Chapter 1

History and Career

Opportunities

2016 Edition

In your group, list on flip chart paper all of the occupations you believe are included in the Cosmetology profession.

For some, you will need to think “outside of the box”

Cosmetology includes:

* hairstyling

* nail technology

* esthetics

Curly-hairstyles.blogspot.com

Caofb.com/esthetics

Coolnaolsart.com/bubbles

Cosmetology is defined:

The art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, hair, and nails and includes the study of cosmetics and their application.

Add:

I am responsible for my own education

Cosmetology:

Greek word: kosmetikos

Means: skilled in the use of cosmetics

Add to side bar:

Barber:

Latin word: barba

Means: the beard or the hair of the face.

Archeological studies:

Reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were practiced as early as the glacial age

Implements Used:

1. Sharpened flints

2. Oyster shells

3. Bone

4. Animal sinew

5. Strips of hide

                                  

Ancient people used coloring matter on their hair, skin, and nails

Pigments made from:

Berries Bark of trees

Minerals Insects

Nuts Herbs

Leaves And other materials

Danielmeissler.com

Takegreatpictures.com

The Africans:

•Variety of hairstyles

•Conveyed a message of age, marital status, power, and rank

•Colored hair with red earth

•Wore elaborate hairstyles and head dresses-symbol of stature

• Women of Namibia-some of the most intricate hair designs-identified status

• Hair was a preeminent reflection of well-being and existence in the world

• Elaborate hairstyles-still considered a sacred place in African aesthetics

Add: Egyptian and Roman women temporarily waved their hair by applying a mixture of soil and water (mud) to the hair and wrapping it around crudely made wooden rollers to bake in the sun all day.

***In Africa, hair was groomed with intricately carved combs and adorned with beads, clay and colored bands

Ancient Egyptians:•The first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion

Charismaallover.wordpress.com

Sheniquemag.blogspot.com

• used:

* cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits

* in religious ceremonies

* preparing the deceased for burial

2630 B.C.

* minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup for eyes, lips, and skin

* henna to stain the hair and nails, warm red

* first to use

essential oils for perfumes

and purification purposes

Mnsu.edu

Womensnet.com/about hair history

Americanaromatherapy.com

Queen Cleopatra: (50BC)

•Erected a personal cosmetics factory next to the Dead Sea

Queen Nefertiti: (1400 BC)

•Used henna, makeup and perfume

Ancient Egyptians also

•created kohl makeup

*mixture of ground galena (a black mineral)

* sulfur

* animal fat

Makeupweb.guide.com

* used to heavily line the eyes

* alleviate eye inflammations

* protect the eyes from the glare of the sun

•In ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders stained their nails and lips in matching colors before important battles

Chinese

•1600 B.C. aristocrats

* rubbed tinted mixtures onto their nails

(gum arabic, gelatin, beeswax, egg whites)

* turned crimson or ebony

•1100 B.C.

* gold and silver were royal colors

* commoners caught wearing a royal nail color faced a punishment of death

The Greeks (500 B.C.)

• hairstyling-highly developed art

• used perfumes and cosmetics in religious rites, in grooming, and for medicinal purposes

• developed excellent method

of dressing the hair and

caring for the skin and nails

Karenswhimsy.com

mangatutorials.com

Stcatherinesprimary.co.uk

Karenswhimsy.com

• used white lead on faces, kohl on eyes and vermillion on cheeks and lips

• vermillion-bright red pigment made by

grinding cinnabar

~ a mineral that is the chief source of mercury

•The fine powder was mixed with ointment or dusted on the skin in the same way as cosmetics are applied today

READ Did You Know – Men’s grooming in Ancient Times

Margretshort.typepad.com

Romans (296 B.C.)

•used fragrances and cosmetics

• hairstyling services introduced; women used hair color to indicate class in society as follows:

- noblewomen: red hair

- middle-class women: blonde

- poor women: black

• facials of milk, bread and fine wine were popular

• mixture of chalk and lead used for facial cosmetic

Explore-italian-culture.com

Roman-colosseum.info

Crystallyn.vox.vom

Digonsite.com

Eternallycool.net

FYIJulius Caesar 101-44 BC

• had his face tweezed everyday

• this started a trend among the men of that time

www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/descent/p...

