changesin cigarette smoking habitschangesin cigarette smoking habits between1955and1966 comparative...
TRANSCRIPT
NATIONAL CENTER Series 10
For HEALTH STATISTICS Numbe”r !59
VITAL and EfEALTl!I STATXSTXCSDATA FROM THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY
ChangesinCigaretteSmoking HabitsBetween1955and1966
Comparative data on the distribution of the population
18 years of age and over, by cigarette smoking status
in 1955 and 1966. Based on information collected in
supplements to the Current Population Survey in Feb-ruary 1955 and June 1966.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Health Services and Menta[ Health Administration
Rockville, Md. Apri I 1970
For sale k)y the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1). C,, 20402- Price 45 cents
NATIC)NAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS
THEODORE D. WOOLSEY, Director
PHILIP S. LAWR ENCE, SC D., /b’ SO CiC7f C i)i,~CtOT
OSWALD K. SAGEN, P~~.D.. , Assistant Pirector /or l{colfb ,Stulistics DcIIcl(Jp Ine
WALT R. SIMMONS, M. A., Assistant Director for Research and .Tcicnti/ic Dc[efopnten
\\ledicol C’onsu[tant
JAMES E. KELLY, D. D. S., Dental .4dtisor
EDWARD E. MINTY, Executive O//icer
MARGERY R. CUNNINGHAM, Information ()//icer
DIVISION OF HEALTH INTERVIEW STATISTICS
ELIJAH L. WHITE, Director
ROBERT R. FUCHS BERG, Deputy Director
GERALDINE A. GLEESQN, Special Assistant to Director
RONALD W. WILSON, Chief, Analysis and Reports Branch
ABIGAIL MOSS, Cbie/, Developmental Operations Section
CLINTON BURNHAM, Chic/, Survey Operations Section
COOPERATION OF THE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS
[Tn(lw the legislation establishing the National Health
Survey, the Pub]i~Ho:llth Servi[,e is authorized tQ use, insofar
as possible, the scrvi(.cs or facilities of other Federal, State,
or private agencies.
In accordance with specifications established by the
National Health Survey, the Bureau of the Census, under a
contractual arrangement, participates in most aspects of sur-VW+planning, s(~lccts the sample, collects the data, and carries
OU t (’ertain parts of the statistical processing.
Public Health Service Publication No. 1000-Series 1O-NO. 59
Library o/ Congress Cata log Card Number 70-603011
CONTENTSPage
Introduction ----------------------------------------------------------
Source and Qualifications ofData ----------------------------------------Questionnaire and Interview -----------------------------------------Self-Respondents ---------------------------------------------------Response Error ----------------------------------------------------
Smoking Habits -------------------------------------------------------Measures of Smoking Habits -----------------------------------------Current Smoking Habits ---------------------------------------------Cigarette Consumption Rates ----------------------------------------Current Status of Those WhoEver Smoked ----------------------------
History of Cigarette Smoking -------------- -----------------------------Age at Which Started Smoking ----------------------------------------Continuance of Maximum Rate ----------------------------------------
Detailed Tables -------------------------------------------------------
Appendix I. Source and Reliability of the Data --------------------------
Appendix II. Definitions and Concepts ----------------------------------Cigarette Smoking Concepts -----------------------------------------Never Smoked Cigarettes --------------------------------------------Regular Cigarette Smoker -------------------------------------------Occasional Cigarette Smoker ----------------------------------------Former Smoker of Cigarettes ---------------------------------------Current Smoker of Cigarettes ---------------------------------------Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day-------------------------------
Appendix HI. Facsimiles of Sections of CPS Questionnaires --------------1955 Survey -------------------------------------------------------1966 Survey -------------------------------------------------------
1
2334
44588
99
11
15
29
3131313131313131
323233
...Ill
IN THIS REPORT comparative data aye presented on the cigavettesmoking status of persons 18 years and oldev in ti~e civilian, noninsti-tutional population fov the years 1955 and 1966. Data basic to the esti -mates for both years were collected in supplements to the Curvent Popu-lation Su~vey conducted by the BuYeau of the Census.
Changes in smoking kabits that occurred during the intevwzl 1955 through1966 ave measured in te~ms of parsons who have eve-r smoked (cunentsrnoke-rs and former smokers) and those who have nevev smoked. Furthercomparisons ave made by maximum cigavette smoking rate attained,present consumption rates among current smokers, and age at whichpevsons started smoking vegu,?wly.
Estimates sko wn fov the 2 years indicate that during the internal thwewas a decrease among men in the pvopovtion of cuvvent ci~avettesmokevs with the decline primarily concentrated among t!zose undev 55years of age. The proportion of cuwent smokws among females in-cveased during the intemxl, with the percentage of change increasingappreciably with advancing age.
SYMBOLS
Data not available ------------------------ ---
Category not applicable ------------------- . . .
Quantity zero ---------------------------- -
Quantity more than O but less than 0.05---- 0.0
Figure does not meet standards of
reliability or precision ------------------ *
CHANGES IN CIGARETTE SMOKING
BETWEEN 1955 AND 1966
HABITS
Paul. I. Ahmed and Geraldine A. Gleeson, Division of Health Intwvietu Statistics
INTRODUCTION
Underthe sponsorship of the National CancerInstitute, the L1.S. Bureau of the Census collecteddata on smoking histories of the people in theUnited States as a supplement to the CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS) for February 1955. Thissurvey, which covered the civilian, noninstitu-tional population 18 years of age and over re-siding in the United States, provided estimates ofsmoking characteristics of persons by sex, age,and a number of other demographic characteris-tics. 1 In addition to information on current smok-ing status and consumption rates, data were alsoobtained on the approximate age at which personsstarted smoking.
Early in 1966, the Division of Health Inter-view Statistics contracted with the Bureau of the
Census to run a similar study as a supplementto the Current Population Survey for June 1966.Questions on smoking habits were phrased simi-larly to those employed in the 1955 study in orderto make the data as comparable as possible(appendix 111). The two questionnaires were notidentical because the primary purpose of the1955 study was to obtain data on lifetime smokinghistory, while that of the 1966 survey was to in-vestigate changes in current smoking habits.
lHaenszel, W.; Shimkin, M. B.; and Miller, H. P.: Tobacco
smoking patterns in the United States. PubZic Iledth VOnO-graph Number &5. PHS Pub. No. 463. Public Health Service.Washington. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1956.
While the 1966 study was undertaken pri-
marily as the initial phase of a planned series ofannual supplements which will p~-educe periodicdata on changes in smoking habits, it also pro-vided an opportunity to investigate the differencesin cigarette smoking habits in 1955 and 1966with the same method of data coll~ction used inthe two surve~’s.
Compara~ive data from the two surveys showthat the proportion of current cigarette smokerszamong males 18 years and over decreased from56.9 percent in 1955 to 50.7 percent in 1966, andincreased during this period among women atthis age level from 28.4 percent to 32.9 percent(table A). All of these estimates include anallocation of persons in the samples for whominformation on smoking habits was unknown.Totals for the group “unknown smoking status”are shown in tables 1 and 2, which also includedata on changes in smoking characteristics byage for the period 1955-66. It is apparent fromtable 2 that the decrease in the percentage ofcigarette smokers occurred among males under55 years of age. It should also k emphasizedthat the decrease in the proportion of malesmokers occurred for the most part among thosesmoking less than 10 cigarettes per day, whileincreases in the proportion of female smokerswere noted in each of the age groups shown, andamong those smoking 10 or more cigarettesper day.
2For definitions relating to smoking habits, see appendixII.
Table A. Percent dlseributi.on of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking sta-tus according to sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
Male Female
Cigarette smoking status
1955 1966
r
195.5 1966
Percent distribution
All persons, 18 years and overl ---------------------
r
100.0
Current nmsmokers ---------------------------------------- 43.1Never smoked -------------------------------------------- 32.1Formerly smoked ----------------------------------------- 11.1
Current smokers ------------------------------------------- 56.9
100.0
49.331.118.2
50.7
100,)0
71.667.6
4.0
28.4
100.0
67.160.3
6.8
32.9
lPersons for whom, smoking status was unknown (shown in tables 1 and 2) have been al-located to categories in accordance with the distribution of persons of known smokingstatus.
SOURCE AND QUALIFICATIONS OF
DATA
The population from which the sample was
selected for the two studies was thatofthe United
States as of February 1955 and June 1966. Per-sons in the following categories were excludedfrom the sample: members of the Armed Forces,and inmates of penal and mental institutions and
homes for the aged, the infirm, and the needy.For the 1955 study, data were collectedfrom
approximately 21,000 households, which containedabout 45,000 persons 18 years of age or over atthe time of this survey, in 230 sample areas
comprising 453 counties and independent cities.
0fthe21,000 households, approximately 4.4 per-cent were “noninterview,” that is, households for
which no information was recorded because nointerview could be obtained. In order to account
for the experience of persons in noninterviewed
households, the weights assigned to other house-
holds of similar characteristics in the sampleareas were increased. In addition to the general
nonresponse, tobacco smoking information wasnot reported for about 4.5 percent of thepersons;
these persons were not allocated to the smoking
status categories in the original report issued onthis survey (footnote 1, p. 1j.
In 1966, data were collected from approxi-
mately 35,000 households, which contained about69,000 persons 18 years of age and cwer at the
time of the survey, in 357 sample areas com-prising 701 counties and independent cities. Inabout 4.5 percent of the sample households,interviews were not obtained because the occu-pants were not found at homeafterrepeated calls,
or were unavailableforotherreasons.Adjustmentof the data to include the experience c~fpersonsin noninterviewed ho~seholds was accomplishedas in 1955, by increasing the weights assignedto interviewed households with similar charac-
teristics.
The estimating procedure used in both the
1955 and 1966 surveys involved, asa final step,the inflation of the weighted sample results toagree with independent estimates of the civilian,
noninstitutional population of the United States
byage, sex, and race. For the 1955survey, these
independent estimates were based on statisticsfrom the 1950 census ofpopulation andon statis-
tics of births, deaths, and net immigration; forthe 1966 survey, the 1960 census of population
was substituted for the 1950 enumeration.
Questionnaire and Interview
h. 1955, a form, separate from the routineschedule of the Current Population Survey, wasused by the interviewer for recording. smokinghistories for all household members 18 yearsand over (appendix 111). The primary purpose ofthe study was to classify people according tosmoking habits rather than to make estimatesof the amount of tobacco consumed.
