prescribed

by CPCB. In case of non-compliance, appropriate mitigative measures need to be

checked. The proposed mining operations and related activities are expected to

add to the levels of air borne particulate mainly during daytime. The addition of

gaseous pollutants due to the proposed mining activities is expected to be

relatively low.

Controlling dust level

Dust would be generated during blasting, mining, crushing operations, and also

during handling and transportation of the material. An amount of Rs.50 Lakh is

allotted for capital investment and Rs.15 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost.

The suggested control measures are:

Mines

Dust suppression systems (water spraying) shall be adopted at:

• faces/sites before and after blasting, • faces/sites while loading; and • use of sharp teeth for shovels. • Dust extraction systems to be used in drill machines; and



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• use of sharp drill bits for drilling holes and drills with water flushing systems (wet drilling) to reduce dust generation.

Stock-piles

• Mist sprays to be provided at appropriate places for preventing dust

pollution during handling

• OB waste dumps shall be sprayed with water, as they are the major

source of air borne particulate matter/dust.

Haulage

• regular water spraying on haulage roads during transportation of ore and

waste by water sprinklers;

• transfer points to be provided with appropriate hoods/chutes to prevent

dust emissions; and

• Overloading of trucks is strictly prohibited

Controlling of CO level

Expected increase in the CO concentration is very low as CO emissions from the

proposed mining operations are less as compared to other pollutants. Heavy and

light vehicles are the major sources of CO in the mine. All vehicles and their

exhausts would be well maintained and regularly tested for pollutants

concentration.

Controlling of NOx level

NOx emissions in the mine mainly occur during blasting operations. The main

reasons for NOx emissions are:

• poor quality of explosives having large oxygen imbalance. This may be

due to manufacturing defect; and · use of expired explosives in which

ingredients have disintegrated.

• Incomplete detonation, which may be due to low Primer to Column ratio.

• To ensure low NOx levels following control measures would be adopted:

• use of good quality explosives having proper oxygen balance with regular

monitoring;



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• regular updating of the date of manufacture/expiry to avoid confusions. A

normal procedure should be formulated to check/visually inspect all

explosives, and if disintegrated ingredients are spotted, the explosives

won't be used, even if the date has not expired.

9.5.2 Control measures for Noise

The present noise levels are below the prescribed limits. If the impulsive noise

levels increase due to mining operation, suitable measures will be adopted to

maintain the noise level within permissible limits at working zone. Mine workers

are generally exposed to a higher risk of hearing impairment than most other

industrial workers.

The circular of Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) prescribes a

permissible level of 90 dB(A) for exposure without any protection for a maximum

duration of 8 hours: DGMS has recommended 115 dB(A) as the noise level at

and above which appropriate ear protection device should be used and 140

dB(A) as the level where no worker should be allowed to enter even with ear

protection device. An amount of Rs.20 Lakh is allotted for capital investment

and Rs.5 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards Noise control measures.

Noise control measures at the mine can be broadly classified into three types,

namely (i) administrative control, (ii) engineering control and (iii) personal

hearing protection (Ref.Prof.B.B.Dhar,Environmental Management of Mining Operation, Ashis Publishing House, 1990). A brief outline of each of the

control measures is outlined below:

Administrative control:

The staff roster should be so planned that none of the workers working in noisy

environment gets over-exposed to noise beyond the permissible duration. Other

administrative control techniques include providing proper noise· proof enclosure

for the workers separated from the noise source and noise prone equipment.

Engineering control:



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The effective attenuation of noise can be achieved by source control measures

such as:

Ø Selection of quieter mining equipment and machineries

Ø Retrofitting additional noise control device as required

Ø Installation of anti-vibration devices in crushing and screening

equipment

Ø Housing of the crusher separately to contain noise

Ø Covering by casing of the crusher internal elements to reduce

transmission of impact noise.

Ø Carrying of blasting during day time. Blasting shall not be carried

out in stormy and rainy weather and during lighting.

Ø Provision of noise proof cabin for operators and exhaust silencers

for all mine transport equipment.

Personal hearing protection: Personal hearing protection can be considered

as an accepted method of minimizing the impacts in a noisy environment.

Personal hearing protection devices include earplugs with glycerine soaked

cotton and earmuffs.


The following factors will be given special attention to minimize effects of

blasting:

• Charge per delay

• Charge per round

• Over charging will be avoided

• Distance from the structures (Scaled distance)

• Type of initiation & sequence of delay

• Stemming material used will be moist.

• Blasting time (safety aspect)



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The blasting will be done at a fixed time as far as possible. As per the mining

plan, in order to ensure slope stabilization, controlled production blasting shall be

adopted to avoid tension cracks and back breaks. Such cracks may get filled

with water, which reduces the stability of excavated slopes and the angle of

slopes.



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9.5.3 Water quality Management


Garland drains will be made around the periphery of the mine. These garland



season which will throw the accumulated water from the working face into these

garland drains. As the extraction of the quarry advances, the position of garland

drain will also advance. Thus these garland drains will drain of the rain water

away from the workings. An amount of Rs.41.5 Lakh is allotted for capital investment and Rs.10 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards water

pollution control measures.

Mine Water Discharge

The mine water discharge which needs treatment before discharge to the

surface water drainage. The collected water at the floor of mine sump will be

pumped to the settling tank where suspended solids will get settled. The clear

water after sedimentation will be reused for water sprinkling, plantation etc.

Water Conservation

The waste water recycling after due treatment for the purpose mentioned above

will enable conservation of water. Storage of conserved water in mine pits will

be given due emphasis to provided water round the year and quality of water

will be maintained before and after storage.

Silt water control

During the monsoon period, run-offs from the overburden dump and top soil

dump would be checked at the check dam. The check dam would prevent

carryover of fine solids to the peripheral drain, which finally follows the natural

slopes down the hill. The check dams would be made from boulders by cement

pointing. In addition the overburden dump would have garland drains all around

for each terrace of adequate size so that velocity is appreciably reduced to

enhance the settling of the fine particulate. Rock lined wide mouthed drains with



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catchpits or silting pond need to be constructed near the crushing plant and

R.O.M. stockpile for arresting the carryover of ore dust to the drainage channels

on the hill slopes.

