chapter 02 - power generating and distribution systems

8/11/2019 Chapter 02 - Power Generating and Distribution Systems

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POWER GENERATING ANDPOWER GENERATING ANDDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMSDISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

byby

Engr Engr . Alexis T.. Alexis T. BelonioBelonioDepartment of Agricultural Engineering andDepartment of Agricultural Engineering and

Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

College of AgricultureCollege of Agriculture

Central Philippine UniversityCentral Philippine UniversityIloilo CityIloilo City



Definition of TermsDefinition of Terms

Centralized GenerationCentralized Generation – – Electricity productionElectricity production

on largeon large --scale power station which are usuallyscale power station which are usuallyremote from electricity consumers and whichremote from electricity consumers and whichrequires long distance high voltage transmissionrequires long distance high voltage transmission

network.network.Distributed GenerationDistributed Generation – – It is a power generationIt is a power generationgenerally located close to where it is consumedgenerally located close to where it is consumedsuch a s supplying electricity on site or over thesuch a s supplying electricity on site or over thefence. They can also export energy into localfence. They can also export energy into localgrid.grid.



Embedded GenerationEmbedded Generation – – Smaller Smaller --scalescalegenerators that are connected to electricitygenerators that are connected to electricitydistribution network.distribution network.CogenerationCogeneration – – Involves the generation of twoInvolves the generation of twoproducts from a single fuel like heat and powerproducts from a single fuel like heat and powerfor drying and for production of electricity.for drying and for production of electricity.Typically it is 2 to 3 times more efficient thanTypically it is 2 to 3 times more efficient thanmajor conventional coal fired centralized powermajor conventional coal fired centralized powerstations.stations.Renewable GenerationRenewable Generation – – Produces no netProduces no netgreenhouse emissions which includes powergreenhouse emissions which includes powergenerated from nongenerated from non --hydrocarbon, naturalhydrocarbon, naturalresources such as biomass, hydro, wind, solar,resources such as biomass, hydro, wind, solar,and tidaland tidal



Sources of EnergySources of Energy

NonNon --RenewableRenewable

CoalCoal – – solid fuel usually used for furnace of largesolid fuel usually used for furnace of largesteam generator steam generator Fuel OilFuel Oil – – petroleum products of heavy oil whichpetroleum products of heavy oil whichrequires preheating for burning.requires preheating for burning.DistillateDistillate – – lighter fraction of fuel oil having lowlighter fraction of fuel oil having lowviscosity. Usually used for gas turbine orviscosity. Usually used for gas turbine orreciprocating engine.reciprocating engine.

Jet fuelJet fuel – – it is the lightest fraction of fuel oil having theit is the lightest fraction of fuel oil having thelowest viscosity used for driving gas turbine.lowest viscosity used for driving gas turbine.GasGas – – natural gas and LPGnatural gas and LPG



RenewableRenewable

Solar Solar WindWindWater Water

BiomassBiomass



Steam TurbinesSteam TurbinesThis system converts fossil fuel such as coal, gas or oilThis system converts fossil fuel such as coal, gas or oilinto electric energy.into electric energy.

The fuel burned in the boiler releases heat, which boilsThe fuel burned in the boiler releases heat, which boilswater and converts it into highwater and converts it into high --pressure superheatedpressure superheatedsteam.steam.The stem enters the turbine where it expands andThe stem enters the turbine where it expands andpushes against blades to turn the generator shaft topushes against blades to turn the generator shaft tocreate electric current.create electric current.

After the steam passes through the turbine, condensers After the steam passes through the turbine, condensersconvert it to water that is returned by pumps to the boilerconvert it to water that is returned by pumps to the boilerto repeat the cycle.to repeat the cycle.Combustion gases exit through the stack.Combustion gases exit through the stack.Fossil fuels are burned into the boiler by spraying in hotFossil fuels are burned into the boiler by spraying in hot

air.air.



Gas TurbineGas Turbine

The fuel such as oil or natural gas isThe fuel such as oil or natural gas is

burned into a highburned into a high --pressure combustionpressure combustionchamber that produces a hot gas thatchamber that produces a hot gas thatdirectly passes the turbine.directly passes the turbine.

The turbine spins the generator to produceThe turbine spins the generator to produceelectricity.electricity.

The turbine also spins a compressor toThe turbine also spins a compressor toprovide high pressure air to theprovide high pressure air to thecombustion chamber.combustion chamber.