The instructions emphasized that, when pos-sible, information on smoking histories was to beobtained directly from the person himself. Whenthe individual was not at home, the plan called forleaving a form to be completed by the respondentwith followup by the interviewer to secure un-completed forms. In practice, these instructionscould not be adhered to strictly because someinformants volunteered the information for othermembers of the family, and in these situationsthere was a risk of receiving no data at all ifthe informant’s response was not accepted.
The instructions for the 1966 survey em-phasized that, where possible, information onsmoking habits was to be obtained directly fromthe person himself. No provision, however, wasmade for leaving a form to be completed by therespondent with a followup by the interviewer.As a result, the self-response rate for men de-clined from 58 percent in 1955 to 35 percent in1966. For women, fewer of whom were currentlyemployed and absent from home, the self-responserate declined only from 83 percent to 75 percent.
Self-Respondents
Because of the decline in the self-responserate in 1966, the smoking history data wereanalyzed by self-responses and proxy-responses.From estimates in table B it can be seen thatin both surveys the proportion of self-responsesincreased for men with advancing age, but re-mained rather stable atnong all women 25 yearsand older. Among men, the self-response ratewas consistently lower in all age groups in 1966than in comparable groups in 1955 (table B). Theself-response rate for males 65 and over wasmuch higher than in all other age groups. Forwomen. the self -res~onse rates were somewhat
Table B. Percent of persons who wereself-respondents, by sex and age at thetime of survey: United States, 1955 and1966 surveys
I I
Age at time of csurvey
I1955 1966
Female
1955 1966I I I
Percent
All ages,18+ years-
-18-24 years ------25-34 years ------35-44 years ------45-54 years ------55-64 years ------65+ years --------
43.353.556.458.064.073.6
26.231.828.931.540.256.8
71.486,885.885.484.879.2
58,582.179. L76.379.074.5
1 I I
lower in 1966 for each age group, but the generallevel of self-responses was much higher thanamong men in both surveys.
There is evidence that self- and proxy-re-sponse differences result in some reporting bias(table C). For example, both males and femalesare more likely to be classified as formersmokers (had smoked at least 100 cigarettesduring lifetime, but not smoking at the time ofthe survey) if they report for themselves thanif their status is reported by another familymember (proxy-respondent). On the other hand,.proxy-respondents may report other family mem-bers as having never smoked (had never smokedas many as 100 cigarettes) because they are notaware of a previous smoking history. Self-respondents who report average number of ciga-rettes smoked daily report slightly higher amountsthan do proxy-respondents. This bias will re-sult in some underreporting of smoking rates formales in particular since in the 1966 survey,data on almost two-thirds of all males who hadever smoked were obtained through proxy- re-sponses.
The estimates in table 5 indicate that in the1966 survey for males who “never smoked,” theabsolute pe”rcent differences between proxy- andself-respondents were greatest among persons
3
under 25 years and those 65 years and over. For
females, the differences between the percentages
who had never smoked as reported by self-respondents and proxy-respondents became in-
creasingly smaller with advancing age.
Response Error
There was no built-in scheme for validation
of responses in either the 1955 or 1966 survey
plan, and no direct measures, of the extent of theresponse errors can be made.
One source of bias associated with both
surveys was best described in the 1955 study
on smoking patterns (foomote 1, p. 1) as follows:“It should be stressed that the questions were
designed to classify people and not to estimate
the amount of tobacco consumed. For the latterpurpose the proper approach would have been to
include questions on recent purchases or on the
number of units consumed in a given day. Couch-
ing smoking questions in terms of ‘on the average’
probably exerts a downward bias. The respondent
may be encouraged to think of some smokingpattern which he rarely falls below and to neg-lect amounts in excess of this figure in his
response. Since the primary objective of thissurvey was to classify groups of people for
purposes of comparison, such biases would not
be important so long asselective in character. ”
SMOKING
they were not large nor
HABITS
Measures of Smoking Habits
The smoking characteristics of all personsaged 18 years and over have been examined in
terms of three basic measures: (1) currentsmoking habits, (2) number of cigarettes smoked
per day presently, and (3) number of cigarettessmoked per day when smoking the heaviest (maxi-mum amount). Thus, the population was divided
into groups of persons who had never smoked
cigarettes and those who have ever smoked. Thelatter group was subdivided into present and
former smokers. The present smokers were sub-divided into regular and occasional smokers. The
regular smokers were those who reported smok-ing one or more cigarettes a day, while oc-
casional smokers were those who did not reportsmoking regularly (not every day).
The smoking amounts were obtained in terms
of the estimated number of cigarettes smoked.These data were divided into four categories(l-9, 10-20, 20-40, and 41 and over). These cate-
gories were established in order to conform withnormal cigarette dispensing and packaging prac-
tices, and ranged from a half a pack or less to
more than two packs a day. This was also sug-
gested by a definite concentration on round num-
bers in reporting the number of cigarettes smoked
daily. For example, in the class 10-20 cigarettes
most persons reported 20 cigarettes, for 21-40cigarettes the modal units were 30 and 40, and
for 41 cigarettes and over, units of 50 and 60.These peaks undoubtedly arose from the practice
of selling cigarettes in packs of 20, partly from in-
dividual programming of daily consumption in
units of half packs, and partly due to ease of re-porting among respondents.
The proportion of persons of unknown smoking
status, shown in table 2, was appreciably higher
in the 1955 survey than in that of 1966. This dif-ference was due to the data collection practice
in 1955 of leaving a questionnaire which was to
be completed by any adult not home at the time
of interview. Failure to return the form increasedthe nonresponse rate and added to the proportion
of persons of unknown smoking status. It is pos-sible to consider persons of unknown smoking
status as persons who have never smoked or as
persons who are currently smoking, and thus
vary the amount of change that could have occurred
in smoking habits from 1955 to 1966. However, the
most reasonable method of distributing this un-
known group to the several smoking status cate-
gories is in accordance with the distribution of
those of known status. This procedure produces
the estimates shown in table A.
While the data give a measure of current and
heaviest cigarette smoking amounts, there is no
measure of how long a respondent was smoking
at a given rate, or how many cigarettes a day hewas smoking when he started smoking. For
example, a 25-year-old man who reported theheaviest amount as one pack a day could havesmoked at that rate from the time he was 18
years of age or for only 1 year.
4
-.
Current Smoking Habits
Of the 56,768,000 males and 64,310,000 fe-males 18 years of age and over in the civilian,noninstitutional population of the United States .asof June 1966, an estimated 27,998,000 males and20,670,000 females, or 49.3 and 32.1 percentrespectively, were current smokers (tables 1and 2). Without proration of persons of unknownsmoking status, these figures are comparable to53.8 percent of the males and 27.4 percent of thefemales who were current smokers at the timeof the 1955 survey. It should be pointed out,however, that despite the percentage decreaseamong male smokers, the number of men smokingcigarettes in 1966 exceeds the estimate for 1955by about l“i million. Among women the in-crease in the number of cigarette smokers duringthis time interval amounted to approximately5fi million (table 1). During the same interval themaIe population 18 years and older increased by7,187,000, while the female population increased9,214,000.
Among males the percentage of nonsmokersof cigarettes in the age group 18 years and overincr~ased from 40.8 percent in 1955 to 47.9 per-cent in 1966 (fig. 1). This absolute increase of7.1 percentage points among male nonsmokersbetween 1955 and 1966 is mainly attributable toa substantial increase in the percentage offormer smokers. This increase may, however,be an underestimate of the actual proportion ofmen who have k.ecome nonsmokers, because ofthe high proportion of proxy respondents for maleswho tend to erroneously report former smokersas persons who have never smoked. Included inthe 47.9 percent of male nonsmokers in 1966,17.7 percent previously smoked regularly oroccasionally in contrast to only 10.5 percent in1955 (table 2 ) when the proportion of male self-respondents was considerably greater.-..
A-mong women 18 years and older, the per-centage of current cigarette smokers (regularand occasional) increased from 27.4 percent in1955 to 32.1 percent in 1966 (fig. 1). With the per-centage of females who had never smoked gener-ally lower in 1966 than in 1955, it would seemthat the increase of 4.7 percentage points in theproportion of current cigarette smokers is duefor the most part to the increased proportion of
100
90 r80
[
1-Zw 40vau= 30
1
20
10
0 [1955 1966 1955 1966
MALE FEMALE
m Current smoker M Never sm.ked
~ Former smoker m Unknown
Figure 1. Percent distribut ion of the population 18
years and over, by cigarette smoking status accord-
i ng to sex.
women who had started smoking since the 1955survey (table 2).
The proportion of occasional smokers amongcurrent smokers decreased from 4.0 percent in1955 to 0.3 percent in 1966 among men, and from3.8 percent in 1955 to 0.3 percent in 1966 amongwomen (table 2). Differences in interviewingtechniques and interviewing instructions betweenthe 2 years may be partly responsible for thenoted decline. On the 1955 questionnaire therewas a check box labeled “smoke once in a while,not every day,” which was used by the interviewerto denote persons who smoked occasionally. Inthe administration of the 1966 questionnaire, theinterviewer was required to determine if theperson smoked on the average less than onecigarette per day before classifying him as anoccasional smoker. The greater latitude in clas-sification permissible in the 1955 survey probablyaccounts for the higher proportion of personsclassified as occasional smokers in that survey.The decline in occasional smokers between 1955and 1966” was apparently not biased by proxy-
response or self-response, since the decline was
quite similar in the two groups (table C).The estimates shown in table D and pre-
sented graphically in figure 2 indicate that the
decline among current male smokers between1955 and 1966 was primarily concentrated among
those under 55 years of age, while the percentincrease among the female smokers increasedappreciably with advancing age. If it were pos-sible to consider persons in the 10-year-age
intervals at the time of the 1955 survey as co-
horts representative of those who would have
advanced to the succeeding 10-year interval inthe 1966 survey, the decrease in the proportionof male smokers would be even more con-spicuous. Because the death rate among ciga-rette smokers is higher than that for the general
population, 3 an analysis of cohorts within two
3Hammond, E. C.: Smoking in relation to mortality and
morbidity. J. Nat. Cancer Inst.32(5):1161-1188,!day1964.