Middle ages

• included towering headdresses, intricate hairstyles, and cosmetics

•Women wore makeup on cheeks and lips

• not on eyes

•steam distillation was invented, which is still used to create essentials oils today

Usiweb.usi.edu

Edarlein.deviantart.com

Herstoria.com

Renaissance

• shaved eyebrows and hairline-thought to give the women a look of greater intelligence

•Elaborate, elegant clothing

•Fragrances and cosmetics were used

• highly colored cosmetics were

discouraged.Wholesale.garison.com

Press.princeton.edu

Abeautyglorious.blogspot.com

2.ivcc.rdu

Victorian Age

•to preserve the health and beauty of the skin, women used beauty masks and packs made from honey, eggs, milk, oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, and other natural ingredients

• pinched their cheeks and bit their lips to colorize rather than use cosmetics

•ADD both to side bar:

•1892; Frenchman, Alexander F.

Godefroy, invented a

hot-blast hair dryer

•1890; First hairdressing academy opening in Chicago by Frenchman, Bribois and Federmeyer.

Probeautykit.com

The Twentieth Century

• motion pictures-shift in American attitudes

•viewers wanted the flawless complexions, beautiful hairstyles, manicured nails

•This era signaled the spread of industrialization

•New prosperity (people had more money)

• beauty began to follow trends

Newhotstuff.net

Jean Harlow 1930’s

Vivien Leigh 1940’s

Elizabeth Taylor 1950’s

1901-1910

•Max Factor began making and selling makeup to movie stars that would not cake or crack, even under the hot studio lights

Rubylane.com

Onlineauction.com

•1906, Charles Nessler invented heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped

• units were heated

• kept away from the scalp by counterbalancing weights suspended from an overhead

chandelier mounted to a stand

Internet source:

Two methods were used to wind hair strands around the metal units:

1. Spiral wrap: long hair was wound from scalp to ends

2. Croquignole wrap: for short hair, wound from ends to scalp.

Success story of the cosmetology industry

Madam C.J. Walker

• daughter of a former slave

• born Sarah Breedlove in 1867

• during the 1890’s she suffered from a scalp condition and began to lose her hair.

• she experimented with store-bought products and home-made remedies

                    

Inventors.about.com

• invented hair grower scalp conditioner

• devised sophisticated sales and marketing strategies and traveled extensively giving product demonstrations

• built a factory, hair salon

• and training school

www.scott.k12.va.us/rita/51757_2.JPG

1929

• gave time and money to organizations like NAACP and the YMCA

• organized the first national meetings for businesswomen

• pioneer of the modern African-American hair care and cosmetic industry

Scribalterror.blogs.com

Urbanstages.org

1872Marcel Grateau invented the first curling iron (called Marcel iron and Marcel waving)

1923-invented the electric version

Also developed a PW machine, barber clippers, safety razor, and other devices.

1920’s

• cosmetic industry grew rapidly

• ad’s expenditures in radio alone went from $390,000.00 to $3.2 million by the end of the decade

Digitalhistory.uh.edu

Vintagepowderroom.com

• Era of change

• New set of standards and practices for cosmetology

***1933 Cosmetology State Law was born

1930’s

•1931, preheat method was introduced-hair was wrapped in the croquinole method

• clamps heated by a separate electrical machine were place over the wound curls

Dehaarsite.nl

•1932, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough pioneered a method that used external heat generated by chemical reaction was introduced

• small flexible pads containing a chemical mixture were wound around hair strands

• pads moistened with water released a chemical heat creating long-lasting curls

• machineless permanent wave was born

1932

•Revlon marketed the first nail polish

(not stain) using formulas borrowed from the car paint industry

• dramatic shift in nail cosmetics

• array of nail lacquer colors available

• early screen stars started the trend of wearing matching colors on their fingers and toes

