CHANGING THE STANDARDSLegionella & ASHRAE updates

that affect your facility

JEFF BOLDT PE, LEED AP, HBDP

Principal, IMEG Corp. Member ASHRAE SSPC 90.1

Member ASHRAE SSPC-189.1 Member GPC-36

BRADICK YOUNG PE, LEED AP Associate, IMEG Corp. Corresponding Member ASHRAE TC9.6

AGENDA

• ASHRAE 90.1 • Green Codes

– 90.1+ – 189.1/IgCC

• Legionella • ASHRAE/ASHE 170 • GPC-36

90.1

SCOPE OF ASHRAE 90.1

• Energy conservation code for buildings, except low-rise residential – Envelope

– HVAC

– Service Water Heating

– Power & Lighting

– Other

•  Cost Effective – Not driven to Net-Zero

HOW 90.1 IS ENFORCED? WHAT ABOUT IECC?

•  EPAct 1992 requires DOE to review each version of 90.1 & require all states to have energy codes substantially equal to the latest ‘approved’ version

•  DOE issues “Determinations” – Within one year – States are given two years to comply

(September 2016 for 90.1-2013)

TEMPERATURE ‘ZONES’ + ABC = 17 IN USA

2013 CLIMATE MAP

SCOPE ADDITION

•  New equipment or building systems specifically identified in the standard that are part of industrial or manufacturing processes –  Computer rooms are the first

application –  Wording controversy

REHEAT

• 2010 requirements – No reheat allowed unless:

• ≤3020% of peak flow or • Flow no more than required air changes

– Bans CAV systems in most hospitals & labs – ORs only pressurized when unoccupied – “BX” restricts overhead air heat to 20°F

above room temperature – Supplemental heat may be needed

ECONOMIZERS

• 2007 • 2010 (cy)

DUCT SEALING (CQ)

• Ductwork and plenums with pressure ratings shall be seal class A

• Shaft openings require bushings • 25% of duct systems over 3” w.g. and ALL

outdoor ducts shall be leak tested – Tested sections chosen by owner

• Leakage class = 4 for all ducts

AHU HEAT GAIN

•  In IECC 2012 • F&B Coils • Humidifiers

90.1 - OTHER EQUIPMENT

• Elevators – Lighting efficacy ≥35 LPW – Ventilation ≤ 0.33 W/cfm – Lights & fans off if unused for >15

min – 2013 – Escalators & fast-walks

•  In IECC 2015 – 2016 – Elevator movement

efficiency IN DESIGN DOCS

UPDATES TO ASHRAE 90.1 – C-SE

ASHRAE 90.1

Are you up to date on 2013 and future addenda? Changes in ASHRAE Standard 90.1 -- both in the 2013 edition as well as in approved addenda in 2016 -- are explained in "Updates to ASHRAE 90.1" in the current issue of Consulting-Specifying Engineer. The article -- authored by KJWW's director of engineering, a Chicago architect and two senior researchers at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory -- covers envelope, HVAC, plumbing, lighting, elevators and escalators. Read the story.

GREEN CODES

ASHRAE 189.1 AND IgCC

Are Green Codes Right for Your Community?

WHAT DO THEY COVER?

•  In code language that communities can adopt: – Sustainable sites – Use less water: domestic, irrigation, HVAC – Reduce energy consumption – Improve Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), and – Reduce impact on local environment, atmosphere, materials,

and resources

• Basically all the LEED stuff

HOW IS LEED DIFFERENT?

•  LEED = a program to promote the construction of more environmentally friendly and resource efficient building than typical construction codes and mandated product standards

•  Promotes the use of sustainable products and processes

•  Points system certified – silver – gold – platinum •  Not intended as a CODE

WHERE ARE THEY HEADED?

•  Unification of standards! •  IgCC/189.1 = Eventually Soon prerequisites for LEED • One Standard to Rule Them All: LEED, IgCC,

189.1 to Be Parts of Single System – Building codes could harmonize seamlessly with LEED

certification as USGBC, ASHRAE, and ICC join forces. – The new framework could result in a greater number of

green buildings as jurisdictions find it easier to adopt green building codes, says Brendan Owens, P.E., vice president for LEED technical development at USGBC. What’s more, he says, it could mean more LEED buildings as well.

– http://archrecord.construction.com/news/2014/08/140822-One-Standard-to-Rule-Them-All.asp

Legionella

WHAT’S LEGIONELLA?