Table C. Percent distribut~on of persons 18 years and over,1 by cigarette sraoking sta-tus according to sex and type of respondent: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveYs
Male I Female
1955 1966 1955 1966
Self Proxy Self Proxy Self Proxy1=
Self Proxy
Cigarette smoking status
Percent distribution
All persons, 18+ years--
Nonsmokers
Total ----------------
Never smoked ---------------Previously smoked ----------
Occasionally -------------Regularly ----------------
Smokers
Total ----------------
Occasionally ---------------Never regularly ----------Previously regularly -----
Regularly ------------------Under10 cigarettes daily”10-20 cigarettes daily---21-40 cigarettes daily---41+ cigarettes daily -----
!00.0 100.0 300.0
49.1
2100.0 100.0 100.0 2100.0 2100.0
43.0 43.3
34.88.50.97.6
56.8
4.43.5
5H!
3::;11.1
0.9
48.7 70.3 78.0 65.7 70.2
65.64.6
:::
328.9
30.013.0
1;:2
57.0
27.621.5
2;::
350.4
32.516.1
1::2
350.3
65.84.50.93.5
29.7
76.2;.:
1:2
22.0
58.3
;:27.0
333.9
4.23.1
5;::
2!:213.2
1.2
0.4------
49.55.6
28.913.1
1.8
0.3------
46.6
3::!10.8
0.9
4.13.5
2%29.1
14.02.40.1
3.02.80.2
19.0
;:21.70.3
0.3 0.3------
26.7
1%;3.40.2
---33.1
2;:;5.00.3
lExcluding persons for whom type of respondent was unknown.2Includes persons of unknown smoking status..‘iIncludespersons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
Table D. Percent of persons currently smoking cigarettes (regularly or occasionally),by sex and age at the time of survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
Age at time of survey
All ages, 18 years and over-------------
18-24 years -----------------------------------25-34 years -----------------------------------3!5-44years -----------------------------------45-54 years -----------------------------------55-64 years -----------------------------------65 years and over-----------------------------
MaleI
Female
1955 I 1966 IChangel 1955 ] 1966 IChange
53.8 I49.3
53.063.662.158.045.825.8
48.358.957.053.146.224.6
Percent
-8.41 27.4
I-8.9 33.3-7.4 39.2-8.2 35.4-8.4 25.7+0.9 13.4-4.7 4.7
32.11 +17.2
34.7 +4.243.2 +10 .241.1 +16.137.3 +45 .123.0 +71.68.1 +72.3
80
r
MALE
TFEMALE
63662.1
56,0
258246
L
,.”...y..
,Y ,.
:.%.,.,
“j::
d,..
65+
_ 1955 survey
-1966 survey
41.1
35-44 45-54 55-64
8.i
a
4,7
65+
AGE IN YEARS AGE IN YEARS
Figure 2. Percent of population currently smoking cigarettes regularly or occasionally, by age at time of survey
and sex.
7.
independent studies is not a valid procedure,since it is not possible to take into account thedecrease in the number of smokers during a 10-year interval that is attributable to mortality.
Cigarette Consumption Rates
There was no appreciable change in the pro-portion of men who currently smoked 21 or morecigarettes a day, 12.7 percent in 1955 and 12.5in 1966 (table E). There was an increase in thepercentage of women who smoked 21 or morecigarettes per day from 2.3 percent in 1955 to4.9 percent in 1966. This meant that the propor-tion of women who were smoking more than apack a day in 1966 was approximately double thatfor 1955. Among women the age group with thelargest increase was 25-44 years.
Among the male, current, regular smokersincluded in table 2, the proportion of those smokingfrom 1-9 cigarettes per day declined between1955 and 1966. The concentration of the declineamong those who smoked less than half a pack ofcigarettes a day indicates that the increase in theproportion of males who quit smoking (formersmokers) between 1955 and 1966 might be at-tributed to light and occasional smokers (table 2).Among women, however, there was an actual in-crease in the number of those who smoked, buta substantial decline among those who smokedless than half a pack a day. The increase in theamount smoked between 1955 and 1966 amongwomen was concentrated among those who smokedfrom 10 to 20 and 21 to 40 cigarettes per day.It is possible that some of the women who smokedless than 10 cigarettes per day in 1955 may haveincreased their cigarette consumption by 1966.However, there is no clear evidence in the datathat such increases in the percent of femalesmokers were related to the increased switchingto heavier smoking, since an increase in thenumber of current nonsmokers who previouslyhad been regular smokers also took place.
It would seem that some women are joiningthe ranks of former smokers, while an evenlarger number are joining the smoking group.The females who are starting to smoke heavilyare younger, while those no longer smokingcigarettes are older persons. This point is em-phasized by the data in table 2, which indicatethat in 1966 the proportion of female nonsmokerswho were previously regular smokers was higher
Table E . Percent of persons smoking 21 ormore cigarettes per day, by sex and ageat the time of survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys
Age at time ofsurvey
All ages,18-I- years-
18-24 years ------25-34 years ------35-44 years -7----4.5-54 years ------55-64 years ------65+ years --------
=EI-11955 1966 1955 1966
12.7
7.71!).017.715.710.1
3.4
Percent
12.5
6.615.418.015.812.5
3.2
2.31 4.9
J-1.9 3.5
7.4::;2,8 i:;1.1 2.8
fc 0.6
in each single age group than were similar pro-portions in 1955. And, in general, this differencebecame greater with advancing age.
Current Status of Those Who Ever Smoked
Another dimension of analysis which moreclearly identifies changes in the smoking popu-lation is added when data are analyzed in termsof those who ever smoked cigarettes vegzdavly.In this classification shown in tables 6 and 7,persons are classified as former regular smokersand current regular smokers. The-former groupis subdivided into “nonsmokers now” and “oc-casional smokers now.” The latter group is shownby current rate of smoking.
Estimates shown in table 7 indicate that thereis an increase of 10.2 percentage points in theproportion of male nonsmokers who were formerregular smokers, 15.5 percent in 1955 and 25.7percent in 1966. Among females the percentageof nonsmokers among those who have eversmoked regularly increased from 11.1 percentin 1955 to 16.4 percent in 1966. At the time ofthe 1955 survey, 82.9 percent of the men whohad ever smoked cigarettes regularly were smok-ing at the time of the survey; a Comparablefigure for 1966 was 74.0 percent, an absolutedecrease of 8.9 percentage points (tables 7 and
8
F). Among females the percent of current smokersamong those who had ever smoked regularly de-creased from 87.0 percent in the 1955 survey to83.1 percent in 1966. In general, the percentagedecrease for both men and women became greaterwith advancing age, reaching a maximum of 24.1percent for males 65 years and older (table F).
The consistent decrease in the percent ofregular smokers between 1955 and 1966 in eachof the current smoking categories, 1-9, 10-20,and 21-40 cigarettes per day, for males, with noappreciable change in the proportion smokingmore than two packs per day, accounts for themarked increase in the proportion of formerregular smokers (table 7). Among females whohave ever smoked, where the numkr of ciga-rettes smoked per day has increased between thetwo surveys, there is added evidence that thepopulation has moved in two directions, somehave quit smoking or have cut down, while othershave increased their average daily rate of ciga-rette consumption.
HISTORY OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
Age at Which Started Smoking
Since much of the information obtained in thetwo surveys is based on respondent recall, mostof the estimates shown are subject to bias intro-
duced by faulty memory of past events. Un-doubtedly, questions regarding the age at whic!lpersons started smoking placed severe demandson memory even when such questions were di-rected at persons providing information only forthemselves. When questions of this kind were di-rected to a proxy-respondent, the memory biaswas compounded by the lack of information onthe part of the proxy-respondent. Because of thecomparatively low percentage of self-respondentsamong males in the 1966 survey (table B), com-parative data from the two surveys regarding ageat the time smoking was started have not beenpresented for males.
Another shortcoming of the smoking data foryoung males in both surveys is the exclusion ofpersons in the military service. Because of thehigh proportion of males 18-24 years of age in theArmed Forces in 1966, in contrast to 1955, thecharacteristics of the remaining civilian popu-lation in this age group may be quite differentfrom those of youths of a comparable age in the1955 survey.
However, it is felt that the material collectedon age when smoking started for females, forwhom the proxy-response rate is quite low, isrepresentative of the female population in bothsurveys. Because of basic differences in thepatterns of smoking history among males andfemales it is not reasonable to assume that the
Table F. percent of current cigarette smokers among persons who have ever smokedcigarettes regularly, by sex and age at the time of survey: IJnited states, 1955 and1966 surveys
Age at time of survey
All ages, 18+ years -----------------
18-24 years -------------------------------25-34 years -------------------------------35-44 years -------------------------------45-54 years -------------------------------55-64 years -------------------------------65+ years ---------------------------------
Male Female
1955
82.9
93.687.584.782.474.063.8
1966 Decrease 1955 1966 Decreasein 1966 in 1966
Percent
74.0
90.881.875.972.366.848.4
-10.7
-3.0-6.5
-10.4-L2.3
-9.7-24.1
87.0
89.786.387.787.583.573.7
83.1
88.085.783.382.876.568.5
-4.5
-1.9-0.7-5.0-5.4-8.4-7.1
cumulative data for females shown in figure 3are characteristic of males. It is known that the
curves for male smokers were at a higher levelthan those for females, because the rate of thosewho have ever smoked is consistently higheramong males than among females.
In the comparison of females in the two sur-
veys by the age at which they started smoking, itis assumed that the mortality rates among ciga-rette smokers during the years prior to the sur-
veys were similar enough to produce comparable
survivor populations. Because the populationsunder consideration in this instance consist onlyof persons who have ever smoked, the compara-tive rates would not be influenced by the mor-tality differentials between smokers and non-
smokers.The cumulative percentage estimates of fe-
males becoming regular smokers prior to specificages shown in table 8 have been summarized
18-24 YEARS
{
40 –
20 –
1966 survey
. . . . . . . . . . . 1955 survey
o ! I I ! 1 1 l!l! 11,,,!10 15 20 25 30 35
AGE AT WHICH
60’ ~~
60
25-34 YEARSL
40 –
20 –
o 1 I 1 I 1 1
10 15 20 25 30 35
STARTEO SMOKING
1 45-54 YEARS1
40 –
20 –
o 111!, 11!!1
10 15 20 25 30 35
AGE AT WHICH STARTED SMOKING
60
[...> ~~~
60
55-64 YEARS 65 YEARS AND OVER
40 40
20 20
. . . . . . . . . .
o . . . . . ..,.< ..,.7 ..i-;..;.;..~.; .,..; --,-.J”i o . . ~ /110
. . . . . . . . . . . -.?., -. F-I.- . . .. . .. . .7. . . . . .
