Changing Attitudes Changing Attitudes and Valuesand ValuesBellWork # 4 9/24/10BellWork # 4 9/24/10

Remember neither sue or him Remember neither sue or him have the time to process that have the time to process that

order they need to lie it aside for order they need to lie it aside for nownow

A Shifting Social OrderA Shifting Social Order

By the late 1800s, Western Europe’s new By the late 1800s, Western Europe’s new upper class included superrich industrial and upper class included superrich industrial and business families as well as the old nobility. business families as well as the old nobility.

Wealthy entrepreneurs married into Wealthy entrepreneurs married into aristocratic families, gaining the status of aristocratic families, gaining the status of noble titles. Nobles needed the money noble titles. Nobles needed the money brought by the industrial rich to support brought by the industrial rich to support their lands and lifestyle. their lands and lifestyle.

By tradition, the upper class held the top By tradition, the upper class held the top jobs in government and the military.jobs in government and the military.

Middle-Class ValuesMiddle-Class Values

By the mid-century, the modern By the mid-century, the modern middle class had evolved its own way middle class had evolved its own way of life. of life.

Parents strictly supervise their Parents strictly supervise their children who were expected to be children who were expected to be “seen but not heard.” A child who “seen but not heard.” A child who misbehaved was considered to reflect misbehaved was considered to reflect badly on the entire family. badly on the entire family.

They were like the Brady bunch. They They were like the Brady bunch. They tried to be perfect in every way.tried to be perfect in every way.

Marriage and Courtship Marriage and Courtship

Middle class families had a large say in Middle class families had a large say in choosing whom their children married.choosing whom their children married.

Husbands controlled his wife’s property, Husbands controlled his wife’s property, so marriage contracts were drawn up to so marriage contracts were drawn up to protect a daughter’s property rights.protect a daughter’s property rights.

Men had to prove they could take care Men had to prove they could take care of their women with style. If not they of their women with style. If not they were not aloud to be married. were not aloud to be married.

Rights for Women Rights for Women Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges and Mary Wollstonecraft

sought a broad ranges of rights. sought a broad ranges of rights. Across Europe and the U.S., politically Across Europe and the U.S., politically

active women campaigned for fairness in active women campaigned for fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws. marriage, divorce, and property laws.

Women had very little if any, protection Women had very little if any, protection under the law. A women's father or husband under the law. A women's father or husband controlled her property.controlled her property.

U.S. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. U.S. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony crusaded against slavery before Anthony crusaded against slavery before organizing a movement for women’s rights.organizing a movement for women’s rights.

WomenWomen 1800s many women broke the barriers that 1800s many women broke the barriers that

kept them out of universities and kept them out of universities and professions.professions.

Many brave women overcame opposition to Many brave women overcame opposition to train as doctors or lawyers. Others became train as doctors or lawyers. Others became explorers, researchers, or inventors, often explorers, researchers, or inventors, often with out recognition. with out recognition.

Julia Brainerd hall worked with her brother Julia Brainerd hall worked with her brother to develop an aluminum producing process. to develop an aluminum producing process. Their company became hugely successful, Their company became hugely successful, but Charles Hall received all of the credit.but Charles Hall received all of the credit.

Women Women

Women suffrage- votes for women, Women suffrage- votes for women, emerged in the later 1800s.emerged in the later 1800s.

1848 in the U.S. the Seneca Falls 1848 in the U.S. the Seneca Falls Convention demanded the right to Convention demanded the right to vote for women.vote for women.

The Growth of SchoolsThe Growth of Schools By the 1800s, reformers convinced governments By the 1800s, reformers convinced governments

to set up public schools and require basic to set up public schools and require basic education for all children.education for all children.

Teaching the 3 Rs was thought to produce better Teaching the 3 Rs was thought to produce better citizens. Reading, Writing, and ‘Rithmetic.citizens. Reading, Writing, and ‘Rithmetic.

Public education- At first, elementary schools Public education- At first, elementary schools were primitive. Many teachers had little schooling were primitive. Many teachers had little schooling themselves. In rural areas, students attended themselves. In rural areas, students attended class only when they were not needed on the class only when they were not needed on the farm or in their parents’ shops.farm or in their parents’ shops.

By the late 1800s more and more kids were in By the late 1800s more and more kids were in schools. Also, quality of education improved.schools. Also, quality of education improved.

Middle class girls were sent to school primarily in Middle class girls were sent to school primarily in the hopes of marring well and become better the hopes of marring well and become better wives and mothers.wives and mothers.

Higher EducationHigher Education Universities expanded in this period, too. Most Universities expanded in this period, too. Most

students were the sons of middle-or upper class students were the sons of middle-or upper class families. families.

The schools trained students who would help The schools trained students who would help build the new industrial society. build the new industrial society.

Bedford college in England and Mount Holyoke Bedford college in England and Mount Holyoke in the U.S. opened in the 1840s for women who in the U.S. opened in the 1840s for women who sought greater educational opportunities. sought greater educational opportunities.

1863, British reformer Emily Davies campaigned 1863, British reformer Emily Davies campaigned for female students to be allowed to take the for female students to be allowed to take the entrance examination for Cambridge University.entrance examination for Cambridge University.

She succeeded, but in 1897 Cambridge students She succeeded, but in 1897 Cambridge students rioted against granting degrees to women.rioted against granting degrees to women.

The Challenge of ScienceThe Challenge of Science

John Dalton developed modern atomic John Dalton developed modern atomic theory. He showed how different kinds of theory. He showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical atoms combine to make all chemical substances.substances.

1869, Russian chemist Dmitri 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleyev drew up a table that Mendeleyev drew up a table that grouped elements according to their grouped elements according to their atomic weights. His table became the atomic weights. His table became the basis for the periodic table of elements basis for the periodic table of elements used by scientists today.used by scientists today.

The Age of Earth The Age of Earth Let me say this “I do not agree with this.” Let me say this “I do not agree with this.”

“I believe in the Bible and God created all “I believe in the Bible and God created all creatures.” End of Story.creatures.” End of Story.

Charles Lyell offered evidence to show Charles Lyell offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions that the Earth had formed over millions of years. of years.

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin argued that all forms of argued that all forms of life had evolved into their present state life had evolved into their present state over millions of years. over millions of years. Believed in Believed in Natural selection. We came from Natural selection. We came from apesapes

Christianity in the Industrial Christianity in the Industrial AgeAge Despite the challenge of new ideas, Despite the challenge of new ideas,

Christianity continued to be a major force Christianity continued to be a major force in the western society. Churches remained in the western society. Churches remained at the center of communities, and church at the center of communities, and church leaders influenced political, social and leaders influenced political, social and educational developments.educational developments.

During this time period church groups tried During this time period church groups tried to help the working poor. Catholic priest to help the working poor. Catholic priest and nuns set up schools and hospitals in and nuns set up schools and hospitals in urban slums.urban slums.

Social gospel- a movement that urged Social gospel- a movement that urged Christians to social service.Christians to social service.

Salvation ArmySalvation Army

1878, William and Catherine booth 1878, William and Catherine booth set up the Salvation Army in London. set up the Salvation Army in London. It both spread Christian teachings It both spread Christian teachings and provided social services. Their and provided social services. Their daughter Evangeline Booth later daughter Evangeline Booth later helped bring the Salvation Army to helped bring the Salvation Army to the U.S. and Candathe U.S. and Canda