It’s Pneumonia

LEGIONELLOSIS = PNEUMONIA

• Most cases not diagnosed as LD • Legionellosis cases >3X in 10 years • Outbreaks create publicity and outcry

–  ~4% of pneumonia cases • 8-18,000 cases per year in USA (CDC) • Usually develops 2-14 days after exposure • >10% of cases are fatal (CDC)

WHO IS SUSCEPTIBLE?

• Elderly • Smokers •  Immunocompromised • Healthy people

–  ~25% of cases have no risk factors

WHAT IF I HAVE LD?

• Legionella is a bacteria – Legionella Pneumophila, serogroup

1 – Some antibiotics are effective

• Levofloxacin = very effective • Penicillin = not very effective

SOURCES

• Must be inhaled • Potable water (#1 risk)

– Mainly HW – Is CW a significant risk?

• Pittsburgh VA deaths – so maybe…

• Warm water (cooling towers) – Less total risk, but more publicity – 13 deaths in Quebec (180 cases) – NYC deaths

TEMPERATURES FOR LEGIONELLA

Pre-188 Standards

ASHRAE GUIDELINE 12

• Being updated now • Free from several

cooling tower manufacturers

• Standard of Care • Most cases are not

outbreaks • Hot water should be

stored above 140°F & returned above 124°F

CTI Guideline 208 Best Practices for Control of Legionella

CTI – ROUTINE TREATMENT

• Feed Cl or Br – maintain 0.5-1.0 ppm as Cl2

• Effectiveness is reduced at higher pH – Chlorine is effective to 8.0 – Bromine is effective to 8.5-9.0

• Biodispersant/biodetergent may aid in penetration and increase efficacy

• Periodically use non-oxidizing biocides

CTI – DESIGN ISSUES

• Eliminate stagnant areas • System design engineers should provide

discharge piping and equalizers to move water with no dead flow locations. Special attention should be paid to equalizer piping to ensure these areas are not stagnant. – Short – Common pipe

AIHA

• Guidelines for recognition, evaluation, and control of Legionella

• American Industrial Hygiene Association • Discusses

– Routing (continuous) programs – Investigative Assessments

• Guideline – not a code or standard

NSF

• Similar to New York City rules • Opposed by CT manufacturers

ASHRAE Standard 188

PURPOSE

The purpose of this standard is to establish minimum Legionellosis risk management requirements for building water systems.

NOT A CODE, BUT…

• Written in mandatory language • NY City adopted sections 5, 6, and 7.2 • Now the most important standard of care (IMO) • 5 public reviews • Sections 4.1 and 8 include “Designer Requirements”

– IMO some are Owners’ responsibilities – Pending CMPs (3 so far)

SCOPE

• Potable water systems • Non-potable water

systems • Ornamental fountains • Whirlpools and spas • Humidifiers

PROGRAM & PROGRAM TEAM

• A Program utilizing the risk management principles in the following subsection shall be used to reduce the risk of legionellosis …

•  Identify the persons on the Program Team responsible for developing and implementing the Program and the tasks for which they are responsible. –  When???

• Often the team is established after all design decisions were made

PROGRAM FLOW DIAGRAM

INSTALLATION DRAWINGS

Drawing of distribution system including monitoring points for temperature, sampling points, and treatment points

DISINFECTION

Potable water disinfection must be within three weeks of beneficial occupancy.

OWNERS

• Primary responsibility • Plans for regular activities • Emergency plans • Program Team decides about water testing

–  If –  How often –  Which water –  Criteria

Testing

TESTING

• Flush outlets before sampling? – Study – Janet Stout et al

• Recommends not flushing – Represents what user does – Flushing reduces counts

• Sample size – 100-200 ml (3-6 ounces) is enough

• Less shipping/handling than 1L – Bottles from lab have neutralizer to remove Cl – Ship in insulated containers

SAMPLE SHIPPING

• Does shipping time affect results? – 2014 study by Dana Flanders et al

• Tested samples immediately and after 24 hours • Minimal difference in results

– Study by Janet Stout et al • Multiple sites • 0, 1, 24, 48 hours • No change at 24 hours – 2% at 48 hours

• Some labs ship with culture nutrients in containers

DIP SLIDE

• Total count only • Note the numbers

MOLECULAR METHODS - PCR

• CDC – “Use of PCR for identification of Legionella is not recommended until more

data regarding sensitivity and specificity of procedures are available.”

