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Assembly Language for Intel-BasedAssembly Language for Intel-Based

Computers, 4Computers, 4thth

EditionEdition

Chapter 3: Assembly Language

Fundamentals

!" #earson Edu!ation, $%%$& All rights reser'ed& (ou may modify and !opy this slide sho) for your personal use, or foruse in the !lassroom, as long as this !opyright statement, the author*s name, and the title are not !hanged&

+ Chapter !orre!tionseb" Assembly language sour!eseb"

Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine

Revision date: 09/15/2002

ip .& Ir'ine
http://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asm/corrections.htmhttp://www.nuvisionmiami.com/kip/asm.htmhttp://www.nuvisionmiami.com/kip/asm.htmhttp://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asm/corrections.htm

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2

Chapter 0'er'ie)Chapter 0'er'ie)

+ Basi! Elements of Assembly Language

+ E/ample: Adding and 1ubtra!ting Integers

+ Assembling, Lin2ing, and .unning #rograms

+ efining ata+ 1ymboli! Constants

+ .eal-Address ode #rogramming
http://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asmhttp://../Masm615/Exampleshttp://../Masm615/Exampleshttp://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asm

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples

Basi! Elements of Assembly LanguageBasi! Elements of Assembly Language

+ Integer !onstants+ Integer e/pressions

+ Chara!ter and string !onstants

+ .eser'ed )ords and identifiers

+ ire!ti'es and instru!tions

+ Labels

+ nemoni!s and 0perands

+Comments+ E/amples

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !

Integer ConstantsInteger Constants

+ 0ptional leading 5 or 6 sign

+ binary, de!imal, he/ade!imal, or o!tal digits

+ Common radi/ !hara!ters:

+ h 6 he/ade!imal

+ d 6 de!imal+ b 6 binary

+ r 6 en!oded real

E/amples: 3%d, 7Ah, 4$, 88%8b9e/ade!imal beginning )ith letter: %Ah

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Integer E/pressionsInteger E/pressions

+ 0perators and pre!eden!e le'els:

+ E/amples:

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples #

Chara!ter and 1tring ConstantsChara!ter and 1tring Constants

+ En!lose !hara!ter in single or double ;uotes

+ *A*,

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.eser'ed ords and Identifiers.eser'ed ords and Identifiers

+ .eser'ed )ords Appendi/ " !annot be used as

identifiers+ Instru!tion mnemoni!s, dire!ti'es, type attributes,

operators, predefined symbols

+ Identifiers

+ 8-$4@ !hara!ters, in!luding digits+ !ase insensiti'e by default"

+ first !hara!ter must be a letter, , , or

+ ire!ti'es+ !ommand understood by the assembler

+ not part of Intel instru!tion set

+ !ase insensiti'e

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ire!ti'esire!ti'es

+ Commands that are re!ogni>ed and a!tedupon by the assembler

+ Dot part of the Intel instru!tion set

+ sed to de!lare !ode, data areas, sele!t

memory model, de!lare pro!edures, et!&+ ifferent assemblers ha'e different dire!ti'es

+ DA1 = A1, for e/ample

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Instru!tionsInstru!tions

+ Assembled into ma!hine !ode by assembler+ E/e!uted at runtime by the C#

+ ember of the Intel IA-3$ instru!tion set

+ #arts

+ Label

+ nemoni!

+ 0perand

+ Comment

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LabelsLabels

+ A!t as pla!e mar2ers+ mar2s the address offset" of !ode and data

+ Follo) identifer rules

+ ata label

+ must be uni;ue

+ e/ample: myArray not follo)ed by !olon"

+ Code label

+ target of Gump and loop instru!tions

+ e/ample: L1: follo)ed by !olon"

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nemoni!s and 0perandsnemoni!s and 0perands

+ Instru!tion nemoni!s

+

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '2

CommentsComments

+ Comments are good

+ e/plain the program*s purpose+ )hen it )as )ritten, and by )hom

+ re'ision information

+ tri!2y !oding te!hni;ues

+ appli!ation-spe!ifi! e/planations+ 1ingle-line !omments

+ begin )ith semi!olon "

+ ulti-line !omments

+ begin )ith C0EDJ dire!ti'e and a programmer-!hosen !hara!ter

+ end )ith the same programmer-!hosen !hara!ter

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '

Instru!tion Format E/amplesInstru!tion Format E/amples

+ Do operands+ st! set Carry flag

+ 0ne operand

+ in! ea/ register

+ in! myByte memory

+ J)o operands

+ add eb/,e!/ register, register

+ sub myByte,$ memory, !onstant

+ add ea/,37 K $ register, !onstant-e/pression

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '!