Check Dams

Check dams are proposed to avoid flow of material during monsoon season so

that the natural water courses are not polluted.

The water so collected would be utilized for watering the mine area, roads, green

belt development etc. The drain should be regularly de-silted and maintained.

The garland drain (size, gradient and length) and sump capacity should be

designed keeping 50% safety margin over and above the peak sudden rainfall

and maximum discharge in the area adjoining the mine site. Sump capacity

should also provide adequate retention period to provide proper settling of silt

material.

Girdle walls:

Girdle walls are proposed in order to prevent the sliding of the dump materials

and protect the soil erosion with agave and grass plantation on dumps for

stabilization.

9.5.4 Management of Land Environment

Land management is required in the key areas like land use scheme within the

ML area, calendar plan, mine bench advancement to arrest indiscriminate

degradation of landform, top soil preservation, overburden management, soil

erosion control and the restoration of the mine pits. On each of these prime

areas of land management, the following schemes are proposed. An amount of Rs.25 Lakh is allotted for capital investment and Rs.7 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards Management of Land environment.

Land use



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The ML area is principally degraded land and has sporadic patches of very little

shrub vegetal cover in the hill slopes. The core zone landscape shall be

improved by tree plantation, scrub growth etc.



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Calendar plan

The calendar plan for such surface mining operation depicts the excavation

planning of overburden as against rising of minerals in each year upto a specific

period of mining. It ensures the landform change in a planned manner, one of

the essential tools for land management. The development of iron ore mine

would be in phases spread over a period of about 4-5 years.

Mine bench planning

This is again required for planned way of changing the land form and safety

aspects for meeting the desired mine production level. Determination of bench

height for exploitation of mineral deposit depends largely on topography of the

land, geological characteristics, best practicable utilization of excavation

equipment and the scale of operation. It is regulated by the provisions of Mines

Act 1952 and the Metaliferrous Mines Regulations, 1961.

Mine roads:

Roads for haulage and access to different locations would be laid as per the

statutory regulations stipulated in the Metaliferrous Mines Regulations, 1961.

Some of the basic features of laying the haul roads at the mine site as required

from environmental and safety angle should cover the following:

Ø The road layout would be generally followed as per scheme shown in

mine general layout. The main haul road and feeder roads would be

generally of 12 m wide keeping provisions for arboriculture.

Ø The corners and bends would be made in such a way as to offer the

vehicle operator, a clear visibility of at least 30 m along the road.

Ø Road gradient would be maintained at 1 in 16 except in cases of ramps,

where gradient of 1 in 10 may be provided.

The alignment of haul roads and feeder roads may require alteration with the

progress of mining work.



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Dump Management

The mine would produce considerable quantities of waste. The major problems

with this waste are its storage or dumping at proper location, slope stability of the

dump and stabilization or disposal.

The overburden would be loaded on rear-dump truck by front-end loaders for

transportation to dump areas. Formation of stacking of the overburden would be

initiated by dumping of overburden materials on the ground all along the outer

periphery of the demarcated area.

For further stability of the dump and improved aesthetics, the slopes of the

overburden would be progressively revegetated with local or introduced trees,

shrubs and grasses. Top soil preserved would be spread over the slopes of the

dump for vegetation growth.

Soil erosion control:

Most of the soil cover on the hill slopes would be lost. due to spoiling of the

natural vegetation cover. It would, therefore, be necessary to check the soil

erosion by tree plantation. The overburden and topsoil dumps would be provided

with check dam/bund wall to prevent carryover of soil particles/silt to the

drainage channels on the slopes during monsoon period.

Land restoration:

During the course of mining, the original land form would get disturbed. In the

initial stages of the mining operation, concomitant reclamation of the land may

not be possible due to following operational reasons:

Ø Simultaneous opening of different benches at different levels for achieving

the desired tonnage and grade of R.O.M.

Ø Irregular and heterogeneous nature of mineralization.

Ø Unfavorable topography limiting the total backfilling of the pits with

overburden.



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In consideration of the above constraints, it would be preferable to take up the

backfilling of the mined out block after exploitation of the iron ore. The restoration

of the degraded land would cover backfilling and terracing with the overburden /

wastes and surfacing the same with top soil. The fast growing native shrubs

would be planted to stabilize the reclaimed land and prevent wind erosion of

solid particles.

9.5.5 Green Belt Development

Apart from reclamation and rehabilitation of the active mined out area, project

proposes to develop the non mineralized area within the leasehold of mine as

green belt.

The area falls under natural forest area named as Dondi-Lohara reserve forest.

In the directions where natural forest does not exist, there is need for creating

green belt of adequate width as an effective dust and sight curtain in the

periphery of mining area. The trees planted in the green belt area shall act as

buffers and shock absorber against dusts, noise and stone flying. The trees in

the green belt will be tall, wind firm, broad leaved and evergreen. A green belt of

adequate width on either side of the haul road will be raised and the existing

vegetation will be protected. Along the roads other than the haul roads also, dust

resistant plants as mentioned in the chapter IV will be planted. An amount of

Rs.361.5 Lakh is allotted for capital investment and Rs.25 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards Green belt development.

9.5.6 Flora & Fauna

Conservation Plan for Flora

The floral conservation plan is mainly focused to regenerate a good forest cover

to the scattered small patches of barren lands present at the project sites.

However the project zone was already covered by a good diversity of plant

species that comprised of herbs, shrubs and tree species. The small plants such

as herbs, medicinal herbs and commonly available weeds were found to be good

in number and these plants were having the potential of rapid regeneration and

spread. Due to self regenerative capacity of these plants, the propagation



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strategy is not required. Except for a few plant species, all the plant species

found in this region were found to be commonly available flora of all the regions.