• Progressing – Nested Enzymes

PICKING A LAB CDC ELITE LAB

• Culture Methods - Proficiency Standards – ISO 11731 (parts 1 &2) –  ASTM D 5952 –  International – HSE L8 ACP 2013

• Labs use different methods – Pretreatment, filtration, culture media –  Nutrients, inhibitors –  Presumptive agglutination or definitive sequencing?

• CDC ELITE labs is IMO a minimum – Not all equal – Variations in duplicate samples

WHERE TO TAKE CT SAMPLES

From the basin is most representative

PPE FOR PEOPLE TESTING?

• No requirement • Maybe advisable if power washing CT • Maybe advisable if going into CT known to have LD

HOW MUCH LEGIONELLA IS ACCEPTABLE?

• Zero is good, but generally not believed necessary • 58 named species • Half implicated in human disease • Worry about pneumophila, serogroup 1 • 65% of studied hospitals tested positive • >1,000 CFU is probably trouble • Program Team decides

CDC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CLEANING INFECTED TOWERS

Plumbing

PLUMBING – VA

• VHA Directive 1061 • Covers LD and scalding

PLUMBING – IMEG

• Generation: IMO only 140°F complies with Std. 188

• Distribution: depends on risk – 140°F or 120°F

What About My New Buildings?

CHEMICAL TREATMENT

• Alternating Dual biocide – Oxidizing + Non-oxidizing – Bromine +Quaternary Amine (tested well) – Probably Chlorine + Quat (not in test)

• ASHRAE RP-1361 – All non-chemical methods were ineffective

• Magnetic • Electric pulsed, Electric static • Ultrasonic • Cavitation

TEST WATER

• Establish baseline during maintenance period • Test for Legionella Pneumophila, Serogroup 1 • Periodic testing

– Best = send cultures to CDC Elite lab – Dipslide or pen gives total count – non-specific to Legionella – PCR = tells if Legionella SG1, but not the quantity

MAINTENANCE STAFF

• Minimize time inside towers – Direct drive to eliminate belt/gear maintenance – Fans/Motors with external maintenance

BUILDING OCCUPANTS

• Maximize distance to OA intakes – Consider prevailing wind (odds)

SPEC ITEMS – COOLING TOWERS

• Circulate water and treat with biocides >6 hours before fans start

• Run fans slowly after water flow stops • Nested “high efficiency” drift eliminators

– Nested = tongue and groove

•  Include sidestream filters (type?)

DOMESTIC WATER

• 77°F maximum CW temperature? – Guideline 12 mentions this, but not 188 – VA has requirements

ASHRAE Standard 188

What’s My Risk? Higher? L Lower? J

JEFF’S OPINIONS

•  If you address 188: Risk goes down relative to other facilities J

•  If you don’t: Risk goes up – A LOT L

• Much more attention to LD today, so IMO in general risk is higher

IMEG’S TEAM

• Established an internal “Program Team” • Drawings & Specs

– Plumbing – HVAC – Commissioning – Contracts

• 11 meetings – so far

THOROUGH APPROACH

170

ASHRAE 170/FGI

• 170-2008 – New ASHRAE Standard – Updated from AIA Guidelines

• FGI-2010 – The 2008 edition of ANSI/ASHRAE/

ASHE Standard 170: Ventilation of Health Care Facilities – including all issued addenda – is incorporated into the 2010 edition of the Guidelines for Design and Construction of Health Care Facilities

– Addenda to 170 reduced RH to 20%

ASHRAE 170/FGI

• FGI-2014 – Acoustics MUCH improved

• Kaiser Permanente – Rejected 170/FGI ventilation rates,

except where required by law (OR, Isolation)

– Recommend 62.1 for IAQ – Recommended 55 for comfort – Current discussions with ASHRAE

170 PROPOSALS

• Adiabatic cooling allowed –  This passed

• Zero ventilation in many unoccupied spaces – Including patient rooms – This also passed

•  Split in Ventilation Tables for – Hospital – Outpatient – Residential

• Resistance to requiring 170 for last 2 categories

GPC-36 Controls

GPC-36 CONTROLS

• Standardized Control Sequences • Three Benefits

– Specify “ASHRAE Sequence XX, except…” • Shorter specs • Bidders know cost • Bidders deliver what was specified

– More detailed with fault detection • Like your car, but with more characters

– Operating staff understand controls in many buildings

Questions?

Jeff Boldt Jeff.G.Boldt@IMEGcorp.com

Bradick Young Bradick.D.Young@IMEGcorp.com