15 20 25 30 35 10 15 20 25 30 35
AGE AT WHICH STARTED SMOKING
Figu re 3. Cumulative percents e of females becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to age specified, by age atftime o survey. (Cumulative percentages are shown in table 8,)
10
for comparative purposes in figure 3. Age atwhich the person started smoking has beencarried only through 35 years since accretionsto the smoking population are rather small there-after. In the two youngest age groups, those under35 years, the cumulative curves have been ad-justed by the usual actuarial methods to take ac-count of the population not exposed to risk duringthe entire age span covered.
Between 1955 and 1966 there was a shift toan earlier age at which women start to smoke;this shift has accompanied the rising trend in theproportion of women smoking regularly (fig. 3).The marked change in the age at which womenstart to smoke cigarettes is apparent from acomparison of the data in the two surveys. Fromtable 8 it is apparent that the percent of women18-24 years of age in 1966 who had started smok-ing by age 15 (8.4 percent) was four times thatfor the comparable age-group in 1955 (2.1 per-cent). In 1966, 29.9 percent of the women whowere 18-24 years of age at the time of the in-terview, had started to smoke by the age of 18,in contrast to 15.9 percent of those who were18-24 years of age in 1955. This represents anincrease of 14.0 percentage points, with the per-cent in 1966 approximately twice that in 1955.
Among women 35 years and over, an age in-terval in which all of those included would havehad an opportunity to start smoking at age 35 oryounger, the percent increase for those who hadstarted smoking by age 35 between 1955 and 1966became greater with advancing age. For those65 years and older at the time of the surveys,1.7 percent had started smoking by age 35 in the1955 survey while a comparable percentage in the1966 survey was 6.5 percent, approximating afourfold increase (table 8 and fig. 3).
Continuance of Maximum Rate
In tables 9 and 10 the current cigarette smok-ing habits of persons who have ever smoked regu-larly are shown according to the maximum rate ofcigarette consumption attained. From table 11,in which this material has been summarized, it isapparent from both surveys that women who haveever smoked a maximum of 21-40 or 41 and overcigarettes per day have a greater tendency to“cut down” than do those whose maximum rate is
less than a pack per day. The greater opportunity,in terms of number of cigarettes, for the formergroup to “cut down” without giving up cigarettesaltogether may account for his tendency. In the1955 survey this same pattern was noted for men.However, the data collected in the 1966 surveyindicate that a high percentage of men who have
smoked a maximum of less than half of a pack ofcigarettes per day have quit smoking, since only“48.5 percent were continuing to smoke at theirmaximum rate at the time of the survey (table11). This increase in the proportion of men whohave quit smoking is in agreement with the in-crease between 1955 and 1966 of the nonsmokersamong former regular cigarette smokers shownin table 2. While this increase in nonsmokers ischaracteristic of each age group, it is particularlyevident among men 45 years and older.
The current cigarette smoking status at thetime of the 1966 survey of persons according totheir maximum rate is described more fully intable G. Of males whose maximum rate had beenless than 10 cigarettes per day, 48.5 percent con-tinued to smoke at this level; approximately 48.9percent did not smoke at the time of the interviewand the rest were occasional smokers (table G).Of those males who smoked 10-20 cigarettes at amaximum, 67.2 percent still smoked the sameamount, about 6.2 percent smoked less than 10cigarettes, 25.6 percent were nonsmokers at thetime of the interview, and the rest were occasionalsmokers. Of those males who smoked 21-40cigarettes at a maximum rate, about 51.9 per-cent smoked at the same level, while about 33.3percent of those with a maximum rate of 41 ormore cigarettes a day smoked that amount perday at the time of the 1966 survey.
Among women whose maximum level was20 or less cigarettes per day, the percentage whowere smoking at that level at the time of the sur-vey was markedly higher than that for males whohad a comparable maximum level. For womenwhose maximum rate was 21-40 cigarettes perday, the percentage currently smoking at thatlevel was only slightly higher than that for theirmale counterparts, and the proportion of womencontinuing to smoke at a maximum of 41 or morecigarettes was slightly lower than that for maleswho had reached this level. However, from esti-mates shown in table G it is apparent that a
11
Table G. Percent distribution of persons, by current cigarette smoking status accord-ing to maximum rate ever attained and sex: United States, 1966 survey
Maximum cigarettesmoking rate
ever attained
Male
1-9 cigarettes daily---10-20 cigarettes daily-21-40 cigarettes daily-41+ cigarettes daily---
Female
1-9 cigarettes daily---10-20 cigarettes daily-21-40 cigarettes daily-41+ cigarettes daily---
Cigarette smoking status
Total whoever Current
smoked non -
cigarettes smokers
100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0
Current regular smokersCurrent
occasionalsmokers 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+
daily daily daily dailyc.,
Percent distribution
48.925.618.323.3
35.8 1.514.2 0.3
>kJ:: ;!<
comparatively high percentage, of men, regard-less of the maximum level attained, had quitsmoking cigarettes, while women showed moreof a tendency to reduce the number of cigarettessmoked per day.
Percentages complementary to those shown
by age group in table 11, i.e., the difference be-tween each percent shown and 100 percent,represent the proportion of persons who werecurrently smoking at a daily rate less than their
maximum. Differences in these complementarypercentages through successive age intervals,
also shown in the table, represent the cumulativeeffect of persons who drop back from their maxi-
mum rate. Thus, a rough estimate of the pro-portion of males 45-54 years (at thetime of the
1966 survey) reducing their daily cigarette con-sumption from a maximum of 21-40 cigarettes
within the preceding 10 years may be obtainedby subtracting from this percentage (100 percent
minus 53.3percent= 46.7percent) the correspond-ing value for persons 35-44 years (100 percent
minus 56.4 percent=43.6 percent) to obtain anestimate of +3.1 percent.
48.56.21.62.0
62.17.6
;::
. . .67.227.811.2
. . .77.235.515.7
. . .
. . .51.9251,7
. . .
. . .54.837.2
. . .
. . .
. . .33.3
. . .
. . .
..030.2
lIncludes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
The direct method of obtaining informationabout changes in smoking patterns was not used
because of the time required to obtain acompletesmoking history and because informants mightnot have been willing (or able) to supply a de-
tailed chronology on shifts of smoking habits. .In this table it is assumed that the experiencefor persons in each age group reflects the cumu-
lative result of events occurring at any previousage.
With the exception of very heavy smokersamong males 18-24 years, the proportion of both
males and females who were smoking at their
maximum level was lower in 1966 thanin 1955,
regardless of age or of the level of the maximumrate (table H). Ingeneral, forbothmenand women,
the greatest percent decrease in those smokingat their maxi~um level occurred among those
smoking less than 10 cigarettes per dayandthose
smoking41 ormore per day.The most definitive estimates produced from
the 1966 survey are those pertaining ~o personswho had quit smoking cigarettes. Approximately
25.7 percentof the men in thepopulation 18 years
12
and older and 16.4 percent of the women who hadever smoked cigarettes regularly were non-smokers at the time of the 1966 survey (table J).The proportion who had quit smoking increaseddirectly with advancing age for both men andwomen.
The percentage of nonsmokers (among thosewho had ever smoked) was highest among personswho had reached a maximum of 1-9 cigarettesper day. Among those who had reached this level,48.9 percent of the men and 35.8 percent of thewomen had become nonsmokers. Among men the
rate of nonsmokers (at the time of the survey)among those who had reached a maximum of10-20 cigarettes (25.6 percent) was about thesame as that for men who had smoked a maximumof 41 or more cigarettes per day (23.3 percent).Both groups were heavily weighted with the highproportions of persons 45 years and older whohad become nonsmokers. For both men and women,the lowest percentage of nonsmokers was amongthose who had reached a maximum of 21-40 ciga-rettes per day (18.3 percent for men and 7.8 per-cent for women).
Table H. Percent change from 1955 to 1966 in proportion of persons who were smokingcigarettes at their maximum rate at the time of the survey, by sex and age:States,
United1955 and 1966 surveys
Maximum rate of cigarette smoking
Sex and ageUnder 10 10-20 21-40 41+daily daily daily daily
18-2425-34
Male
All ages, 18+ years -------------------------
years ---------------------------------------years ---------------------------------------
35-44 ~ears ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -----------------------------------------
Female
Percent change from 1955 to 1966
-36.4 I -14.6 I -24.0 I -30.2
-16.1 -5.6 I -31.6 I +19,6-35.8 -9.5 -20.6 -12.1-36; 5 -15;9-41.6 -16.1-40.3 -16.0-51.6 -25.9
I IAll ages, 18+ years ------------------------- -24.6 -6.8
18-24 years ------------------------ ---------------25-34 years ------------------------ ---------------35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -
-17.6-21.5-25.7-29.1-25.6-20.2
-4.2-4.0-8.8-7.4-4.6
-14.7
-20:0-24.4-21.7-39.7
-17.7
-17.4-16.1-17.2-18.5-18.5-26.2
-42:2-28.8-38.8-38.0
-38.1
-37.;-48.5-48.6-42.4
*
13
Table J. Percent of persons who had ever smoked regularly (during lifetime history)who were nonsmokers of cigarettes at the time of the survey, by sex, age, and maxi-mum daily rate: United States, 1,966survey
Sex and age
Male
All ages, 18+ years -------------------------
18-24 years ---------------------------------------25-34 years ----~--.------------------------ -------
35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years ---------------------------------------65+ years -----------------------------------------
18-24
Female
All ages, 18+ years -------------------------
vears ---------------------------------------25-34 $ears ---------------------------------------35-44 years ---------------------------------------45-54 years ---------------------------------------55-64 years -------..-------- -------- -------- -------
65+ years -----------------------------------------
Total
25.7
1%23.727.432.951.0
16.4
11.713.916.216.722.630.5
Maximum rate ofcigarette smoking
I I I1-9 10-20 21-40 41-!-
daily daily daily daily
Percent nonsmokersat time of stirvey
48.9
23.444.547.953.857.566.3
35.8
27.633.735.540.340.141.4
25.6
1;:+25.128.533.047.6
14.2
l;::14.614.619.725.5
18.3
M16,,519<,525,,743,,7
7.8
5,,46,,574,7
1;::24,,8
23.3
*
1::;28.0;;.;
.