Quirkyfinds.com

•1932-Clairol created permanent haircolor

•1938 the cold wave was invented that used no machine or heat

• considered to be the precursor to the modern perm

                     Library.duke.edu

Ebay.com

1940’s

•1941, scientists developed waving lotion that did not require heat

*called cold wave

                   

Modernlab.com

• today, the term “texture service” is used to describe the variety of permanent wave services and straightening services available for different hair types and conditions

Just-hairstyles.com

Hairstyles-pictures.com

Barbering and Medicine

The Barber Pole-symbol of the barber-surgeon, has its roots from the bloodletting procedure that was once thought to strengthen the immune system

1. Pole = the staff; patients held a staff tightly in order for the veins in the arm to stand out.

2. Bottom = basin; basin was the vessel that caught the blood.

Hillsdalebarnantiques.com

Azbarberboard.us

3. White bandages stop blood; the bandages used to stop the bleeding were hung on the staff to dry.

The stained bandages would twist around the pole forming the red/white pattern.

Another interpretation is that the red represented the blood, blue the veins, and white the bandages.

Barbers still use the symbol today.

1951-2000

• introduction of tube mascara,

improved hair care,

and nail products

Southportbeautysalon.com

Nailsupplywebsite.com

•boom and death of the weekly salon

appointment

•1960’s-Vidal Sassoon’s revolutionary geometric haircuts

Discoveringhair.wordpress.com

Ladybear.gaia.com

Campuscircle.net

•1970’s highlighting techniques of “hair weaving” using aluminum foil

Tpcs-auction.org

Zebrahairandbeauty.com

•1980’s heavy use of eye make-up and blush…and really BIG HAIR, just ask Mrs. Kucas

Images.mix.com

Moviedearest.blogspot.com

Farouk introduced the first “ammonia free” haircolor

•1990’s haircolor became gentler, allowing all ethnicities to be blondes, brunettes, and redheads

Hairsandiego.com

Pitchengine.com

Hairstyle-blog.com

                   

1998-Creative Nail Design introduced the first spa pedicure

***nail art also entered the seen by the 1990’s

Yelp.com

Looklocally.com

Nailartgallery.com

Breakforfunzarke.net

Kaskus.us

21st Century

• gentle-no fade hair colors

• estheticians rejuvenate the skin and keep sunspots, and mild acne under control

• specialization became popular-hair colorist, hair cutting specialist, nail technician, etc. providing a full array of services

***haircoloring in the twentieth century has become a multibillion-dollar industry of professional products!!!!!!!

***the huge growth in day spas has also been a significant development

*** the domain of cosmetology has changed dramatically . All the new services and skills have transformed and expanded the role of cosmetologists, requiring them to know more than ever and to make

continuing education a necessity

• men’s-only specialty shops and barber spas have grown in popularity, providing new opportunities for men’s hair, skin and nail care specialists

Luxury-insider.com

Psfk.com

Reviewjournal.com

Continuing Education

Key to •Individual development•Personal motivation•Knowledge and confidence•Advance your career•Achieve real success•Keep you current with trends•Latest innovations•Newest techniques

• Opportunity to observe, practice, and execute techniques and trends

• Hand-on classes

Educators are highly trained, experienced professionals

-help you develop your craft and reach your full potential

Career Paths

Haircolor specialist

•perform color services

•work for a product manufacturer

                          

Beautyschools.edu

Beautifulhairsandiego.com

Texture specialist

~ perming Texture ~ straightening Services~ training others~ work for manufacturer

New subspecialty-curly hair specialistmaintains natural curl

Ehow.com

Stylekandy.com

Easy-hairstyles.com

Haircutting specialist

•Learning various cutting styles and techniques

•Perfect your own skills

•Develop your own method of cutting hair

(everyone develops their own way of cutting hair)