From the present study, it appears that there is no Endemic or endangered plant

species in the core zone and the buffer zone were present. Hence it is

considered that there is no specific conservation plan is required. To improve

the vegetation cover, it is suggested that the saplings of diverse tree species

such as Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia, Butea monosperma, Diospyros

melanoxylon, Bassia latifolia, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Lannea coromandelica,

Shorea robusta, Terminalia bellirica, Boswellia serrata, Dendrocalamus strictus,

Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus globules, Acacia auriculiformis, Albicia lebok,

Azadirachta indica, Delbergia sisoo, Gmellina arborea, Phyllanthus emblica,

Pongamea glabora and Tectona grandis could be planted to fill the gaps at

aregular intervels.

Conservation Plan for Fauna

In the core zone, no wild animals reported in the Schedule I of the Wild life

protection Act 1972 were present. However in the buffer zone, few animals were

found in the buffer zone of the project. Hence the conservation plan for each

species reported in the Schedule I and schedule II of the Wild life protection Act

1972 is given as follows for ensuring the community enrichment in their localities.

Conservation of Python molurus (Animals of schedule I part I of the core and buffer zone)

Since Indian pythons (Python molurus) are under threatened/endangered

condition, a conservation measure should essentially be taken. These animals

live in a wide range of habitats including river valleys, woodlands, forests,

grasslands, swamps, marshes and rocky foothills. Except swamps and marshes,

all the above said habitats can be seen in and around the core zone, which could

be protected to ensure the protection of these animals. Arrival of diverse fauna

by means of aforestation in the barren lands could act as a direct conservation

measure. These snakes have often been killed for their fine skin and the meat is

eaten by locals as the fat is purported to have medicinal value. Very strict

prohibition of these activities will enrich Pythons in these regions.



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Conservation of Felis chaus (Animals of schedule I part I of the buffer zone)

Jungle cat (Felis chaus) is often assessed as being in no danger and has

therefore been ignored as a rare species. As a measure of its conservation, fruit

and nut yielding plant species such as Artocarpus hirsute, Manigifera indica,

Terminalia bellarica and Anacardium occidentale could be planted in the

aforestation zones which will ensure the arrival of rodents and other animals,

being prey for these cats.

Conservation of Melursus ursinus (Animals of schedule I part I of the buffer zone)

Sloth beers (Melursus ursinus) are not an inhabitant of the core zone of Jampali

OCP and they are the occasional visitor to the regions during nights especially in

the flowering season of Bassia latifolia. Hence it is suggested to raise a massive

plantation such plants in the border areas of core zone. Sloth bears are generally

killed for their bile which is used in traditional medicines, however in this area, no

reports are available on their poaching and hunting. Making awareness among

the local community will regenerate the habitats for sloth beers in the buffer

zones.

Conservation of Geoclemys hamiltoni and Kachuga dhongoka (Animals of

schedule I part I of the buffer zone)

Tortoises, namely Geoclemys hamiltoni and Kachuga dhongoka mentioned in

the above schedule were noticed. The buffer zone is not directly disturbed by the

mining activities but affected by anthropogenic activities of the local people.

These animals are being hunted for the purpose of food and for their medicinal

importance by some community of local people. In order to conserve those

animals, this should be strictly prohibited.

Conservation of Herpestes edwardsi and Presbytis entellus (Animals of schedule II part I & II of the buffer zone)



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Indian mongoose (Herpestes edwardsi) and Grey langur (Presbytis entellus) are

the two wild animals that were mentioned in the Schedule II of the Wild life

protection Act (1972), which are also needed to pay special attention for the

protection. Gray langur and mongoose feed mainly on leaves, fruit, buds and

flowers of the plant species. These animals also supplement their diet with

insects (up to 25%), tree bark and gum. Developing a forest with diverse

population of fruit bearing trees such as Artocarpus hirsute, Bassia latifolia,

Diospyros melanoxylon, Ficus bengalensis, Ficus religiosa, Manigifera indica,

Phyllanthus emblica, Psidium guajava, Phoenix sylvestris, Syzigium jombolanum

and Terminalia bellarica in the core zone, where there are no mining activities,

could be a conservation measure for these animals. Indian mongooses were

found in buffer zone and the population of which is stabilized by the local fauna.

Conservation of Vulpes benghalensis (Animals of schedule II part II of the buffer zone)

Jackel and foxes (Vulpes benghalensis) are some of the common inhabitants of

the area which live in burrows of this area. Only thing required for the protection

is to provide places to escape from predators. It is suggested that the

aforestation area provides sufficient hideoutes to those animals which helps to

escape from the predators since these two species are generally not hunted by

the local people.

An amount of Rs.50 Lakh is allotted for capital investment and Rs.15 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards implementation of conservation plan for Flora & Fauna.

9.5.7 Health and Safety

Health and safety aspects of the mine will be taken care off as per the statutory

guidelines on open pit mining for proper maintaining of Health and Safety issues.

The workers continuously exposed to dust will be provided with some protective

devices like dust mask to prevent respiratory disorders. The workers

continuously exposed to a high noise will be provided with ear muffs/ ear plugs.

Green belt in and around the mining area will be developed to attenuate noise

and dust impact. The blasting carried out in the mine area will be carefully



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planned and executed under the supervision of a responsible officer, to avoid

any accidents. The protective devices will be provided to the employees handling

hazardous substances. Proper handling of the hazardous chemicals and the

maintenance of Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) will be followed to ensure

safety within the mine. Drinking water supply for the employees and to the

proposed colony will be provided by the project authority. Proper sanitary

facilities will be taken care by the project authority so that employees do not

suffer from any health ailments. The employees will be made aware of general

sanitary practices. Periodical training programme to inform the employees about

their task, associated risk, and safe working practices will be undertaken.

Training will also include information on accident prevention, proper control and

maintenance of equipment and safe material handling practices. A regular

monitoring of the Occupational Health and Safety will reduce the chances of

accidents in the mine. Records of job related accidents and illness should be

maintained per the requirements. These information’s will be reviewed and

evaluated to improve the effectiveness of Environmental Health and Safety

programme.

The OHS scheme exclusively for the proposed Project, which is as follows:

• SAIL shall provide safe drinking water facilities to the mine worker at the

mine site: The standard of the drinking water will be per WHO guidelines.