1.2.6
*
17.;***
000
DETAILED TABLES
Table 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Number of persons 18 years and over, by sex, cigarette smoking status, and ageat the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys------------------
Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status atthe time of the survey,according to age at the time of the survey and sex: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys ----------------------------------------------------
Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type ofrespondent, and age: United States, 1955 survey----------------------------------
Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type ofrespondent, and age: United States, 1966 survey----------------------------------
Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking statusaccording to sex, age at the time of the survey, and type of respondent: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys----------------------------------------------------
Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, bysex, age, --------=----------~f-~~~-f~~-~~-~~-~~~~~;-~f~~~~-~~~~~~i-~~~~-~;~and smoking status1966 surveys
Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly, by smoking status at the time of the survey according to age at thetime of the survey and sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys-----------------
Cumulative percentages of females becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to theage specified, by age at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966surveys--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, bysex, age, maximum rate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey:United States, 1955 survey-------------------------------------------------------
Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly,by sex, age, maximum rate attained , and smoking status at the time of the survey:United States, 1966 survey-------------------------------------------------------
Percentage of regular cigarette smokers (lifetime history) continuing to smoke attheir maximum according to maximum rate attained, by sex and age at the time ofthe survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys---------------------------------
rage
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
28
15
‘fable1. Number of persons 18 yeazs and over, by sex, cigarette smoking sta’cus,and age at the time of the survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys
[D.marcb...d."h<,u..hold,nt.r>!$$.<,((h.<,\,l,zin,n<,z,..$,,.z.nalf,c,p.l,,t,c,n11,..r,)d.)gn,gcn<.mlq..l,f,ck~,o,., and mf.rmmon on th. reliability of the CWIOI.W- m> gw.n In
,, PDWICI,. 1 D,. f,n,l, on. oft,.,m. ,,mg, >m ,. opp.nd,,II]
Nnnsmaker of cigarettes Cigarette smoker
Previously
d
Regular
rotal smoked UnknownNever cigarettes if ever
Total smoked Totali Occasional smokedcigarettes
occa-Total’ 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+
Regu- daily dailysionally larly
daily daily
Year of survey,sex, and age
Number of persons in thousands
All ages,18+ years--- $9,5s1
5,405
L1,065
L0,755
9,100
6,934
6,322
20,219
2,202
3,404
3,437
3,325
3>392
4,459
38,048
15,030
2,019
2,L65
2,314
2,241
2,355
3,636
35.927
592 :6,672 2,005 14,667 ,216 5,798 515 2,690.—
336
629
634
497
365
229
1,976
322
465
402
305
237
245
1,582
14,138
1S-24 years-----
25-34 years-----
35-44 years-----
45-54 years-----
55-64 years-----
65+ years-------
39
88
loa
127
100
130
457
144
851
L,015
957
937
693
L,664
204
562
430
264
132
72
3,648
2,867
7,032
6,684
5,278
3,177
1,634
262
377
398
379
312
277
2,605
6,655
6,286
4,899
2,865
1,357
6L5
888
849
753
597
484
,640
901
,364
,206
709
330
130
,816
1,542
‘+! :
3,535
2,719
1,569
661
7,013
1,066
2,378
2,029
1,084
351
105
16,559
399
1,561
1,713
1,291
648
186
1,196
143
398
330
241
73
*
6,450
All ages,18+ years--- 55,096 5.072 2,086
369
589
466
353
212
97
.2,986
2,118
4,192
3,596
2,067
767
246
18-24 years-----
25-34 years-----
35-44 years-----
45-54 years-----
55-64 years-----
65+ years-------
7,460
L2,196
11,484
9,399
7,296
7,261
4,651
6,950
7,020
6,674
6,080
6,673
27,188
4,403
6>261
6,476
6,316
5,904
6,567
17>M8
44
127
114
94
44
34
392
2,487
4,781
4,062
2,420
979
343
All ages,18+ years--- 56,768 !7,998 197 17>801
18-24 years-----
25-34 years-----
35-44 years-----
45-54 years-----
55-64 years-----
65+ years-------
8,828
!0,231
11,306
L0,595
8,093
7,717
4,325
4,006
4,574
4,703
4,011
5,570
42,235
6,626
6,266
6,995
6,850
6,590
8,908
3,870
2,632
2,511
2,504
2,125
3,507
37,%3
6,123
5,434
5,967
5,940
5,950
8>529
30
68
65
83
58
88
256
425
L,306
1,998
2,116
L>828
1,975
!,036
478
786
973
849
596
354
4,262
6,031
6,444
5,623
3,737
1,902
.*
43
49
36
26
29
4,249
5,988
6,395
5,587
3,711
1,873
549
450
504
449
433
430
,610—
739
795
775
618
412
270
2,839
3,784
3,627
3,164
2,055
1,089
!3,245
2,378
3,153
3,216
2,760
1,300
438
521
1>450
1,818
1,506
929
227
2,946
350
788
856
668
227
57
58
125
213
170
82
.,?
174
.2
43
50
41
>?
*
241
194
288
269
345
245
1,405
204
158
245
279
258
263
Female
All ages,18+ years--- 54,310
L0,463
L1,302
L2,294
L1,372
8,899
9,980
0,670
3,633
4,878
5,054
4,243
2,051
809
209 :0,461
3,602
4,844
5,000
4,205
2,o16
793
18-24 years-----
25-34 years-----
35-44 years-----
45-54 years-----
55-64 years-----
63t years-------
25
46
55
61
44
25
31
34
54
38
35
;.,
lData for 1966 includes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
16
Table 2. Percent distributionof persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status at the time of the survey, accordingto age at the time of the sur~~eyand sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
[Dataam bawd.. h..schold intxnimw of tho civilian, .Oni.stil.tim.l popul.tm. Tho survey d.+q:n, gmrrol q..l, fimtmns, and ,nfcmn,tionon the rrk.b,i, ryof tho ..tm. k.. m.
tzi~..i..d,d[.[. D,- ft.iL, . . .. ft.c. xi,,, iappc. dlpll]l. ll]
Nonsmoker of cigarettes Cigarette smoker
ITotalTotal TotalL Occasional
Previouslysmoked
cigarettes
Year ofsurvey, sex,
and age Neversmoked
cigarettesocca- Regu-sionally larly
1955—
Male— Percent distribution
All ages,18+ years- 100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
40.8
40.7
30.8
32.0
36.5
48.9
70.5
69.1
62.3
57.0
6L.1
71.0
83.3
91.9
47.9
30.3
37.4
22.3
21.5
24.6
34.0
57.5
65.2
59.0
51.3
56.4
67.1
80.9
90.4
30.2
1.2
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.4
1.4
2.1
0.8
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.6
0.5
0.7
9.3
2.7
7.7
9.4
10.5
13.5
11.0
3.0
53.8
53.0
63.6
62.1
58.0
45.8
25.8
27.4
4.0
4.8
3.4
3.7
4.2
4.5
4.4
3.8
4.9
4.8
4.1
3.8
2.9
1.3
0.3
49.8
48.2
60.1
58.4
53.8
41.3
21.5
23.6
28.4
34.4
31.3
22.0
G’.5
3.4
49.0
8.5
11.9
8.0
7.9
8.3
8.6
7.7
8.4
28.5
28.5
37.2
32.9
29.9
22.6
10.5
12.7
14.3
19.5
17.7
11.5
4.8
1.4
29.2
11.7
7.4
14.1
15.9
14.2
9.3
2.9
2.2
1.9
3.3
2.9
2.6
1.0
>,,
11.G
1.0
0.4
0.8
1.8
1.5
0.7
0.4
0.1
5.4
6.2
5.7
5.9
5.5
5.3
3.6
3.6
4.3
3.8
3.5
3.2
3.2
3.4
2.8
18-24 yesrs---
25-34 years---
35-44 ytxms---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
Female
All ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
33.3
39.2
35.4
25.7
13.4
4.7
49.3
12.1
11.2
10.5
7.5
4.5
1.8
5.0
2.7
4.6
3.7
2.8
1.8
1.0
17.0
1966—
Male—
All ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
LOO.O
100.0
100.0
49.0
39.2
40.5
44.4
49.6
72.2
65.7
63.3
55.4
56.9
60.2
74.1
89.3
43.8
25.7
22.2
23.6
26.3
45.4
59.0
58.5
48.1
48.5
52.2
66.~
85.5
0.3
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.7
1.1
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
4.8
~~.g
17.7
20.0
22.6
25.6
6.3
4.6
7.0
7.9
7.5
6.7
3.5
48.3
5s.9
57.0
53.1
46.2
24.6
32.1
34.7
43.2
41.1
37.3
23.0
8.1
>,,
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
,?
48.L
S8.5
56.6
52.7
45.9
24.3
31.8
34.4
4~.q
40.7
37.0
~~.7
7.9
6.2
4.4
4.5
4.2
5.4
5.6
5.6
7.1
7.0
6.3
5.4
4.6
2.7
32.2
37.0
32.1
29.q
25.!4
14.1
20.6
22.7
27.q
zfi.~
24.3
14.5
4.4
5.5
14.?
16.1
12.2
11.5
2.Y
3.6
3.3
7.0
7.0
5.9
2.6
O.b
0.7
1.2
1.9
1.6
1.0
0.3
*
0.4
0.4
0.2
*
,,6
2.7
1.9
2.5
2.5
4.3
3.2
2.2
I.Y
1.4
2.0
2.5
2.9
?.b
Female
All ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
‘Data for 1966 includes persons whxse current daily smoking rates are unknown.
17
Table 3. Number of persons 18 years and cwer, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type of respc,ndent,and age: u~i~ed S~a~eS, 1955survey
[Dataare based on house hold ,nt”rv, cw. C)rlhec,,,l, nn, non, nwtwow.1 popul:,t,on The survey ‘Jo.wI, general quaiifzcatwm,., and !nformwon cm thereliabtlrty of theest!matos cag iwan ,.
app~nd,~ 1. De f,n, Lm* oflwm. ar!, given m nppend!x 11]
Nonsmoker of cigarettes Ci!zarettesmoker
rETotal NeverTotal smoked
cigarettes
Regular
+
Previouslysmoked
cigarettes
Occa- Regu- Total
sional.ly Larly
OccasionalSex, type ofrespondent,and age
Neversmoked
cigarettesregularly
Previouslysmoked
cigarettesregularly
—
MALE—
s&f -respondent
All ages,IX+ years-
Number of persons in thousands
26,844 11,539
796
1,734
1>S45
1,s40
2,115
3,209
8,434
8,o41 411 3,087
74
515
630
663
677
548
1,476
69
327
371
315
252
142
1,54s
1,135
88
213
214
212
187
221
S49
170
153
182
166
123
55
.,807
824 311 14.170 2,295
272
415
440
435
379
354
1,ss7
369
468
398
312
213
127
3,970
7,992
783
2,146
1,9s5
1,566
1,016
496
5,9s1
743
1,918
1,507
1,124
534
155
6,126
),550
209
937
.,035
809
436
124
!,169
184
612
660
456
201
56
.,041
113
344
306
211
59
>?