E/ample: Adding and 1ubtra!ting IntegersE/ample: Adding and 1ubtra!ting Integers

TITLE Add and Subtract (AddSub.asm)

; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit integers.

INL!"E Ir#ine32.inc

.codemain $%&

mo# ea'****h ; EA+ , ****h

add ea'****h ; EA+ , ****h

sub ea'2****h ; EA+ , 3****h

ca// "ump%egs ; disp/a0 registers

e'it

main EN"$

EN" main

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E/ample 0utputE/ample 0utput

#rogram output, sho)ing registers and flags:

EA+,***3**** E1+,"*** E+,****** E"+,

ESI,******** E"I,******** E1$,**2* ES$,**2

EI$,****2 EL,*****2*4 ,* S,* 5,* &,*

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '#

1uggested Coding 1tandards1uggested Coding 1tandards 8 of $"8 of $"

+1ome approa!hes to !apitali>ation+ !apitali>e nothing

+ !apitali>e e'erything

+ !apitali>e all reser'ed )ords, in!luding instru!tionmnemoni!s and register names

+ !apitali>e only dire!ti'es and operators

+ 0ther suggestions

+ des!ripti'e identifier names

+spa!es surrounding arithmeti! operators+ blan2 lines bet)een pro!edures

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '$

1uggested Coding 1tandards1uggested Coding 1tandards $ of $"$ of $"

+ Indentation and spa!ing

+ !ode and data labels 6 no indentation

+ e/e!utable instru!tions 6 indent 4- spa!es

+ !omments: begin at !olumn 4%-4, aligned 'erti!ally

+ 8-3 spa!es bet)een instru!tion and its operands

+ e/: mo' a/,b/

+ 8-$ blan2 lines bet)een pro!edures

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '%

Alternati'e Hersion of Add1ubAlternati'e Hersion of Add1ub

TITLE Add and Subtract (AddSubA/t.asm)

; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit integers..364.7&"EL 8/atstdca//.STA9 *:4

E'it$rocess $%&T& dE'itode&9E E'it$rocess*

main EN"$EN" main

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '&

#rogram Jemplate#rogram Jemplate

TITLE $rogram Temp/ate (Temp/ate.asm)

; $rogram "escriptione

+ segment type

+ E/ample: add1ub&map
http://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asmhttp://../Masm615/Exampleshttp://addsubmap.txt/http://addsubmap.txt/http://../Masm615/Exampleshttp://www.nuvisionmiami.com/books/asm

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2"

efining ataefining ata

+ Intrinsi! ata Jypes

+ ata efinition 1tatement

+ efining B(JE and 1B(JE ata

+ efining 0. and 10. ata

+ efining 0. and 10. ata

+ efining M0. ata

+ efining JB(JE ata

+ efining .eal Dumber ata

+ Little Endian 0rder

+ Adding Hariables to the Add1ub #rogram

+ e!laring ninitiali>ed ata

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2#

Intrinsi! ata JypesIntrinsi! ata Jypes 8 of $"8 of $"

+ B(JE, 1B(JE

+ N-bit unsigned integer N-bit signed integer

+ 0., 10.

+ 87-bit unsigned O signed integer

+ 0., 10.+ 3$-bit unsigned O signed integer

+ M0.

+ 74-bit integer

+ JB(JE+ N%-bit integer

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2$

Intrinsi! ata JypesIntrinsi! ata Jypes $ of $"$ of $"

+ .EAL4

+ 4-byte IEEE short real

+ .EALN

+ N-byte IEEE long real+ .EAL8%

+ 8%-byte IEEE e/tended real

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2%

ata efinition 1tatementata efinition 1tatement

+ A data definition statement sets aside storage inmemory for a 'ariable&

+ ay optionally assign a name label" to the data

+1ynta/:PnameQ diretiveinitiali!erP,initiali!erQ & & &

+ All initiali>ers be!ome binary data in memory

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples 2&

efining B(JE and 1B(JE ataefining B(JE and 1B(JE ata

#a/ue 1?TE @A@ ; character constant

#a/ue2 1?TE * ; sma//est unsigned b0te

#a/ue3 1?TE 2 ; /argest unsigned b0te

#a/ue S1?TE -26 ; sma//est signed b0te

#a/ue S1?TE 2 ; /argest signed b0te

#a/ue4 1?TE B ; uninitia/iCed b0te

Ea!h of the follo)ing defines a single byte of storage:

