Chapter 1HISTORY AND TRENDS OF HEALTH CARE

Why Study History

Some treatments used in ancient times still used today.

Plants and Herbs used for Medicine

Morphine comes from poppy plant

Ancient Times 4000 BC – 3000 BC Illness and disease were caused by evil spirits

and demons Punishment from the gods brought disease and

illness Religion played an important role in Health Care Religion did not allow for human dissection Animals were used to learn about body parts

Ancient Times(Ancient Egyptians)

3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians Health records were first recorded by the

ancient Egyptians Bloodletting or leeches were used Gods healed people.

Ancient Times(Ancient Chinese)

1700BC – 200AD Chinese The belief to cure the spirit was practiced by the

Chinese. Holistic methods stressing entire patient body, mind & spirit

Used Acupuncture (puncture the skin by needles)

Recorded a Pharmacopeia of Medications Around the same time as the Greeks

Ancient Times(Ancient Greeks)

1200BC – 200BC Greeks 6th Century Alcmaeon discovered the brain as the

physiological site of the senses Established that disease is established by natural

causes not supernatural Stressed that good diet and cleanliness would

help prevent disease. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) 83 years old.

Father of Medicine. Created a high standard of ethics, Oath of Hippocrates. Said and Used by physicians today

Ancient Times(Ancient Romans)

753BC – 410 AD The Romans realized that some diseases were

connected to filth and implemented the use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water

In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses proved to be fatal

The Dark Ages

400 AD fall of the Roman Empire 400 – 800 AD Study of Medicine prohibited Prayer and Divine intervention were

used to treat illness and disease Monks & Priests cared for the sick

The Middle Ages

800 - 1400 AD Renewed interest in the medical practices of the

Greeks & Romans 9th Century Medical Universities established to

train Doctor’s An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s

resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia

Smallpox, Diphtheria, Typhoid killed many people

Many infants died shortly after birth, many children did not live to adulthood

The Renaissance

Time period between 1350–1650 AD

Otherwise known as the “rebirth of the science of medicine”

Human dissection to view body organs

Medical books were published

Causes of disease were still a mystery

The 16th & 17th Centuries1500 – 1599 and 1600 – 1699The 1500’s & 1600’s

Life span 35-45 years Knowledge regarding the human body

greatly increased Invention of the microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) were

involved in the making, prescribing, and selling of medications

Causes of disease were still not known and many people died form infection and child birth fever.

The 1500’s (16th Century)

Ambroise Pare

French Surgeon

Father of Modern Surgery

Used Ligatures to bind arteries and stop bleeding

Improved treatment of fractures

Promoted the use of artificial limbs

The 1500’s (16th Century)

Gabriel Fallopius

Identified the fallopian tubes in the female

Described the Tympanic membrane in the ear

The 1600’s (17th Century)

William Harvey in 1628

Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart

Before this blood was believed to be all over inside you and would go everywhere

The 1600’s (17th Century)

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek in 1666

Invented the Microscope

“Father of Microbiology”

He developed methods for grinding lenses for more powerful magnification

Tiny single-celled organisms he called “Animlcules” now called Microorganisms

The 1600’s (17th Century)

Bartolomeo Eustachio

Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat

Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed and sold medications

The 1600’s (17th Century)

Bartolomeo Eustachio

Identified the eustacian tube leading from the ear to the throat

The 1700’s (18th Century)

Average life span 40-50 Years

Causes of many diseases unknown

Medical care remained limited

Invention of the thermometer, Feeding tube, C-section, Vaccination & Discovery of Oxygen & Vitamin C

The 1700’s (18th Century)

Gabriel Fahrenheit created the mercury thermometer in 1714

Joseph Priestley discovered the element of Oxygen in 1774

John Hunter introduced the feeding tube in 1778

The 1700’s (18th Century)

Benjamin Franklin invented Bifocals for glasses

Dr. Jessee Bennet performed the first successful C-Section for infant delivery in 1794

James Lind Prescribed Vitamin C to prevent Scurvy in 1795

The 1700’s (18th Century)

Edward Jenner developed a Vaccination for Smallpox in 1796

Studied why smallpox was low with milkmaids

Discovered those who had Cow Pox were far less likely to develop Smallpox

The word Vaccination comes from Latin for Cow “Vacca”

The 1800’s (19th Century)

Industrial Revolution. Advancements occurred because of the development of machines and ready access to books

Average life span 40-65 Years

Many Vaccines and medications were developed

Treatment for diseases was more specific after the causes for diseases were identified.

Women became active in medicine

Infection control with methods to stop the spread of disease

The 1800’s (19th Century)

1818. James Blundell Performed the First Successful blood transfusion on humans

1816 Rene Laennec Invented the stethoscope. Published a book on Auscultation (Listening to internal sounds)

1840 Ignaz Semmelweis Encouraged doctors to wash hands with lime between Autopsies and Deliveries. Idea Resisted

The 1800’s (19th Century)

1854 Florence Nightingale Reformed Nursing, established efficient & sanitary nurses. Is the founder of Modern Nursing

1865 Joseph Lister began using Antiseptics in surgery to prevent infection

1875 Paul Ehrlich, bacteriologist, detecting & differentiating microorganisms & foundation for modern theories of Immunity

The 1800’s (19th Century)

1880 First Electrical Hearing Aid

1881 Clara Barton founded American Red Cross

1882 Robert Koch developed culture plate method to identify & isolate pathogens

1885 Louis Pasteur proved that microorganisms cause disease & developed Pasteurizing milk to kill bacteria

The 1800’s (19th Century)

1892 Dimitri Ivanofski discovered viruses

1893 Lillian Wald Started Public Health Nursing

1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays

1897 Almroth Wright developed a vaccine for typhoid fever

1899 Bayer introduced Aspirin in powdered form

The1900’s 20th Century

Most rapid growth in health care

Average life span 60-80 years

New Machines invented, such as X-rays

Medicines such as insulin for diabetes, antibiotics for infections and vaccines to prevent disease were developed

Causes for many diseases identified

The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy

Health care plans to help pay for healthcare

Computer technology help advance medicine

The1900’s 20th Century

1901 Carl Landsteiner classified the ABO blood groups

1910 Marie Curie isolates Radium

1918 Influenza Pandemic kills more than 21 million

1922 Banting & Best used insulin for Diabetes

1928 Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin

The1900’s 20th Century

1950’s Salk & Sabin develop vaccines for Pollio

1953 Crick & Watson describe the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information

1953 First Heart-Lung Machine used in open heart surgery

1963 first Liver Transplant

1964 first Lung Transplant

The1900’s 20th Century

1965 Medicare & Medicaid enacted

1967 Christian Barnard performed First Successful Heart Transplant

1973 Health Maintenance Organizations Formed (HMO’s)

1975 CT Scans Developed

1981 AIDS Identified

The1900’s 20th Century

1992 NIH research Center Established

1995 Chicken Pox Vaccine

1996 Mad Cow Disease outbreak

1996 HIPAA act signed into law

1997 “Dolly” First sheep was cloned

The 21st Century 2000’s

Human genome project

Embryonic stem cell research

Threat of bioterrorism with the use biologic agents as weapons

Viruses that can cause pandemic (world-wide) epidemics

Pandemic

Outbreak of disease over a wide geographic area

Influenza pandemics have occurred throughout history

H5N1 viruses—avian flu virus

Viruses can mutate and also exchange genetic information

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