148
333
>t
62
124
83
28
,,<
172
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
2,163
5,507
5,643
4>945
4,161
4,425
19,492
2,829
4,796
4,370
3,577
2,336
1,584
53,730
5,054
10,096
9,464
7,700
5,928
5,488
S,947
2,024
1,539
1,565
1,313
1,066
1,441
694
1,157
1,148
1,119
1,371
2,552
6,785
28
62
67
78
67
109
173
70
160
140
165
137
152
689
155
115
141
127
103
48
1,54s
?<
53
74
47
50
69
160
1,279
3,560
3,584
2,893
1,859
995
.0,209
1,299
3,030
2,624
1,945
967
344
.1,193
1,673
3,662
3,206
1>786
667
200
1.697
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
r’g%%ntAll ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
1,360
1,613
1,564
1,466
1,246
1,185
30,730
3,097
5,891
5,870
5,605
5,067
5,199
6,981
1,280
1,263
1,151
1,104
964
1,023
28,778
>?.,:
42
47
30
*
404
*
32
59
53
>.<
*
56
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
FSNALE
Self-res~ent
All ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
2,S69
5,249
5,365
5,276
4,907
5,112
6,820
38
115
104
79
39
29
51
190
527
401
250
121
5s
110
284
543
388
309
194
89
269
253
442
322
283
173
75
249
31
101
66
26
.?/
>!,
$<
702
1,173
1,072
611
304
107
661
85S
2>122
1,814
950
299
84
S63
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
Bs!&Yrespondent
All ages,18+ years-
18-24 years---
25-34 years---
1,515
1,008
1,109
1,011
948
1,392
1,494
967
1,070
981
933
1,376
82
42
76
43
;,,
.;<
77
42
68
3s
,,<
,!<
427
489
3s0
259
99
42
200
179
133
9s
29
.*
199
249
213
128
55
*
**
***
.*
35-44 years---
45-54 years---
55-64 years---
65+ years-----
NOTE: Zxcluded are persons for whom type of respondentwas unknown.
18
Table 4. Number of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status, sex, type of respondent,and age: United States,1966 survey
[Dabm. Lw.d‘mh.”mh.ldintm,kwsOFtheci,dim,n.ninstiwtimudp.p.loti..,Tho..WCYd..ign,gen.mlqurdificatio.~,andi.fO,m*ti.O.fi@,,[email protected]~d;.[. D.f,.i~..~.fte~s.mg,$..aPPcnd,d11]l]
Ncm.smOkerof cigarettes Cigarette smoker
I!OtallTota1
Pr~ku-&y Regular
Never cigarettessmoked ‘lotal~ Occasional
cigarettesocca- Total 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+
Regu- daily daily daily dailysionally larly
Sex, type of
respondent,and age
MALE
Self-respondent
All ages,18+ years---
Number of persons in thousands
.9,324
2,264
3,209
3,199
3,267
3,130
4,25S
16.122
9,481
963
1,188
1,276
1,431
1,517
3,107
17,579
5,335
783
705
653
702
688
1,804
11,756
3,071
1,920
1,852
1,795
1,431
1,687
27,557
3,M5
4,341
4,645
4,474
4,650
6,301
10,299
188
*
34
-A
26
31
65
180
3,958
171
445
599
70?
798
!,238
9,740-
,5287
2,003
1,912
1,821
1,591
1,127
18,159
2,966
4,018
4,514
3,778
2,120
762
16,017
2,447
4>067
4,034
3,231
1,621
615
4,539
74
*
*
*
>?
,.,
:V
9,565
1,269
1,977
1,897
1,783
1,551
1,088
1,083 5,590
853
1,201
1,009
995
895
637
?,541
231
569
635
571
3s5
150
351
26
57
114
78
59
*
18-24 years-------- 159
150
139
139
212
283
25-34 years--------
35-44 years--------
45-54 years--------
55-64 years--------
65+ yeazs----------
Proxy respondent
All ages,18+ years--- ;,643
254
851
.,390
.,403
.,023
721
120 16,837
2,688
3,823
4,249
3,484
1,926
667
1,724 10,914
1,978
2,575
2,6o6
2,L54
1,149
451
!,884
288
880
.,179
930
536
73
315
18-24 years-------- 6,391
6,875
7,866
7,089
4,659
3,239
7,308
6,015
9,155
9,556
8,471
6,852
7,255
5,711
3,344
2,801
3,280
3,247
2,477
2,428
31,099
3,545
5,060
5,487
5,220
5,186
6,599
11,026
*
30
38
49
,.,
.A
214
~
41
46
46
41
>,,
34
390
300
365
310
217
141
32
68
99
90
*
*
25-34 years--------
35-44 years--------
45-54 years--------
55-64 years--------
65+ years----------
FSMALE
Self-respondent
All ,?ges,18+ years--- ),328
379
678
796
700
495
279
154
*
29
48
*
27
*
15,675
2,415
4,005
3,947
3,162
1,560
584
2,697
472
658
614
428
315
210
10,444
1,657
2,624
2,601
2,181
1,037
3h4
!,3S8
270
680
692
521
194
30
146
*
43
40
32
*
*
2.8-24years--------
25-34 years--------
35-44 years--------
45-54 years--------
55-64 y&l? S--------
65+ yW31?S ----------
Proxy respondent
All ages,18+ years--- 693 53 4,194 896 2,731 538 29
18-24 years-------- 4,266
1,998
2,518
2,625
1,824
2,483
3,067
1,184
1,496
1,609
1,394
2,278
2,968
1,072
1,315
1,456
1,291
2,197
.,!:
;.<
*
*
->
*
95
108
172
144
99
75
1,162
796
986
991
411
193
******
1,050
761
919
905
380
180
262
138
152
18S
96
60
710
517
600
565
249
91
74
106
157
143
31
27
******
25-34 years--------
35-44 years--------
45-54 years--------
55-64 years--------
65+ years----------
lIncludespersons of unknown smoking status.
‘Includespersons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
NOTE: E+cluded are persons far whom type of respondentwas unknown.
19
Table 5. Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over, by cigarette smoking status according to sex, age at the time of thesurvey, and type of respondent: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
[W .,.,,.., on hou.,,bol,i ,nter,,... ,,, ,,(, .,,,,,.., .On, n.tltul!on.l pop.lut, on. The .w, c.y d.., gn, @mm4 qu.l!fic.lmn., and Infornmtmn o. Lhe roli. hilq of the OSIMIM1.S am given m
.Pp..dl. I DM,n,U.. .oftwms c.mg!vm ,. app..di. 1~
Age, type ofrespondent, andyear of survey
Self-respondent:
1955 ------------1966 ------------
Proxy respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
18-24 years
Self-respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
Proxy respondent:
1955 ------------1966 ------------
25-44 years
Self-respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
Proxy respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
45-64 years
Self -respondent:
1955 ------------1966 ------------
Proxy ~espondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
65+ years
Self-respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
Proxy respondent:
1955 ------------
1966 ------------
rOtall
100.0100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Neversmoked
cigarettes
30. (27. f
34.:
32. !
32.1
34.6
45.2
4s.1
20.7
21.2
26.325.6
27.321.7
35.0
27.5
57.742.4
64.6
52.1
Male
Prg;~.ij ly
cigarettes
13.0
21.5
S.5
16.1
4.7
8.0
2.8
4.3
11.4
17.3
8.315.7
16.124.4
10.9
21.3
14.830.6
10.2
22.9
Currently smokescigarettes
, ,Under10
daily(in- 10-20 21+
: lud ing daily daily
Occa-sional)
12.8
6.0
14.0
5.1
16.6
7.3
19.1
6.2
11.5
4.8
13.1
5.0
13.3
5.9
13.8
4.8
13.07.2
11.5
4.-5
ToCal’
Percent distribution
29.8
28.9
30.7
30.2
36.2
37.7
26.3
30.9
37.0
34.5
37.435.1
28.4
29.5
28.0
28.1
11.215.0
9.8
13.9
14.515.0
12.011.6
10.4
11.3
6.6
5.0
19.421.5
14.9
15.1
14.9
17.1
12.3
13.4
3.33.9
3.97-:3
100. C
100. (
100. (
100. C
100. C
100.0
100.0100. C
100. c100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0100.0
100.0
100.0
Neversmoked
cigarettes
65.8
58.3
76.2
65.6
56.8
52.3
73.8
69.6
54.3
48.0
65.6
52.9
74.759.5
80.5
61.7
93.1
S6.9
95.5
88.5
Female
Currently smokescigarettes
Previouslysmoked
cigarettes
4.5
7.5
1.:
4.6
4.5
6.7
1.02.3
5.98.3
2.6
6.5
3.68.4
1.9
5.8
1.64.1
1.1
3.3
Under10
daily(in- 10-20 21+
eluding daily daily
Occa-sional)
13.2
6.(
10.4
6.0
19.5
8.1
13.9
6.5
16.2
7.2
13.96.6
10.45.2
7.9
6.9
3.6
3.1
2.0
2.6
lL,. o22.1
9.6
17.4
17.027.5
9.8
16.6
20.1
27.9
14.924.7
9.221.0
7.7
18,3
1.5
4.-f
1.2
3.7
2.5
5.4
1.9
3.6
2.2
4.8
1.4
1.8
3.5
7.8
3.16.0 ‘
2.1
5.0
2,0
4.2
0.2
0.4
0.1
1.2
‘Data for 1966 includes persons of unknown smoking status and persons whose current smnking rates are unknown.