A 'ariable name is a data label that implies an offset an address"&

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efining Bytesefining Bytes

/ist 1?TE *2*3**

/ist2 1?TE *2*3**

1?TE *4**6*

1?TE 662636

/ist3 1?TE B32h******b

/ist 1?TE *Ah2*hDA22h

E/amples that use multiple initiali>ers:

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples '

efining 1tringsefining 1trings 8 of 3"8 of 3"

+ A string is implemented as an array of !hara!ters+ For !on'enien!e, it is usually en!losed in ;uotation mar2s

+ It usually has a null byte at the end

+ E/amples:

str 1?TE FEnter 0our nameF*

str2 1?TE @Error< ha/ting program@*

str3 1?TE @A@@E@@I@@&@@!@

greeting 1?TE F=e/come to the Encr0ption "emo program F

1?TE Fcreated b0 9ip Ir#ine.F*

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efining 1tringsefining 1trings $ of 3"$ of 3"

+ Jo !ontinue a single string a!ross multiple lines, end

ea!h line )ith a !omma:

menu 1?TE FhecGing AccountF*dh*ah*dh*ah

F. reate a ne accountF*dh*ah

F2. &pen an e'isting accountF*dh*ah

F3. redit the accountF*dh*ah

F. "ebit the accountF*dh*ah

F. E'itF*ah*ah

FhoiceH F*

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples

efining 1tringsefining 1trings 3 of 3"3 of 3"

+ End-of-line !hara!ter se;uen!e:

+ %h = !arriage return

+ %Ah = line feed

str 1?TE FEnter 0our name< F*"h*Ah

1?TE FEnter 0our address< F*

neLine 1?TE *"h*Ah*

Idea: efine all strings used by your program in the samearea of the data segment&

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sing the # 0peratorsing the # 0perator

+ se # to allo!ate !reate spa!e for" an array or

string&

+ Counter and argument must be !onstants or !onstante/pressions

#ar 1?TE 2* "!$(*) ; 2* b0tes a// eua/ to Cero

#ar2 1?TE 2* "!$(B) ; 2* b0tes uninitia/iCed

#ar3 1?TE "!$(FSTA9F) ; 2* b0tes< FSTA9STA9STA9STA9F

#ar 1?TE *3 "!$(*)2*

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples "

efining 0. and 10. ataefining 0. and 10. ata

+ efine storage for 87-bit integers

+ or double !hara!ters

+ single 'alue or multiple 'alues

ord =&%" 43 ; /argest unsigned #a/ueord2 S=&%" J3246 ; sma//est signed #a/ue

ord3 =&%" B ; uninitia/iCed unsigned

ord =&%" FA1F ; doub/e characters

m0List =&%" 23 ; arra0 o8 ords

arra0 =&%" "!$(B) ; uninitia/iCed arra0

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples #

efining 0. and 10. ataefining 0. and 10. ata

#a/ "=&%" 2346h ; unsigned

#a/2 S"=&%" J26346 ; signed

#a/3 "=&%" 2* "!$(B) ; unsigned arra0

#a/ S"=&%" J3J2J* ; signed arra0

1torage definitions for signed and unsigned 3$-bitintegers:

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples $

efining M0., JB(JE, .eal ataefining M0., JB(JE, .eal ata

uad K=&%" 23462346h

#a/ T1?TE *********2346:Ahr>a/ %EAL -2.

r>a/2 %EAL6 3.2E-24*

r>a/3 %EAL* .4E*:4

ShortArra0 %EAL 2* "!$(*.*)

1torage definitions for ;uad)ords, tenbyte 'alues,

and real numbers:

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples %

Little Endian 0rderLittle Endian 0rder

+ All data types larger than a byte store their indi'idualbytes in re'erse order& Jhe least signifi!ant byte o!!ursat the first lo)est" memory address&

+ E/ample:#a/ "=&%" 2346h

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples &

Adding Hariables to Add1ubAdding Hariables to Add1ub

TITLE Add and Subtract >ersion 2 (AddSub2.asm)

; This program adds and subtracts 32-bit unsigned; integers and stores the sum in a #ariab/e.INL!"E Ir#ine32.inc.data#a/ "=&%" ****h#a/2 "=&%" ****h#a/3 "=&%" 2****h

8ina/>a/ "=&%" B.codemain $%&

mo# ea'#a/ ; start ith ****hadd ea'#a/2 ; add ****hsub ea'#a/3 ; subtract 2****h

mo# 8ina/>a/ea' ; store the resu/t (3****h)ca// "ump%egs ; disp/a0 the registerse'it

main EN"$EN" main

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !0

e!laring nitiali>ed atae!laring nitiali>ed ata

+ se the &dataR dire!ti'e to de!lare an unintiali>ed data segment:

.dataB

bigArra0 "=&%" *** "!$(B)

+ Hersus

.data sma//Arra0 "=&%" * "!$(*)

bigArra0 "=&%" *** "!$(B)

Ad'antage: the program*s EE file si>e is redu!ed&

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !'

