chapter 1 basic concepts in immunology -...
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Chapter 1
Basic Concepts
in Immunology
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Lymphocytes encounter and respond to antigen in the peripheral lymphoid organs (PLOs)
3 major types of PLO
- Spleen (blood)
- Lymph node (tissue)
- Mucosal associated lymphoid tissues (epithelia)
PLOs are specialized to trap DC, which
displays Ag to lymphocyte
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Circulating lymphocytes
Naïve lymphocytes
Effector cells
Draining lymph nodes
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Figure 1-10 Lymphoid tissues
trapping Ag ingested by DC or MØ
presenting Ag to migratory lymphocytes
inducing adaptive immune responses
providing signals to lymphocytes to survive or
apoptosis (maintaining correct # of lymphocytes)
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Figure 1-8 part 1 of 2
The organization of a lymph node
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Figure 1-8 part 2 of 2
Light micrograph of a section through a lymph node
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Figure 1-9
The organization of the lymphoid tissue of the spleen
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Figure 1-9 part 2 of 3
The arrangement of discrete areas of white pulp around central arterioles
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Figure 1-9 part 3 of 3
Light micrograph of a transverse section of white pulp of human spleen immunostained for mature B cells
PFZ=perifollicular zone
MZ=marginal zone
Co=follicular B-cell corona
GC=germinal center
PALS=periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath
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Peyer’s patches
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Interaction with other cells as well as with
antigen is necessary for lymphocyte activation
Antigen binding to lymphocyte receptors
Co-stimulatory interactions
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Two signals are required for lymphocyte activation
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The 3 types of antigen presenting cells
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Lymphocytes proliferate in
response to antigen in
peripheral lymphoid organs,
generating effector cells and
immunological memory
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Time course of a typical antibody response to antigen
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Antibodies deal with extracellular forms of
pathogens and their toxic products
Different pathogens have their own distinct lifestyle
B cells recognize Ags present outside the cells
T cells detect Ags generated inside infected cells
Effector mechanisms of adaptive immunity
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Figure 1-24 Antibodies can participate in host defenses in three main ways:
humoral immunity
Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement activation
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T cells are needed to control intracellular
pathogens and to activate B-cell responses to
most antigens
Cell-mediated immune responses
CD8 T cells – cytotoxic T cells
CD4 T cells – helper T cells
2 major types of CD4 effector T cells
- Th1 and Th2
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Cytotoxic T cells destroy virally infected cells, thereby preventing the spread of virus
Influenza virus budding from an infected cell
A virally infected cell surrounded by cytotoxic T lymphocytes
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Activated macrophages destroy mycobacteria that infect them
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CD4 and CD8 T cells recognize peptides bound
to two different classes of MHC molecules
MHC class I vs MHC class II
Co-receptor CD8 binds MHC class I
Co-receptor CD4 binds MHC class II
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Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules Bind Antigenic Peptides
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MHC class I molecules present peptides
synthesized within the cell
MHC class I molecules carry antigenic
peptides from the ER to the cell surface
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MHC class II molecules present internalized protein antigens, not endogenously synthesized antigens
Macrophages
B cells
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Figure 1-31 Helper T cells, upon activation by MHC class
II+peptide on APCs, in turn activate those
cells, thereby resulting in antigen removal
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Defects in immune system result in increased
susceptibility to infection
- immunodeficiency diseases, AIDS
Understanding adaptive immune responses is
important for control of allergies, autoimmune
disease and organ graft rejection
- immunosuppressive drugs
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Figure 1-32
Immune responses can be beneficial or harmful,
depending on the nature of the antigen and the genetic
background of the responding individual
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3 other successful vaccination campaigns
Vaccination is the most
effective means of
controlling infectious
diseases