• Iron ore does not contain any toxic elements, the possibility of any health

hazards does not arise. The most significant occupational health threat is

Occupational Lung Disease due to inhalation of silica dust and fine iron

ore dust. Noise exposure also represents a risk to the people operating

large equipments. The workers continuously exposed to dust will be

provided with some protective devices like dust mask to prevent

respiratory disorders. The workers continuously exposed to a high noise

will be provided with ear muffs/ ear plugs.

• Proper sanitation facilities shall also be provided at the mine site for the

employees: The employees will be made aware of general sanitary

practices.



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• Periodical health check up of employees

• Attending specific problems related to occupational health hazards

• Health educational training like modular first aid training, malaria

education, AIDS awareness programme, work place health hazards and

prevention

• Work physiology ergonomics

• Medical examinations of superannuating employees

• Rehabilitation of employees

• Occupational hazards monitoring and suggesting control measures

• Personal respirable dust and noise level monitoring

• Specific problem on occupational hazard is attended in the site

• PPE (safety appliances) are issued based on hazard surveys

• Modular 4 days first aid training programme : 3 programmes / year

• Aids awareness programme : 2 programmes / year

• 2 days programme for work place hazard and its prevention : 2

program/year

• Publication of health education material and its distribution

An amount of Rs.100 Lakh is allotted for capital investment and Rs.20 Lakhs is allotted for recurring cost towards implementation of Occupational Health programs.

9.5.8 Socio-Economic development

SAIL shall take major initiative in sustainable development of the area by raising

the living standards of the people. Taking into consideration the aspirations of

local and regional people about the employment due to proposed beneficiation



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plant, SAIL/BSP will provide employment opportunities to the people of

Chhattisgarh by way of contract labour during various activities ancillary to

mining operations. Due to such activities local people from these villages would

be self employed and will gradually become entrepreneurs over a period of time.

The details of the activities which will be taken under each head are mentioned

below.



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9.5.8.1 Infrastructure Support Programmes

1.Medical Camps

♦ Medical camp shall be organized in the villages where the population is

more than 1000. For villages with less population, one medical camp shall

cover 2-3 nearby villages at a time. Such medical camps shall consist of a

complete team of doctors and specialist etc. from Allopathic disciplines

♦ Free medicine shall be made available by the SAIL/BSP during the camp

♦ Post operation treatments of patients treated in medical camps shall be

covered by Rajhara Hospital run by SAIL/BSP

2. Awareness Programme

♦ People of the region shall be covered in Health education programmes

particularly on personal hygiene, sanitation, prevalent diseases and

prevention of malaria etc.

♦ Ten programs shall be conducted every year in a systematic manner in

association with Government agencies and local NGOs

3. Education

Following measures are proposed to improve and strengthen the basic

educational facilities in the nearby area.

♦ SAIL/ BSP will adopt at least one High School

♦ The infrastructure facilities will be enhanced in 5 Government Schools for

primary education

♦ Provide scholarship to one meritorious student every year from each

village of the buffer zone for higher education



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4. Improving Water Supply

Local people still consider water from well as pure and safe for drinking and

cooking purpose. The water from the wells is also used for performing several

rituals and religious ceremonies. Therefore, the existing well in villages shall be

improved by constructing pucca boundary wall around the well, fixing angle iron

frame to facilitate the collection of water. For other household purposes, one

hand pumps in villages having more than 1000 population will be installed.The

existing ponds shall be improved and in case new ponds are required, same

shall be constructed in these villages to harness rain water, which can be used

for agriculture purposes, dairy, fisheries, etc.



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5. Sanitation

Sanitation facilities are lacking in the villages. Most of the people defecate in

open areas. Lack of drainage is also responsible for higher prevalence of malaria

in the area. SAIL/BSP will develop a low cost standard design of sanitary latrine

complete with commode, water tank, soak pit etc.

6. Development of Permanent/Semi Permanent Market Sheds

Weekly markets play an important role in rural economy. The location and days

of these markets are fixed for all the villages. It was observed that weekly

markets were a regular feature especially for the large villages. The people from

smaller villages also visit the weekly markets of the nearest villages for the sale

or purchase of various items.

SAIL will develop permanent/semi permanent structures in these markets by

involving the Village Development Committees of the concerned villages. This

will help the villagers in disposal of their produce.

9.5.8.2 Economic Upliftment Activities

1.Improving Agriculture Practices

Agriculture is the main occupation of over 90% population of the areas. The main

emphasis would be given to improve the current agricultural practices. Women

would be given proper representation in the process. Identification of the Self

Help Groups/ NGO as facilitator of programme will be made. The following

activities will be taken to improve the agricultural practices.

♦ Training of farmers on various agriculture practices including exposure

visits to agriculture institutions and the farms of progressive farmers

♦ Develop village ponds, check dams, canals and other soil and water

conservation measures for irrigation,

♦ Promote vegetable cultivation as cash crops,



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2. Dairy Development

All people rear cows and buffalos to support agricultural activities and milk

production. Lack of proper mechanism for collection, distribution and marketing

of milk and milk products is mainly responsible for not converting these produces

into an economically viable opportunity for local people. Following activities will

be taken up for collection, distribution and marketing of milk and milk products in

the area.

♦ Organizing training programmes on dairy development including exposure

visits

♦ Establishment of facilities for treatment of animals

♦ Regular checkups and vaccination of the animals

3. Develop Forest based Income Generating Activities

The low economic status of local people is responsible for exploitation of forest

and its destruction. Sustainable harvesting will be ideal to improve the income of

local people and reduce their dependence on forest. Collection of mahua seeds,

sal seeds, lac (gum), tamarind (imli), honey, medicinal plants etc. and their value

addition and marketing through the Village Development Committees (VDCs)

shall be undertaken under this programme. Most of these are seasonal activities.

Women and children are mainly involved in the collection of mahua and sal

seeds whereas men are involved in collection of lac and honey. The collection

and marketing of various forest produce shall be channelized through the VDCs.