1ymboli! Constants1ymboli! Constants

+ E;ual-1ign ire!ti'e

+ Cal!ulating the 1i>es of Arrays and 1trings

+ EM ire!ti'e

+ JEJEM ire!ti'e

nli2e a 'ariable definition, a symboli! !onstant does nouse any storage&

1ymbols are used only during the assembly time&

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !2

E;ual-1ign ire!ti'eE;ual-1ign ire!ti'e

+ name= e"pression

+ e/pression is a 3$-bit integer e/pression or !onstant"

+ may be redefined

+ nameis !alled a symboli! !onstant

+ good programming style to use symbols

EscGe0 , 2

mo# a/ EscGe0

ount , Arra0 ount "up(*)

ount , *

7o# a/ ount

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Cal!ulating the 1i>e of a Byte ArrayCal!ulating the 1i>e of a Byte Array

+ !urrent lo!ation !ounter: + subtra!t address of list

+ differen!e is the number of bytes

/ist 1?TE *2*3**

ListSiCe , (M - /ist)

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !!

Cal!ulating the 1i>e of a ord ArrayCal!ulating the 1i>e of a ord Array



+ di'ide by $ the si>e of a )ord"

/ist =&%" ***h2***h3***h***h

ListSiCe , (M - /ist) 2

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !"

Cal!ulating the 1i>e of a ouble)ord ArrayCal!ulating the 1i>e of a ouble)ord Array



+ di'ide by 4 the si>e of a double)ord"

/ist "=&%" 23

ListSiCe , (M - /ist)

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !#

EM ire!ti'eEM ire!ti'e

+ efine a symbol as either an integer or te/t e/pression&+ Cannot be redefined

$I EK! O3.4H

press9e0 EK! OF$ress an0 Ge0 to continue...F*H

.data

prompt 1?TE press9e0

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !$

JEJEM ire!ti'eJEJEM ire!ti'e

+ efine a symbol as either an integer or te/t e/pression&

+ Called a te/t ma!ro+ Can be redefined

continue7sg TE+TEK! OF"o 0ou ish to continue (?N)BFH

roSiCe ,

.data

prompt 1?TE continue7sg

count TE+TEK! P(roSiCe Q 2) ; e#a/uates the e'pression

mo#e TE+TEK! Omo#H

setupAL TE+TEK! Omo#e a/countH

.code

setupAL ; generates< Fmo# a/*F

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !%

.eal-Address ode #rogramming.eal-Address ode #rogramming 8 of $"8 of $"

+ ?enerate 87-bit 1-01 #rograms+ Ad'antages

+ enables !alling of 1-01 and BI01 fun!tions

+ no memory a!!ess restri!tions

+ isad'antages+ must be a)are of both segments and offsets

+ !annot !all in3$ fun!tions indo)s S on)ard"

+ limited to 74% program memory

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples !&

.eal-Address ode #rogramming.eal-Address ode #rogramming $ of $"$ of $"

+ .e;uirements

+ IDCLE Ir'ine87&in!

+ Initiali>e 1 to the data segment:

mo# a'Rdata

mo# dsa'

Add d 1 b 87 Bi H i

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Irvine, Kip R. Assembly eb site E/amples "0

Add and 1ubtra!t, 87-Bit HersionAdd and 1ubtra!t, 87-Bit Hersion

TITLE Add and Subtract >ersion 2 (AddSub2.asm)

INL!"E Ir#ine4.inc.data#a/ "=&%" ****h#a/2 "=&%" ****h#a/3 "=&%" 2****h8ina/>a/ "=&%" B.code

main $%&mo# a'Rdata ; initia/iCe "Smo# dsa'mo# ea'#a/ ; get 8irst #a/ueadd ea'#a/2 ; add second #a/uesub ea'#a/3 ; subtract third #a/ue

mo# 8ina/>a/ea' ; store the resu/tca// "ump%egs ; disp/a0 registerse'it

main EN"$EN" main

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chapt_03 (1)

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