chapter 1: getting started - cs.science.cmu.ac.th · chapter 1 getting started. ... –if we want...
TRANSCRIPT
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204112 Structured Programming 1
Chapter 1
Getting Started
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204112 Structured Programming 2
Outline
Introduction to Programming
Algorithm
Programming Style
The printf( ) Function
Common Programming Errors
Introduction to Modularity
Top-Down Program Development
Chapter Summary
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204112 Structured Programming 3
Introduction to Programming
Computer program
– is a sequence of instructions used to
operate a computer to produce a specific
result
Programming language
– is a set of instructions used to construct a
program
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204112 Structured Programming 4
IPO: Input, Process, Output
Input
Devices
CentralProcessing
Unit
Main
Memory
Output
Devices
SecondaryStorageDevices
Main Hardware Component
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204112 Structured Programming 5
Set of Instructions &
Library Functions
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204112 Structured Programming 6
FORmula TRANslation
(FORTRAN)
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204112 Structured Programming 7
COmmon Business
Oriented Language (COBOL)
Current trend
– Programming
Languages that
can manipulate
database:
–VB
–JAVA
–etc.
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204112 Structured Programming 8
Algorithm
is a step-by-step sequence of instructions that describes how to perform a computation
a solution to a computer programming problem
Example
– if we want to calculate the sum of whole numbers from 1 through 100
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204112 Structured Programming 9
Summing the numbers
1 through 100
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204112 Structured Programming 10
Summing the numbers
1 through 100 (cont.)
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204112 Structured Programming 11
Algorithms for summing the
numbers 1 through 100
Set n equal to 100
Set a equal to 1
Set b equal to 100
Calculate sum = n(a+b)/2 Formula
Print the sum
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204112 Structured Programming 12
Pseudocode & Flowchart
Pseudocode
– is English phrases used to describe the algorithm (the processing steps)
– English-like steps that describes the solution
Flowchart
– provides a pictorial representation of the algorithm using the symbols
– picture with specific blocks detailing out the logical flow of the solution
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204112 Structured Programming 13
From Algorithms to Programs
Coding
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204112 Structured Programming 14
From Algorithms to Programs
C Source Code#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
int n, remainder;
clrscr();
printf("Input n : ");
scanf("%d", &n);
remainder = n % 2;
if (remainder == 0)
printf ("n is even number\n");
else
printf ("n is odd number\n");
getch();
return 0;
}
Input N
Remainder = 0 ?
Output Answer
Start
End
Answer <- EVEN Answer <- ODD
Yes No
Remainder <- N modulo 2
Problem Statement
Read a number from the keyboard. Check and output if a given number N is ODD or EVEN
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204112 Structured Programming 15
Programming Style
Standard formint main( )
{
program statements in here;
return 0;
}
Remark: At the end of the program, Zero is usually returned to indicate error-free function termination.
clarity and ease in reading
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204112 Structured Programming 16
Programming Style (cont.)
Poor programming style
int
main
(
) { printf
(“Hello there world!”
); return 0;}
difficult to read and understand
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204112 Structured Programming 17
Comments
are explanatory remarks made within a program
have no effect on program execution
start of comment with /*
end of comment via */
Example/* this is a comment */
/* this program prints out a message */
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204112 Structured Programming 18
Pgm1-3.cpp & Output
Output
Comment
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204112 Structured Programming 19
The printf( ) Function
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204112 Structured Programming 20
Pgm1-1.cpp & Output
Output
printf( )
Preprocessor command
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204112 Structured Programming 21
Preprocessor Command
Begin with a pound sign “#”, do not end with “;’ e.g. #include<stdio.h>
The first step in the C program compilation stage
The “#include” preprocessor command causes the contents of header file in “<>” to be inserted where the #include command appears.
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204112 Structured Programming 22
C Libraries - #include …
Library file Functions
#include <stdio.h> Standard I/O functions – printf, scanf, getc, fopen,
fclose
#include <io.h> Traditional file operations – lock, create, filelength,
read, write
#include <math.h> Arithmetic – abs, floor, pow, sqrt
Logarithmic – log, exp,
Trignometric – sin, tan, cos, atan
Floating point – fabs, fmod
#include <string.h> String operations – strcpy, strcat, strcmp, strlen,
strrev, strlwr, strupr
Without including these libraries, you cannot write C programs that need to use these standard
function. Check your reference for details on the C libraries, their functions and how they can be used.