Value addition of products at local level will be done by cleaning, drying, grading,

making powder, packaging of medicinal plants/plant products, purification and

packaging of honey. Their publicity as quality organic products shall be carried

out to maximize the profit margin of local people. The modus operandi for

sustainable harvesting of various products and maximizing the profit margin of

local people are mentioned below:

♦ Identification of the Self Help Groups / NGO to develop the process and

products in the initial stages



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♦ Providing training to the specific groups of the people for making value

added products by involving experts of related fields,

♦ Developing Women Self Help Groups for making specific products, and

♦ Organize publicity and marketing of different products through VDCs

4 . Women Empowerment

Women are hard working and share most of the family responsibilities such as

collection of drinking water, collection of fuel wood, fodder and other non timber

products from the forests, cooking of food and childcare. Rural women will be

involved in all decision making processes for developmental activities. The

economic upliftment of women folk is necessary for the development of society

as a whole. For this purpose, training in knitting, sewing, potteries, cottage

industries etc. shall be given and they will be motivated to form Self Help Group

(SHGs). Provision for adoption of schools and support to educational

infrastructure has already been provided which will also empower the girl child,

besides other students, through imparting proper education.

5. Cultural Development

Local culture is quite rich. There are many dances, rituals, prayers etc., which

are performed by the whole village or the group of villages to please the god for

getting the good harvest or for the protection of agriculture crops from damage

by wild animals and other natural calamities, etc. The culture gives an identity to

the people and they enjoy it during various festivals, ritual and ceremonies. It is

proposed to provide avenues to propagate their cultural activities among their

communities.

The panchayats shall be provided a Community Development Fund to carryout

cultural activities of tribal communities. A cultural troop shall be constituted in

each zone and they will be encouraged to participate in various festivals, fairs

and shows in and around the state depending upon the opportunity and scope.



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Table 9.1 Activities and Cost of Infrastructure Support Programme

Sr.No. Activities Total

Rs. (lakh) 1. Health and Family Welfare. 25

2. Education 25

3. Improving water supply 20

4 Sanitation 20

5. Development of Weekly Market Infrastructure and maintenance 10

Total 100

Table 9.2 Details of Income Generating Activities along with Their Costs

Sr. No. Activities Total

Rs. (lakh)

1 Improving Agriculture Practices 20

2 Dairy Development 15

3 Women Empowerment 10

4 Forest based Income Generating Activities 20

5 Cultural Development 15

Grand Total 80

9.6 Cost of Environmental Control Measures

Statement showing the estimated capital requirement for environmental

protection measures is given in Table 9.3.



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Table – 9.3 Budget for Environmental control measures

Sr. No. Activity Capital Cost

(Lakhs Rs.) Annual Recurring Cost

(Lakhs Rs./yr)

1 Dust control 50 15

2 Noise Control 20 5

3 Water Quality Management 41.5 10

4 Land Environment 25 7

5 Green Belt Development 361.5 25

6 Flora & Fauna Conservation

50 15

7 Health & Safety measures 100 20

8 Socio-economic development

180 20

9 Environmental Monitoring - 20

10 Others 30 10

Grand Total 858 147

CHAPTER X

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

10.1 Preamble

Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) is the leading steel-making company in

India. It is a fully integrated iron and steel maker, producing both basic and

special steels for domestic construction, engineering, power, railway, automotive

and defense industries and for sale in export markets. The company is ranked

amongst the top ten public sector companies in India in terms of turnover. SAIL

manufactures and sells a broad range of steel products, including hot and cold

rolled sheets and coils, galvanized sheets, electrical sheets, structural, railway

products, plates, bars and rods, stainless steel and other alloys. The growth of

mining / industry significantly contribute towards economic progress of the



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country. However, any project progress brings along with it a number of

environmental problems. Many of these problems can be avoided, if adequate

environmental control considerations are thought of during conceptual stage of

the project. In accordance with Mission and Objectives of M/s. Steel Authority of

India Limited and National Steel Policy, SAIL proposes to develop/expand

Mahamaya – Dulki mine with a rated production capacity from 0.96 to 1.46

Million Tone Per Annum. The Mining lease area under is 1522.67 Ha.

10.2 Project Details

Location

BSP proposes expand Mahamaya - Dhulki Iron Ore Project, at Mahamaya and

Dhulki villages, Durg , Chhatisgarh state. The deposit is located in the Nos. 64

D/15 and 64 H/3 between longitude 80°57'02” to 81°00'53"E and between

latitude 20°26'06" to 20°30’21"N..The lease area is well connected by road lying

at a distance of 111 kms. South-West of Bhilai Steel Plant. The Iron ore

produced from this mine is being transported by road to Dalli-Rajhara Iron ore

Complex located at a distance of 23km.



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Geological structure

The area under reference is Mahamaya-Dulki lease which lies partly in

Mahamaya and partly in Dulki hills. The rock types exposed in this area belong

to Dharwar group, similar to Dalli-Rajhara and Mahamaya deposits. The iron

ores traced here generally occupy the peaks and BHQ in intervening ridges.

Both upper and lower shale/ phyllites contacts with BHQ in hill sides. The

intrusive bodies like thin quartz veins of younger age also occur within the area.

The soil, laterite capping and ferruginous shale etc. occurring above the ore body

normally contain low iron and high alumina percentages and are considered as

overburden. The iron ore body consists of lateritic ore, shaly ore, silicious ore,

laminated ore, compact ore and soft friable / powdery type of ores. Among these,

the laterite ore, shaly ore and silicious ore are generally low grade. The ore

containing less than 55% Fe content and these ores are not considered for

reserve calculation. The remaining three types of ores viz. Laminated, Pre-

Compact Laminated and friable contain 55% to 67% Fe. The laminated ore

constitute about 75% of the total available reserves. The average grade of ore

occurring in the area contains 62.17% Fe, 4.68% Si02 and 2.83% Al2O3.

Manpower requirement

The requirement of manpower at the rated capacity of 1.46 MTPA of ore has

been estimated as 50 numbers approximately.

