Chapter 8America Secedes from the Empire1775-1783 American Pageant

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Reading Assignment:Chapter 8, American Pageant Chapter 8

America Secedes from the Empire1775-1783

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PERIOD 3: 1754–1800 Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government.I. The ideals that inspired the revolutionary cause reflected new beliefs about politics, religion, and society that had been developing over the course of the 18th century.

A) Enlightenment ideas and philosophy inspired many American political thinkers to emphasizeindividual talent over hereditary privilege, while religion strengthened Americans’ view of themselves as a people blessed with liberty. B) The colonists’ belief in the superiority of republican forms of government based on the naturalrights of the people found expression in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence. The ideas in these documents resonated throughout American history, shapingAmericans’ understanding of the ideals on which the nation was based.

C) During and after the American Revolution, an increased awareness of inequalities in society motivated some individuals and groups to call for the abolition of slavery and greater political democracy in the new state and national governments.

D) In response to women’s participation in the American Revolution, Enlightenment ideas, and women’s appeals for expanded roles, an ideal of “republican motherhood” gained popularity. It called on women to teach republican values within the family and granted women a newimportance in American political culture.

E) The American Revolution and the ideals set forth in the Declaration of Independence reverberated in France, Haiti, and Latin America, inspiring future independence movements.

II. After declaring independence, American political leaders created new constitutions and declarationsof rights that articulated the role of the state and federal governments while protecting individual liberties and limiting both centralized power and excessive popular influence.

A) Many new state constitutions placed power in the hands of the legislative branch and maintained property qualifications for voting and citizenship. B) The Articles of Confederation unified the newly independent states, creating a central government with limited power. After the Revolution, difficulties over international trade,finances, interstate commerce, foreign relations,

C) Delegates from the states participated in a Constitutional Convention and through negotiation,collaboration, and compromise proposed a constitution that created a limited but dynamic centralgovernment embodying federalism and providing for a separation of powers between its three branches.

D) The Constitutional Convention compromised over the representation of slave states in Congress and the role of the federal government in regulating both slavery and the slave trade, allowing the prohibition of the international slave trade after 1808.

E) In the debate over ratifying the Constitution, Anti Federalists opposing ratification battled with Federalists, whose principles were articulated in the Federalist Papers (primarily written by Alexander Hamilton and James Madison). Federalists ensured the ratification of the Constitutionby promising the addition of a Bill of Rights that enumerated individual rights and explicitlyrestricted the powers of the federal government.

and internal unrest led to calls for a strongercentral government.

Checklist of Learning ObjectivesAfter mastering this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Explain how American colonists could continue to proclaim their loyalty to the British crown even while they engaged in major military hostilities with Britain after April 1775.

2. Explain why Thomas Paine’s Common Sense finally inspired Americans to declare their independence in the summer of 1776, and outline the principal ideas of republicanism that Paine and other American revolutionary leaders promoted.

3. Explain both the specific political grievances and the universal ideals and principles that Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence used to justify America’s separation from Britain.

4. Show why the American Revolution should be understood as a civil war between Americans as well as a war with Britain, and describe the motivations and treatment of the Loyalists.

5. Describe how Britain’s original strategic plan to crush the Revolution was foiled, especially by the Battle of Saratoga.

6. Describe the fundamental military strategy that Washington and his generals, especially Nathanael Greene, adopted, and why it proved successful.

7. Describe the key role of the French alliance in winning American independence, including the final victory at Yorktown.

8. Describe the terms of the Treaty of Paris, and explain why America was able to achieve a diplomatic victory that far exceeded its military and economic strength.