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204112 Structured Programming 23
Pgm1-2.cpp & Output
Output
new line: \n
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204112 Structured Programming 24
\n
If the backslash was
omitted from the
second printf( ) call
in Pgm1-2.cpp
Original Output
New Output (without \)
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204112 Structured Programming 25
An Example of \n
Output
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204112 Structured Programming 26
Common Programming Errors
Omitting the parentheses after mainmain main( )
Omitting or incorrectly typing the opening brace { that signifies the start of a function body
Omitting or incorrectly typing the closing brace } that signifies the end of a function
Misspelling the name of a functionprint( ) printf( )
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204112 Structured Programming 27
Common Programming Errors
(cont.)
Forgetting to close the message to printf( )
with a double quote (“ ”) symbol
Omitting the semicolon (;) at the end of each
statement
Forgetting the \n to indicate a new line
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204112 Structured Programming 28
Introduction to Modularity
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204112 Structured Programming 29
Introduction to Modularity
(cont.)
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204112 Structured Programming 30
Functions
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204112 Structured Programming 31
Functions (cont.)
The names permissible for functions are
referred to as identifiers
Rules
– first character of the name must be a letter or
underscore ( _ )
– only letters, digits, or underscores may follow the
initial letter
– cannot be one of the keywords
– may have no more than 31 characters
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204112 Structured Programming 32
Keywords (Reserved Words)
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204112 Structured Programming 33
An Example of
Valid & Invalid C Identifiers
grosspay taxCalc addNums DegToRad
1AB3 salestax netpay while
multTwo E*6 bessel1
Case-sensitive language
– TOTAL, total, TotaL three distinct names
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204112 Structured Programming 34
The main( ) Function
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204112 Structured Programming 35
The main( ) Function (cont.)
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204112 Structured Programming 36
A Sample main( ) Function
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204112 Structured Programming 37
Top-Down
Program Development
The five steps in the top-down development
procedure
– Step1: determine the desired output
– Step2: determine the input items
– Step3: design the program
• determine an algorithm
• do a hand calculation
– Step4: write the program
– Step5: test the output
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204112 Structured Programming 38
An Example of Problem
The circumference, C, of a circle is given by
the formula C = 2r, where is the constant
3.1416 (accurate to four decimal places), and r
is the radius of the circle. Using this
information, write a C program to calculate the
circumference of a circle that has a 2-inch
radius.
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204112 Structured Programming 39
Step1: Determine the
Desired Output
calculate, print, determine, find, or
compare can be used to determine the
desired output
to calculate the circumference of a circle
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204112 Structured Programming 40
Step2: Determine the
Input Items
input item is the name of an input
quantity
input value is a specific number
input item the radius of the circle
input value 2
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204112 Structured Programming 41
Step3: Design the Program
consists of 2 steps
– determine an algorithm (pseudocode)Assign a value to r
Calculate the circumference using the formula C = 2r
Display the result
– do a hand calculation
• substitute radius of 2 inches into the formula
• 2(3.1416)2 = 12.5664 inches
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204112 Structured Programming 42
Pgm1-4.cpp & Output
Output
Calculate the circumference of the circle
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204112 Structured Programming 43
Step5: Test the Output
is to verify that a program works correctly
and fulfills its requirements
The same program can be used over
and over with new input data
Program error is called a bug
Debugging includes locating, correcting,
and verifying the correction
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204112 Structured Programming 44
Modularity & Top-Down Design
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204112 Structured Programming 45
Modularity & Top-Down Design
(cont.)
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204112 Structured Programming 46
Program Translation
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204112 Structured Programming 47
Program Translation (cont.)
Interpreter
– each statement in the source program is translated
individually and executed immediately
Compiler
– all the statements in the source program are
translated before any one statement is executed
The result of compiling a source program is
called an executable program
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204112 Structured Programming 48
Chapter Summary
main( )
printf( )
The body of function
{
All program statements in here;
}
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204112 Structured Programming 49
Chapter Summary (cont.)
All C statements must be terminated by
a semicolon (;)
printf( ) can be a message enclosed with
double quotes
– printf(“Hello there world!”);
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204112 Structured Programming 50
Q&A
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204112 Structured Programming 51
Practice
Write algorithm to solve the following:
input 5 numbers and display how many odd numbers and how many even numbers.
Example: If I input 5, 8, 9, 4, 7
The number of odd is 3
The number of even is 2