10.3 Description of Environnent

Meteorology

Pre-monsoon`09: Predominant wind was from South-west quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging

from <1.0 to 18.0 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 24.5 °C to 46.0°C. The mean

relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 37.9 - 70.3 %.Sky was clear during the study

period. A total rainfall of 3.3 cm was recorded during the study period.

Monsoon`09 : A total rainfall of 80.2 cm was recorded during the study period.

Post-monsoon`09: Predominant wind was from North-east quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging

from <1.0 to 14.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 24.5 °C to 46.0°C. The mean



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relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 37.9-70.3%.Sky was clear during the study


Winter`2010 : Predominant wind was from East Northeast quadrant. Wind velocity was ranging

from <1.0 to 17.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 10.0 °C to 39.0.0°C. The mean

relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 52.8-75.5 %.Sky was clear during the study


Pre-monsoon 2011 : Predominant wind was from South-west quadrant. Wind velocity was

ranging from <1.0 to 20.4 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 25.0 °C to 44.0°C. The

mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 35.4 – 68.4 %.Sky was clear during

the study period. No rainfall was recorded during the study period.

Post-monsoon (November 2012): Predominant wind was from NE/NNE. Wind velocity was

ranging from <1.0 to 12.7 Kmph. Temperature values were ranging from 16.5 °C to 30.5°C. The

mean relative humidity value was found to be ranging from 58 – 72 %. Sky was clear during the

study period. No rainfall was recorded during the study period.

Air Environment

Pre-monsoon season (Apr.09-Jun.09)

Corezone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 200 and 321 µg/m3 and

83 and 128 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values ere ranging between 8.2

and 14.2 µg/m3 and 8.9 and 15.8 µg/m3 respectively.

Bufferzone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 77 and 184 µg/m3 and



Post-monsoon Season (Oct-Dec.09)

Corezone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 205 and 321 µg/m3 and





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Bufferzone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 90 and 172 µg/m3 and

34 and 74 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between

5.2 and 9.2 µg/m3 and 6.3 and 11.5 µg/m3 respectively.

Winter season (Jan – Mar.10)

Core-zone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 185 and 293 µg/m3 and



Buffer-zone : SPM and RPM values were ranging between 102 and 177 µg/m3

and 34 and 74 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging

between 5.6 and 9.9 µg/m3 and 6.9 and 12.3 µg/m3 respectively.

All CO & heavy metals values were found to be below the detectable limit.

Based on the above discussions, it may be concluded that air quality of the area

is less susceptible with respect to seasonal variations. The variation is mainly

contributed by active mining.

Pre- monsoon 2011 (March-May 2011)

Core zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 77 and 125 µg/m3


between 8.8 and 14.8 µg/m3 and 9.3 and 16.7 µg/m3 respectively. The Ammonia

and Ozone values were ranging between 18 and 38 µg/m3 and 6 and 17 µg/m3

respectively.

Buffer zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 30 and 65 µg/m3 and 8

and 21 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 4.1 and

10.2 µg/m3 and 4.1 and 16.1 µg/m3 respectively. The Ammonia and Ozone values

were ranging between 10 and 40 µg/m3 and 4 and 14 µg/m3 respectively.

Postmonsoon (November 2012)



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Core zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 58 and 82µg/m3 and

19 and 28 µg/m3 respectively. The SO2 and NOx values were ranging between 6.4

and 10.2 µg/m3 and 9.2 and 16.3 µg/m3 respectively. CO values were ranging

between 285 and 410 µg/m3. The heavy metals values are found to be

negligible.

Buffer zone : PM10 and PM2.5 values were ranging between 44 and 64 µg/m3


between 5.8 and 9.1 µg/m3 and 9.1 and 15.6 µg/m3 respectively. CO values

were ranging between 210 and 355 µg/m3. The heavy metals values are found to

be negligible

Noise level

Pre-monsoon : The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 39.6

dB(A) to 57.7 dB(A) and 30 dB(A) to 47.4 dB(A) respectively.

Post-monsoon: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 41.3

dB(A) to 55.3 dB(A) and 29.8 dB(A) to 46.6 dB(A) respectively

Winter: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from 43.2 dB(A) to

56.9 dB(A) and 33.8 dB(A) to 49.3 dB(A) respectively

November 2012: The Day and night time Leq Noise levels were ranging from

42.3 dB(A) to 54.8 dB(A) and 32.3 dB(A) to 45.0 dB(A) respectively.

The Noise level values were found to be well within the CPCB limit prescribed by

CPCB.

Water Environment

Ground water : While comparing with IS: 10500 – 1991 norms, all values except

total coliforms were found to be well within the limits.

Surface Water: Low BOD/COD values and good D.O. content at these locations

indicate that the natural restoration of water quality is maintained. While

comparing with IS 2296 all values were found to be well within the norms for

Surface water quality.



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Hydrogeology

The Hydrogeology study reveals that the pre-monsoon water levels vary from

3.20 m to 9.45 m with an average of 5.73m and the post-monsoon water levels

vary from 1.15 m to 4.50 m with an average of 3.09 m. The average water

fluctuation in the area was found to be 2.62 m. As per, CGWA norms, the trends

reveal that the groundwater exploitation in the study area is well within the

acceptable limits.

Land-use Pattern

Remote sensing satellite Imageries were collected and interpreted for the 10 Km

radius study area with project site as center. Based on the satellite data land -

use / land cover maps have been prepared delineated in chapter III of EIA/EMP

report .

Flora & Fauna

The environment has not supported foreign visitor birds since the entire zone

(core and buffer) is devoid of large water bodies. There are no ecologically

sensitive/fragile areas such as Wild life Sanctuaries, National Parks, and

adjoining National Monuments, areas of cultural heritage, ecologically fragile

areas, areas rich in biological diversity, gene pool, etc located on the proposed

stretch. There are no known rare, endangered or ecologically significant animal

and plant species. Except for a few wild species of plants and grasses and a few

animals that are very commonly spotted in any rural environment, the study area

does not have any endangered or endemic species of animals and plants. The

conservation plan for Fauna is explained in Chapter – IX.