20
Table 6. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly,by sex,age, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States,1955 and 1966 surveys
@a are based on household interviews of the civilian, noninstitutional population. The survey design, general qualifications, and infonnaticmonthereliabllity of the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix 1]
Former regular cigarettesmoker Current zegular cigarettesmoker
Nonsmoker Occasional
Totalof smoker of Totalf : 10-20 21-40 41+
cigarettes cigarettes diz?y daily daily dailynow now
Year of survey,sex, and age
Totall
1955
Male
All ages,18-I-years-
Number of persons in thousands
29,746 II 5,079 4,597 482 24,667 4,216 14,138
1,542;,;:;
2;7191,569661
7,013
5,798
3991,5611,7131,291648186
1,196
515
*
1%1365126
81
144851
1,015957937693
2,6056,6556,2864,8992,8651,357
12,986
2,118;>;;;
2;067767246
27,801
645888849753597484
4,640
9011,3641,206709330130
2,816
18-24 years-------25-34 years------35-44 years ------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years--------
2,782 1777,603 9487,418 1,1325,944 1,0453,871 1,0062,128 771
Female
All ages,18+ years- 1,664 283
2,361 2434,856 664;>;:; 506
294’919 152334 88
20456243026413272
39102
1,0662,3782,0291,084351105
16,559
14339833024173*
6,450
3;****
667
18-24 years------25-34 years------35-44 years-------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years--------
1966
Male
All ages,18+ years- --l37,583 93782 9,648 134
4,2495,9886,3955,5873,7111,873
20,461
2,8393,7843,6273,1642,0551,089
13,245
5211,4501,8181,506
929227
2,946
1X21317082*
174
18-24 years ------25-34 years------35-44 years------45-54 years------55-64 years ------65+ years--------
4,680 4317,322 1,3348,428 2,0337,725 2,1385,558 1,8473,873 2,000
4251,3061,9982,1161,8281,975
2:35*
2;
549450504449433430
3,610
Female
All ages,18+ years- 24,624 II 4,163 4,036 127
4,095 4935,653 8096,003 1,0035,078 8732>636 6201,158 365
18-24 years------25-34 years------35-44 years------45-54 years------55-64 years------65+ years --------
478786973849596354
*
3:-k**
3,6024,8445,0004,2052,016793
739795775618412270
2,3783,1533,2162,7601,300438
35078885666822757
lData for 1966 includes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
NOTE : The estimates shown in this table differ from those in table 1 because uersons who hadalways been occasional smokers are excluded.
21
Table 7. Percent distribution of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettesregularly, by smoking status at the time of the survey according to age at the time of thesurvey and sex: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
@ataWe based cm household interviews of the civilian, ncmhstitutionalpopulation.Thesurveydesign,generalqualifications,andinformationon the reliability of the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix I]
Former regular cigarette smoker Current regular cigarette smoker
Nonsmoker Occasional
Total of smoker of Totall 1-9 10-20 21-40 41+cigarettes cigarettes daily daily daily daily
now now
Year of survey,sex, and age Totall
1955
Male
All ages,18+ years--
18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years---------
Female
All ages,18+ years--
18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65-I-years---------
1966
Male
All ages,18+ years--
18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years ---------
Female
All ages,18+ years--
18-24 years-------25-34 years-------35-44 years-------45-54 years-------55-64 years-------65+ years---------
Percent distribution
100.0——
100,0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
100.0
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
10000
17.1 1.6 82.9 47.5 1.715.5 14.2 19.5
6.412.515.317.626.036.2
13.0
5.211.213.7
1.2 93.687.584.782.474.063.8
87.0
23.211.711.412.715.422.7
31.1
14.320.523.121.716.78.7
8.0
55.454.147.745.740.531.1
47.0
;,c
1.22.52.31.31.2
0.5
1.31.61.5
H
16.124.232.6
11.1 1.9
10.313.712.312.516.526.3
26.0
9.218.224.127.733.251.6
16.9
8.6 89.786.387.787.583.573.7
74.0
38.228.129.430.035.938.9
7.5
45.2:;.;
45:938.231.4
44.1
1.72,.11.91.3>’<
6.1
::;10.27.9-k
17.2
-k
0.7;,<>’<$<;,<
1.8
11.610.511.214.421.6
25.7 0.4
9.1 ?<0.40.4;k>’<
0.6
90.881.875.972.366.848.4
83.1
11.76.16.05.8
11:?
14.7
60.751.743.041.037.028.1
53.8
11.119.821.619.516.75.9
12.0
1.21.72.52.21.5;,<
0.7
17.823.727.432.951.0
16.4 0.5
100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0100.0
12.014.316.717.223.531.5
88.085.783.382.876.568.5
18.014.112.912.215.623.3
58.155.853.654.449.337,8
8.513.914.313.2
n
0.;0.80.8;,<.*
11.713.916.216.722.630.6
?r?’<
0.5;’C;!<>?
llncludes persons whose current daily smoking rates are unknown.
22
Table 8. Cumulative percentages of females=becoming regular cigarette smokers prior to the agespecified, by age at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 and 1966 surveys
@ataarebasedon household interview’. of the civilian, nonin~tit.tio”al population. The survey design, gewral qualifications, znd informationon thereliability oftbe estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix ID
Age at which startedsmoking
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
years------------------
yeara-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
yeara-----------------
years-----------------
yeara-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
years-----------------
Age at time of the survey
18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65 yearsyearsl yearsl years years years and over
1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966 1955 1966
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.9
2.1
4.8
9.8
15.9
24.3
28.9
32.6
34.7
35.8
36.2
1.4
2.2
2.7
3.7
5.4
8.4
14.5
21.2
29.9
35.3
39.6
42.6
44.0
44.7
44.9
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
1.5
3.2
7.0
11.9
20.2
23.9
28.9
31.9
34.0
35.3
36.2
37.6
38.0
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.3
40.7
40.9
41.2
42.0
1.2
2.2
2.8
3.5
5.0
7.4
13.3
19.0
27.9
32.9
38.1
41.2
43.0
44.4
45.2
46.3
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.4
48.9
49.3
49.7
50.1
50.3
Cumulative
>.<
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.7
4.2
7.0
12.3
14.5
19.6
22.0
23.4
24.8
25.6
28.0
28.9
29.6
30.5
30.8
32.6
32.7
33.2
33.4
33.8
1.6
2.2
2.7
3.0
3.9
5.5
8.8
12.6
20.4
24.3
29.8
33.6
36.0
37.3
38.4
40.7
41.3
$1.7
;2.3
$2.6
k3.6
43.8
44.0
$4.3
$4.5
$4.9
ercentage
.~.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.6
1.3
2.0
4.1
4.7
7.5
8.7
9.7
10.3
10.9
13.4
13.7
14.1
I-4.7
14.9
17.0
17.3
17.8
18.2
18.5
1.6
2.4
2.8
3.2
3.9
5.2
7.7
10.3
15.7
18.1
22.9
25.6
27.2
28.6
29.6
32.7
33.2
33.9
34.3
34.6
36.4
36.5
36.8
37.0
37.2
38.2
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.2
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.4
3.6
3.7
4.0
4.1
5.5
5.6
5.9
5.9
6.1
0.9
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.2
3.2
4.1
6.1
7.2
10.1
11.3
12.4
13.0
13.7
16.7
17.1
17.5
18.1
18.3
20.7
20.9
21.1
21.2
21.3
22.3
7’<
::
?<
>!:
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
1.7
1.7
L.7
1.7
0.7
0.9
1.0
1..0
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.3
4.0
4.1
4.3
4.4
4.5
5.5
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.7
6.5
lFor ages under 35, data are adjuated by usual actuarial procedures to take account of popula-tion not exposed to risk for entire age span covered.
23
Table 9, Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, maximumrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 survey
[Data are based on household ,nterviews of the mvilia., .onmstit.t.ional population. Tbe survey design, general qualifications, and information on the reliabilityof theestimeks aregiven in appendix I. Definitions ofterms aregiven in8ppendix IIl
Current regularcigarette smoker
II I
Former regular cigarette smoker
m
Sex, age, and meximum rate attained Total
29,746
Now NOW
Total smoking at smoking
maximum belowmaximum
MALE
All ages, 18+ years
Totall ------------------------
Number of persons in thousands
5,079 4,5971 &82 24,667 2,78721,880
Less than 10 cigarettes daily-------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
4,26315,9948,1241,055
2,782
6421,562
50254
7>603
8164,3862,125
222
7,418
1,0122,6021,053
247
177 L959
2,270 3:2983 70243 *
144 33
3,251[3>3927,071
808
2,605
5721,48048749
6,655
6753,8221,;::
6,286
3,24112,5905,546
503
80;1,525
305
226
6;11430
756
18-24 years
TotalL ------------------------ 2,379
5721,415
373*
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
851 97
25-34 years
Totall ------------------------ 5,899
675-3,6391,493
92
Less than 10 cigarettes daiLy-------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily---------
14156418636
1,132
123 -2500 641;: *
*
,,<18344694
663
35-44 years
Totall ------------------------ 1,015 I 117 5,623
6473,2932,073
242
4,899
6453,1271,665
186
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily---------
8493,8522,362
281
5,944
7563,1211,718
277
3,871
20255928939
1,045
19451523266
1,006
16;40856
563
45-54 years
Totall ------------------------ 957 I 88 4,336
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
186 >,C455 60217 :<66 *
937 69
5622,6061,486
211
2,865
5622,4321,211
131
17:27580
345
55-64 years
Total’ ------------------------ 2,520
4441,390
63452
20251919667
771
199 >k468 51187 >7<63 >$
4481,499
82869
1>357
34769225851
>k
109194*
234
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
6502,0181,024
136
2,128
65+ years
Totall ------------------------ 1,123
10;8828
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
5501,055
39385
20336313534
343587170>,c
lIncludes persons for whom maximum rate was unknown.
24
Table 9. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, maximumrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1955 survey—Con.