Hydro Power Hydro Power

This uses the energy of moving water to makeThis uses the energy of moving water to make

electricity.electricity.This system has no effect on the air quality.This system has no effect on the air quality.IN this system dams on a river capture its powerIN this system dams on a river capture its powerdirecting the fastdirecting the fast --flowing water through turbines,flowing water through turbines,turning generators and producing electricity.turning generators and producing electricity.

The head difference between the water levelThe head difference between the water levelabove and below the turbine, and the rate ofabove and below the turbine, and the rate offlow determine the amount of power generated.flow determine the amount of power generated.



GeothermalGeothermal

It is the source of energy that comes withinIt is the source of energy that comes within

the earth.the earth.The basic forms includes dry steam, hotThe basic forms includes dry steam, hotwater or wet steam, hot dry dock, and geowater or wet steam, hot dry dock, and geo --pressurized system.pressurized system.Dry SteamDry Steam – – Operators pipe dry steamOperators pipe dry steam

from natural underground reservoirfrom natural underground reservoirthrough a conventional steamthrough a conventional steam --turbineturbinegenerator to produce electricity.generator to produce electricity.



Hot WaterHot Water – – The hot rock beneath theThe hot rock beneath theearth surface heats underground water toearth surface heats underground water totemp up to 2,200 Ftemp up to 2,200 F



PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics

It converts sunlight to electricity directly withoutIt converts sunlight to electricity directly withoutboilers, turbine, generators, piping and coolingboilers, turbine, generators, piping and coolingtowers.towers.It generate power when particles of sunlightIt generate power when particles of sunlightstrike certain semiconductor materials such asstrike certain semiconductor materials such as

silicon.silicon.The silicon atom that absorb the sunlight andThe silicon atom that absorb the sunlight anddislodge the electron and allow them to move.dislodge the electron and allow them to move.

To generate one kilowatt of electricity when theTo generate one kilowatt of electricity when thesun is brightest would require about 100 squaresun is brightest would require about 100 squarefeet of photofeet of photo --voltaic panels.voltaic panels.



NuclearNuclear

In this system the steam is created by a nuclearIn this system the steam is created by a nuclearreactor to spin the turbine and then drive thereactor to spin the turbine and then drive theelectric generator.electric generator.The nuclear reactor takes place of theThe nuclear reactor takes place of thecombustion of the boiler.combustion of the boiler.

The heat that produces the steam comes fromThe heat that produces the steam comes fromthe energy release duringthe energy release during fissioningfissioning of uraniumof uraniumfuel.fuel.

A controlled nuclear chain reaction takes place A controlled nuclear chain reaction takes placein the reactor as neutrons from one splittingin the reactor as neutrons from one splittingatom strike other atoms causing them to splitatom strike other atoms causing them to splitand release heat energy.and release heat energy.



Distribution SystemsDistribution Systems

SubstationSubstation – – It is similar to switchyard butIt is similar to switchyard but

is usually associated with lower voltageis usually associated with lower voltagedistribution lines. Most of the equipment isdistribution lines. Most of the equipment isenclosed with a building.enclosed with a building.



Small Sub Station



SwitchyardSwitchyard – – It is fenced area containingIt is fenced area containing

electrical equipment used to control theelectrical equipment used to control thetransfer of power from one set of powertransfer of power from one set of powerlines to another set of power lines. It islines to another set of power lines. It isusually associated with high voltage butusually associated with high voltage butalso used in association with lower voltagealso used in association with lower voltage

distribution lines.distribution lines.



TransmissionTransmission – – Electrical cabling system whichElectrical cabling system whichtransfer large amount of power, usually overtransfer large amount of power, usually overlong distances. Transmission systems arelong distances. Transmission systems are

usually operated at extra high voltage (usually operated at extra high voltage ( egeg 132132kV, 275 kV, and 330 kV)kV, 275 kV, and 330 kV)Network LossesNetwork Losses – – Amount of energy lost when Amount of energy lost whenelectricity flows in the power lines of aelectricity flows in the power lines of atransmission and/or distribution network. Thetransmission and/or distribution network. Theelectrical resistance of the power lines is theelectrical resistance of the power lines is themain contributor to this losses.main contributor to this losses.



Transmission Line



Transmission Line entering the substation andpassing through the switch tower



Distribution Lines

chapter 02 - power generating and distribution systems

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