Socio economic

As per 2001 census, the study area consisted of 17538 persons inhabited in 37

villages. The configuration of male and females indicates that the males constitute

to about 49.37% and females to about 50.63% of the study area population. The

study area at an average has 1025.64 females per 1000 males. Majority of the



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people in the study area belong to Hindu religion. The study area also contains

Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).

In the study area 2.78% of the population belongs to Scheduled Castes (SC) while

77.55% to Scheduled Tribes (ST), thus indicating that about 80.33% of the

population is formed by SC and ST population. Scheduled Caste and Scheduled

Tribe sections are predominant in this area. The study area experiences a

moderate literacy rate of 61.57%. The male literacy i.e. the percentage of literate

males to the total males of the study area is observed as 70.07% while female

literacy rate, which is an important indicator for social change, is observed as

53.29% in the study area.

10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts And Mitigation Measures

Impact on Land use

The topography within the mining area will have marked changes in the quarry

area, the dump area and the mining equipment area. No appreciable change in

the topography is anticipated out side mining area. Total scenario of landscape

and land use pattern will undergoes a stark change within the mining area. There

will be a stark change in surface drainage and new pattern drainage will be

developed within the mining area.



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Impact on Air Quality

The major source of air pollution into the atmospheric environment are:

1. Removal and dumping of over burden

2. Drilling and blasting operations

3. Extraction of ore by machinery.

4. Loading of ore into trucks.

5. Dump yard waste material.

Predicted Ambient Air Quality

Post Monsoon season ( Nov.2012)- Post project Scenario (PM10) (µg/m3) S.

No. Location name Baseline scenario (max)

Predicted values

Post Project scenario

1 Corezone (Mine Pit 3) 73 8.8 81.8 2 Corezone (Canteen) 82 7.1 89.1 3 Tuedand 56 0.2 56.2 4 Dupkatola 52 0.2 52.2 5 Dulki 56 6.2 62.2 6 Markamtola 56 5.4 61.4 7 Kalangpur 64 0.5 64.5

8 Rasuli 56 0.8 56.8

9 Bodra 56 1.8 57.8 10 Kalwar 64 1.1 65.1 11 Dorba 62 0 62.0 12 Nagbur 52 0 52.0

Impact on Noise Level



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Once the mine becomes operational, there would be various sources of noise in

the area. These sources would be Drilling,Blasting,Operation of HEMM, Crusher

and Workshop,Vehicular Movement and Belt Conveyor. Mining operations and

the ore crusher would be the main sources of noise pollution. Noise due to

vehicular movement will be intermittent, but will also add to the background

noise level. It is being observed that at the mine site where heavy earth moving

machinery is in operation, noise level is more than the stipulated 90 dB (A) per

DGMS Circular, No 18 (Tech) of 1975. The noise level is within the tolerance

limit at a distance of 15 to 20 m or so. The sound pressure level generated by a

noise source decreases with increasing distance from the source due to wave

divergence.

Socio economical impacts and infrastructural developments

In terms of the major socio-economic impacts, the project will provide more

direct and indirect job opportunities and better economic standards to the

people and others, through improved infrastructural, community facilities etc.

Development of residential colony, creation of civic and welfare amenities like

primary health care, communications, educational institutes, recreational

facilities, etc, that will develop along with the project will ensure better quality

of life for the local population. The increase in income opportunities and -

employment potentialities in this sector is anticipated as the mining activities

increase, the other economic sectors starts gaining in momentum. With added

educational, medical and communication facilities developed in the areas, the

standard of living has improved. With ongoing of mining activities additional

facilities for local population by way of better communication, postal services,

educational facilities, advanced medical services etc. are on in the area. There

is a marked change in social status of the area with opening of the project.

State Government is benefited through financial revenues in crores of rupees by

way of royalty, sales tax etc. from the -direct and indirect operations in the

project area. Central exchequer is also getting financial revenues by way of

Income tax, Central Sales Tax etc.

Impact on flora and fauna



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There will be positive impact on flora and fauna due to the proposed plantation

activities and the conservation plan proposed for the forest and wild life. The

negative impacts are mainly due to Mining activities such as excavation for

quarry, erection & development of plants, service & allied structures, colony,

roads, drains, culverts, etc. These activities will guide to forest degradation,

lost of vegetation cover and ecological changes.

Mitigative measures

Secondary Employment opportunities

There will be spontaneous economic stimulus in the area with the

commencement of opencast mine. Traders and private enterprises will grow in

the area with this economic growth. Besides, the State exchequer will derive

financial revenues through levy of royalty, sales tax etc. and Central Government

will also be, benefited by way of Central Sales Tax, Income Tax, Cess's etc.

Medical Facilities

The project authorities have adopted following measures to prevent occupational

diseases and health hazards.

• Pre-employment, pre-placement and periodic medical examination of

employees.

• Regular monitoring of working environment and implementation of safety

and control measures, to prevent hazards.


• Periodical medical examination-of every worker is done once in five years

to detect preventable and curable diseases at an early stage.

• Cases suspected having Pneumoconiosis is examined by a Special Board

constituted by the Chief Medical Officer. Established cases are suitably

compensated and their job is changed if required.

Literacy Drive



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An action plan for achieving 100% literacy among workers to be implemented by

establishing Educational Institutions / adoption with modern facilities.



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Control measures for air pollution

Following air pollution control measures are being done and will be practiced

within the mining area and at ore handling plants.

• Saplings planted on OB dump, road side and colony to arrest dust.

• Mobile water sprinklers deployed in mine.

• Stationary sprinkler installed in the mine haul road from mine entry.

• Overloading of trucks is strictly prohibited.

• Ore transportation through covered trucks

• Optimum blast hole geometry will be followed to reduce the dust during

blasting.

• Regular monitoring of ambient air quality of the project area & its

surroundings villages


Garland drains will be made around the periphery of the quarry. These garland



season which will throw the accumulated water from the working face into

these garland drains. As the extraction of the quarry advances, the position of

garland drain will also advance. Thus these garland drains will drain of the rain

water away from the workings. There are 14 nos. of Check dams were already

constructed and10 nos. are proposed.