Plumstudiossalon.comGuidespot.com

Salon trainer- educate others

•management and interpersonal relationship training

•Small salons

•large organizations

•Trade associations

Distributor sales consultant-salon

•new products, new trends, and new techniques

•excellent opportunity

Manufacturer Educator

•Hire educators to train stylist’s and salon staff on company’s products

•Advance to field educator, regional educator even platform educator

Artistic Director

•Inspire hairstylists and create trends

•Takes experience and confidence

•Master cutting techniques

•Platform artistry at trade shows

•Opportunities also include: manufacturer spokesperson, freelance artist, salon or manufacturer artistic director

Education Director

•Setting the company’s standards by creating education that drives sales

•Only available with 5+ years experience

•Must possess; excellent hairdressing skills, leadership and effective communication and presentation skills, ability to create budgets, and product knowledge of company’s brand and competitors

Cosmetology instructor

•Technical school or private beauty school

Film, Theatrical, or editorial stylist

•Work on magazine and Internet photo shoots

•Backstage at movies and TV

•Starts with volunteering to assist

•Sign up with local union

Need:•Persistence•Networking skills•Team spirit•Attention to detail

Requires:•Constant continuing education•In working with wigs, hairpieces, and makeup

Creative Director

•10 years or more experience

•Executive level position

•Could be a international or global creative director

•Responsibilities: oversee, coach, mentor, lead company’s educators

•Committed to elevating the standard of education and professionalism of all hairdressers

Add: terms only-not definitions

***Salon stylistperforms all services offered in a salon.

***Wig or extensions specialist-change the length , texture and color by adding extensions, through braiding, weaving, bonding, gluing, or sewing. Wigs, especially for people who experience hair loss. Or a men’s hair replacement specialist

Cambridge.gumtree.com

Jamaica-newyork.olx.com

***Retail specialist

• handling merchandise and inventory

Thedressingroomsalon.com

divasalonspa,.com

***Skin Care Specialist/Esthetician-

•offers treatments

•makeup

•work with Dermatologists

Many will own their own business

Instituteofaesthetics.org

Designingbeautyacademy.com

Dominelli.com

***Makeup artist-

•able to blend, shade, and create any image

• work with a private clientele

•makeup director for a department store

•represent a line of cosmetics

• work in TV or film, fashion magazines, theater, independent freelancer

Centennialcollege.ca

Flickr.com

***Nail technician-provide clients with manicures and pedicures, nail art,

artificial nail services

***Day Spa stylist or technician-all salon services plus treatments like body massage, body wraps, hydrotherapy.

Beautynewsnyc.com

Funandsun.com

***Session stylist-stylist for models being photographed for magazines or books

Rheeviews.com

Hji.co.uk

Ftape.com

***Platform artist

•on stage, performing for people, sharing knowledge and traveling. Demonstrates current trends and techniques. Salon experience is a must

Arrojostudio.com

***Competition Champion

• “the best” display their individual talents and techniques. Often establishes their own salon, works as trainers, and sets a high standard for pricing

***Writer

•for articles, books, brochures, produce videos. Work for a publishing company

***State board member

•take a proactive role in the regulatory issues affecting the cosmetology industry. You could also become a state board examiner or a state board inspector

***Salon industry grosses about $50 billion a year in revenue

• no limit to your possibilities

•develop your skills

•most creative and unique career

Read: Did You Know

Salon Management

• management opportunities are diverse* inventory manager* department head* special events manager* assistant manager* general manager

Salon owner* enroll in business classes to

learn about managing: ~ products

~ departments~ people

Reflectionssaloninc.com

Identity-uk.com

• Have math and accounting skills

• Read documents-ex. profit/loss

• Understand marketing

• Business side-make salon money

• Keep clients and employees happy

• Opportunity to expand your career

• Control your own destiny

• Keep developing your skills

• Enjoy an extremely creative and rewarding career

You must decide whether you want to work in:

•Specialty salon

•Full-service salon (hair, skin, and nail services)

•Day spa (skin, body, nail, and hair services that emphasize beauty and wellness

Did You Know?

To positively impact your future:

•focus on your studies

• read trade publications

• become a member in trade associations

•continue your education by attending workshops outside of school

•your personal dedication and passion will determine your success.