SHORT ANWSERIdentify and state the historical significance of the following:

1. George Washington

2. William Howe

3. Nathanael Greene

4. Benedict Arnold

5. John Burgoyne

6. Charles Cornwallis

7. Thomas Paine

8. George Rogers Clark

9. Richard Henry Lee

10. Horatio Gates

11. John Paul Jones

12. Thomas Jefferson

13. Marquis de Lafayette

14. Patrick Henry

15. Comte de Rochambeau

16. John Jay

17. Ethan Allen

18. Abigail Adams

19. Richard Montgomery

20. George III

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

21. Mercenaries

22. natural rights

23. privateering

24. republicanism

25. natural aristocracy

26. popular consent

27. civic virtue

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

28. Second Continental Congress

29. Common Sense

30. Declaration of Independence

31. Loyalists/Tories

32. Patriots/Whigs

33. Treaty of Paris of 1783

34. Bunker Hill

35. Battle of Saratoga

36. Battle of Yorktown

37. Hessians

Notes: Fill in Outline

Chapter 08 - America Secedes from the EmpireI. Congress Drafts George Washington

II. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings

III. The Abortive Conquest of Canada

IV. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense

V. Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”

VI. Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence

VII. Patriots and Loyalists

VIII. The Loyalist Exodus

IX. General Washington at Bay

X. Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion

XI. Revolution in Diplomacy?

XII. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War

XIII. Blow and Counterblow

XIV. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier

XV. Yorktown and the Final Curtain

XVI. Peace at Paris

XVII. A New Nation Legitimized

XVIII. Makers of America: The Loyalists

Applying What You Have Learned

1. Why were Americans so long reluctant to break with Britain? How does the Declaration of Independence explain “the causes that impel them to separation” (see Appendix)?

2. Why was the Battle of Saratoga such a key battle in the Revolutionary War? Did Saratoga put the Americans on a clear path to victory, or only prevent them from being quickly defeated?

3. Why did Tom Paine’s radical vision of republican virtue and the rights of the people appeal to so many Americans at the time of independence? Why did more conservative Patriots develop a different vision of America’s republican future?

4. In what ways was the Revolution a civil war among Americans as well as a fight between Britain and those Americans seeking independence? Why have the Loyalists generally been forgotten in the story of America’s beginnings?

5. How did the idealism and self-evident truths of the Declaration of Independence shape Americans’ outlook and conduct during the Revolutionary War, including their attempt to establish entirely new principles of international relations?

6. Argue for and against: Even though it was necessary to achieve American independence, the American alliance with the reactionary French monarchy violated revolutionary ideals and demonstrated their impracticality as a basis for international relations.

7. Argue for and against: Washington was a great general not so much because of his victories but because of his brilliant strategic retreats.

HIPPIn the midst of the revolutionary fervor of 1776, at least one woman—Abigail Adams, wife of noted Massachusetts Patriot (and future president) John Adams—raised her voice on behalf of women. Yet she apparently raised it only in private—in this personal letter to her husband. Private documents like the correspondence and diaries of individuals both prominent and ordinary offer invaluable sources for the historian seeking to discover sentiments, opinions, and perspectives that are often difficult to discern in the official public record. What might it suggest about the historical circumstances of the 1770s that Abigail Adams confined her claim for women’s equality to this confidential exchange with her spouse? What might have inspired the arguments she employed? Despite her privileged position and persuasive power, and despite her threat to “foment a rebellion,” Abigail Adams’s plea went largely unheeded in the Revolutionary era—as did comparable pleadings to extend the revolutionary principle of equality to blacks. What might have accounted for this limited application of the ideas of liberty and equality in the midst of a supposedly democratic revolution?

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Washington Crossing the Delaware, by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851 On Christmas Day, 1776, George Washington set out from Pennsylvania with twenty-four hundred men to surprise the British forces, chiefly Hessians, in their quarters across the river in New Jersey. The subsequent British defeat proved to be a turning point in the Revolution, as it checked the British advance toward Philadelphia and restored American morale. Seventy-five years later, Leutze, a German American immigrant who had returned to Germany, mythologized the heroic campaign in this painting. Imbued with the liberal democratic principles of the American Revolution, Leutze intended his painting to inspire Europeans in their revolutions of 1848. To that end, he ignored the fact that the Stars and Stripes held by Lieutenant James Monroe was not adopted until 1777; that Washington could not possibly have stood so long on one leg; that the colonists crossed the Delaware at night, not during the day; and that no African American would have been present. What Leutze did capture was the importance of ordinary men in the Revolutionary struggle and the tremendous urgency they felt at this particular moment in 1776, when victory seemed so elusive.

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Notes