Control measures for Noise

• Innovative approaches of using improvised plant and machinery designs,

with in-built mechanism to reduce sound emissions like improved

silencers, mufflers and closed noise generating parts



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• procurement of drill, loaders and dumpers and other equipment with noise

proof system in operator's cabin

• confining the equipment with heavy noise emissions in soundproof cabins,

so that noise is not transmitted to other areas

• regular and proper maintenance of noise generating machinery including

the transport vehicles and belt conveyors, to maintain the noise levels

• blasting operations to be carried out only during daytime so as to avoid

high noise intensity in night time

• siting of mine colony, buildings and other infrastructure away from the

noise sources with the probability of sound waves being directed towards

them being least

• provision should be made for noise absorbing pads at foundations of

vibrating equipment to reduce noise emissions

• thick green belt should be provided at the mine periphery, within the mine

lease area along the roads and all around the working areas, to screen

the noise.


• Peak particle velocity or ground vibrations for safety of nearby structures

and residential buildings should be well within 12.5 mm/sec

• to contain fly rocks, stemming column should be 1/3 the depth of hole

• detonating fuse, if used, should be covered at least with 150 mm thick

cover of sand or drill cuttings

• blasting should be carried out in the daytime, as during the night time the

sound intensity becomes higher

• blasting should not be carried out when strong winds are blowing towards

the inhabited areas



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• each blast should be carefully planned, checked, and executed under the

supervision of a responsible officer. Blasting data/observations should be

recorded

Green Belt Development

Green Belt around Mine

In the directions where natural forest does not exist, there is need for creating

green belt of adequate width as an effective dust and sight curtain in the

periphery of mining area. The trees planted in the green belt area shall act as

buffers and shock absorber against dusts, noise and stone flying. The trees in

the green belt will be tall, wind firm, broad leaved and evergreen.

A green belt of adequate width on either side of the haul road will be raised and the

existing vegetation will be protected. The plants will be raised at spacing of 2.0x2.0

metre. Along the roads other than the haul roads also, dust resistant plants as

mentioned above will be planted.

Mine closure plan

The extent of impacts due to mine closure and mitigation measures to prevent or

minimize them are classified under the following heads Viz Environmental

Aspects,Technical Aspects,Social Aspects and ,Safety Aspects which is explained

in Chapter IV.

10.5 Environmental Monitoring Program

The Environment Management Department (EMD) at Dalli – Rajhara of BSP will

be entrusted with this responsibility. The officers of EMD will assess the progress

and analyze the data periodically. It will look after the following aspects of

environmental management.

• Generation of environmental data bank.

• Evolving micro environmental management plan for the project in

collaboration with other agencies and consultants. Monitoring project

implementation along with environmental control measures.



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• Co-ordinate with other project activities to ensure timely implementation of

the project.

• Co-ordination with Ministry of Environment & Forest, Central/State

Pollution Control Board for prevention and control of water and air

pollution.

10.6 Risk Assessment

Risk assessment were carried out by considering the following aspects

• To identify the potential hazardous areas so that necessary design safety

measures can be adopted to minimize the probability of accidental events.

• To identify the potential areas of environmental disaster which can be

prevented by proper design of the installations and its controlled

operation.

• To manage the emergency situation or a disastrous event, if any, from the

plant operation.

10.7 Project benefits

The BSP authorities have adopted following measures to prevent occupational

diseases and. health hazards.

• Pre-employment, pre-placement and periodic, medical examination of

employees.

• Regular monitoring of working environment and implementation of safety

and control measures, to prevent hazards.


• Periodical medical examination of every worker is done once in five years

to detect preventable and curable diseases at an early stage.



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• Cases suspected having Pneumoconiosis are examined by a Special

Board constituted by the Chief Medical Officer. Established cases are

suitably compensated and their job is changed if required.

There will be infrastructure development in the near by village which are as

follows.

• Construction of Pond/Deepening of existing pond.

• Construction of School Building

• Construction of Bore Wells for drinking water supply

• Construction of Dispensary Building/Panchayat Bhawan

• Construction of Children Park.

• Construction of Road, culverts and drains

The requirement of manpower at the rated capacity of 1.46 MTPA of ore has

been estimated as 50 numbers and secondary employment opportunities also

expected.

10.8 Environmental Management plan

The objectives of the proposed EMP are aimed for meeting five basic

requirements

• To integrate comprehensive monitoring and control of impacts.

• To comply with the environment protection regulations.

• To ensure that adverse environmental impacts on the baseline are

minimized

• To plan for ecologically sustainable development (ESD) within the frame

work of existing legislation and environmental management policies.



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The Statement showing the estimated capital requirement for environmental

protection measures is given as follows

Sr. No. Activity Capital Cost (Lakhs Rs.)

Annual Recurring Cost (Lakhs Rs./yr)

1 Dust control 50 15

2 Noise Control 20 5

3 Water Quality Management 41.5 10

4 Land Environment 25 7

5 Green Belt Development 361.5 25

6 Flora & Fauna Conservation

50 15

7 Health & Safety measures 100 20

8 Socio-economic development

180 20

9 Environmental Monitoring - 20

10 Others 30 10

Grand Total 858 147

The detailed EMP is delineated in chapter IX.

10.9 Consultant Credentials

Environment Impact Assessment Study is carried by Richardson & Cruddas

(1972) Ltd., Chennai, A Govt. of India undertaking under Ministry of Heavy

Industry, one of the pioneers in the field of Environmental Engineering for the past

three decades. R&C Laboratory is recognized as Environmental Laboratory by the

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Ministry of Environment & Forests

(MoEF) under the Environmental Protection Act, 1986 and is, also, recognized by

Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board for carrying out air and waste water emissions

monitoring as per Air (Prevention and Control of pollution) Act, 1981 and Water

(Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. We are also recognized by

various other State Pollution Control Boards as Environmental Consultants for

such studies.



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