[Datinre bascdon ho.scbold intem,iensofthecivilia,n o"institutionsIp p.lation. Thesuwey design, general qualifications, andinfomation onthereIiaMUtyof the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms amgivenin appendix If]
Former regular cigarette smokez Current regularcigarette smoker
-Lrotal
Total
Nonsmokerof
cigarettesnow INow Now
smoking at smokingbelowmaximum
maximum
Sex, age, and maximum rate attainedOccasionalsmoker ofcigarettes
now
Total
FEMALE
All ages, 18+ years Number of persons in thousands
Totall ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
18-24 years
Totall ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
25-34 years
L4,933 283 12,986 11,908 1,0221,947 1,664
4,9287,9911,731
166
2,361
85283115834
243
78465013729
68181
*,:
39
4,0767,1601,573
132
2,118
4,0556,6201,152
81
51:41151
211204 1,899
9141,164
246*
4,856
12288**
664
7921,076
231*
4,192
*10191*
369
2;**
102
790975134
*
Totall ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
35-44 years
562 3,803
1,4302,756
57769
4,102
26032655*
506
23925748*
6;**
76
1,1702,430
52258
3,596
1,1602,239
37232
18:14826
205Totall ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
45-54 years
430 3,379
1,2882,308
44331
2,361
774l,j;;
37
919
21122140*
294
1351;:
*
152
18818234*
3;**
30
1,0772,087
403*
2,067
6391,082
30430
767
1,0731,959
328*
Totall ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
55-64 years
TotalL ------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
65+ years
264 1,913
6371,015
238*
1278926*
****
*
****
*
*
::*
76132 685
359429110*
334
163144**
7459**
88
5029**
2853;:
*
246
28232868*
4:28*
*Totall -------------------------
Less than 10 cigarettes daily -------10-20 cigarettes daily --------------21-40 cigarettes daily --------------41 or more cigarettes daily ---------
72 229
46***
****
113115**
113105
*
*****
lIncl~des persons for whm IUaXiMUM rate ‘as ‘nbmn.
25
Table 10. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularlY, by SeX, age, ~Xi-rate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: united States, 1966 survey
[Datiare based on bo.sehold intewiews oftbecivilim, no.instit.tional population. Thesurvey design, general qualifica~ions, mdinformation ontiereliabilit yofthcestimatss are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms aregivenm appendix H]
IIFormer regular cigarette smoker Current regularc ;arette smoker
rOta1 I____ Nowsmoking atmaximum
Sex, age, and maximum rateattained
NotreportedNonsmoker Occasional
of smoker ofcigarettes cigarettes Total
nnw now
Nowsmokingbelow
maximumxMALE
All ages, 18+ years Number of persons in thousands
Totall ------------------- 37,583 9,782 9,648 I 134 5.129 1,309
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
2,486L8,159LO,7721,934
4,680
1,2684,7021,975
450
431
1,2154,656 ::1,966 *450 *
1,205 1,205.3,333 12,2018,756 5,5881,473 644
12:41*
. . .1,1323,168
829
18-24 years
425
t
3,967 3,129
330 3302,454 2,291
833 452122 56
Totall ------------------- * 610——
...16338166
2821
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
4412,681
889133
7,322
10719154>k
1,334
19172124425
2,033
103 *191 *54 ** *
3:**
25-34 years
Totall ------------------- 1,306 28
T5,809 4,332
216 2162,870 2,7102,060 1,289
296 117
1,110 179
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
4073,6082,312
321
8,428
181 *712 *240 *25 *
1,998 35
****
. . .160771179
35-44 years
Totall ------------------- 1,188 233
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
4053,8192,;;;
7,725
3943,4962,430493
5,558
3602>5631,639
321
3,873
207967460104
2,138
2161,010477138
1>847
213858421110
2,000
194 *960 *458 *104 *
196 1962,825 2,6072,303 1,565443 211
2;**
. . .218738232
45-54 vears
T.otall------------------- 2,116 I * 5,289 II 3,921 1,007 298
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
212 *998 *475 *138 *
i
171 1712,466 2,2881,942 1,296
349 166
3,499 2,501
147 1471,690 1,4841,211 795
209 75
1,766 1,176
145 1451,028 821405 19056 *
****
. . .178646183
55-64 years
Totall ------------------- 756 212
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
65+ years
Total l-------------------
207 *847 *421 *110 *
. . .206416134
458 107
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
4801,992
727119
33595532063
*>k
*
*
. . .20721536
lIncludes persons for whom maximum rate was unkno~.
26
Table 10. Number of persons 18 years and over who had ever smoked cigarettes regularly, by sex, age, m=i~rnrate attained, and smoking status at the time of the survey: United States, 1966 survey—Con.
[Dataarebasedonho.sehoIdintewiewsofhecivilian,noninstitutionalppulation.Thesuwey design,generalqualifications,andinformationonthereliabIityoftheestimatesmogh’eninappendixI.DefmkionsoftermsaregiveninappsndixIfl
Total
Current regularcigarette smoker IFormer regular cigarette smoker
-r’’tedSex, age, and maximum rateattained Nonsmoker Occasional
Total of smoker ofcigarettes cigarettes
now now
FENALE
All ages, 1S+ years
Total l-------------------
Number of persons in thousands
127 L9,975 3,201 48624,624 4,036 16,2074,163
2,29311,0652,676
173
10;**
115
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
3,69114,3294,879
572
4,095
1,3782,072
38976
493
1,3232,031
38372
2>293L2,1514,472
492
3,487.
4592,205
65868
4,779
. . .1,0861,796
319
624
18-24 years
Totall ------------------- 2.766478
6452,456
70073
5,653
18023540*
809
17822638*
****
*
4591,972
315
****
65
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
. . .23334348
896
*
25-34 years
Totall ------------------- 786 3>799
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
7383,3021,315
148
6,003
26341986>k
1,003
2494;:
*
****
30
4702,8641,226
135
4,897
4742,9891,188
128
4,087
4702,574
71243
****
103
. . .29051492
725
35-44 years
Total l------------------- 4.054973
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
7663,5391,290
158
5,078
?l?2,9181,011
122
2,636
2875279928
873
2725179928
****
*
4742,739
79150
****
118
. . .25039778
562
45-54 years
Total l------------------- 849 3,353
4192,454
927115
1,957
4192,306
58939
3:**
59
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
29843479*
620
28942779*
****
*
. . .14833876
272
...
1??*
124
...6650*
55-64 years
Total l------------------- 1.626596
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily ----
4911,520
42658
1,158
20230551*
365
19729947*
****
*
2871,204
37136
767
183436103*
2871,105
216*
****
26
65+ years
Total l------------------- 608354
Less than 10 cigarettes daily --10-20 cigarettes daily ---------21-40 cigarettes daily ---------41 or more cigarettes daily----
331595137
*
14615234*
13715234*
****
18337053*
****
Irncludes persons for whom I@XimUm rate was unhom.
27
Table 11. Percentage of regular cigarette smokers (lifetime history) continuing to smoke at theirmaximum according to maximum rate attained, by sex and age at the time of the survey: UnitedStates, 1955 and 1966 surveys
[Datawe based on household interviews of the civilian, noninstitutional population. The survsy design, general qualifications, and informationon thereliabllityof the estimates are given in appendix I. Definitions of terms are given in appendix H]
Year of survey and age
@
All ages, 18 years and over-
18-24 years (l)-------------------
25-34 years (2)-------------------
35-44 years (3)-------------------
45-54 years (4)-------------------
55-64 years (5)-------------------
65 years and over (6)-------------
(3)-(2)---------------------------
(4)-(3)---------------------------
(5)-(4)---------------------------
(6)-(5)---------------------------
1966
All ages, 18 years and over-
18-24 years (l)-------------------
25-34 years (2)-------------------
35-44 years (3)-------------------
45-54 years (4)-------------------
55-64 years (5)-------------------
65 years and over (6)-------------
(3)-(2)---------------------------
(4)-(3)---------------------------
(5)-(4)---------------------------
(6)-(5)---------------------------
Maximum rate of cigarette smoking
Male Female
Less than 10-20 21-40 41+LO daily
Less than 10-20 21-40 41+daily daily daily 10 daily daily daily daily
Percent at maximum
76.0 78.7 68.3 47.7 82.3 82.8 66.6 48.8
89.1 90.6 74.3 35.2 86.4 83.8 54.5 *
82.7 83.0 70.3 41.4 81.1 81.2 64.5 46.4
76.2 81.2 70.5 66.2 83.3 84.9 74.0 61.3
74.3 77.9 70.5 47..3 82.3 85.3 71.5 62.2
68.3 68.9 61.9 38.2 78.6 76.2 62.2 53.8
62.4 55.6 43.3 27.1 69.3 72.9 52,4 *
First order differences of complementary percentages
+6.5
+1.9
+6.0
+5.9
-I-1.8
+3.3
+9.0
+13. 3
48.51 67.2
74.8
53.1
48.4
43.4
40.8
30.2
F5.5
75.1
68.3
65.4
57.9
41.2
-0.2 -24.8 -2.2 -3.7 -9.5
- +18.9 +1.0 -0.4 +2.5
+8.6 +9.1 +3.7 +9.1 +9.3
+18. 6 +11.1 -1-9.3 +3.3 +9.8
Percent at maximum
51.9 33.3 62.1 77.2 54.8
50.8 42.1 71.2 80.3 45.()
55.8 36.4 63.7 78.0 54.1
56.4 38.3 61.9 77.4 61.3
53.3 33.7 58.4 79.0 58.3
48.5 23.4 58.5 72.7 50.7
26.1 16.8 55.3 62.2 38.7
First order differences of complementary percentages
+4.7
+5.0
+2.6
+10.6
-14.9
-0.9
+8.4*
30.2—
27.4
29.1
31.6
32.0
31.0
16.7
+6.8 -0.6 -1.9 +1.8 -!-0.6 -7.2 -2.5
+2.9 +3.1 +4.6 +3.5 -1.6 +3.0 -0.4
+7.5 +4.8 +10. 3 -0.1 +6.3 i-7.6 +1.0
+16.7 +22.4 +6.6 +3.2 +10.5 +12.0 +14. 3I I I I I I
NOTE : The difference between each percent shown in this table and 100 percent represents theproportion of persons who were currently smoking at a daily rate less than their maximum. Dif-ferences of these percentages through successive age intervals, shown in the table, represent thecum,~lativeeffect of persons who drop back from their maximum rate. For example, a rough estimateof the proportion of males 45-54 years (1966 survey) reducing their consumption from a maximum of21-40 cigarettes within the preceding 10 years can be obtained by subtracting from this percent-age (100 percent minus 53.3 percent = 46.7 percent) the corresponding value for persons 35-44years (100 percent minus 56.4 percent = 43.6 percent) to obtain an estimate of +3.1 percent.
28
APPENDIX I
SOURCE AND RELIABILITY OF THE DATA
Information on the smoking habits of the civilian,noninstitutional population was collected duringFebruary 1955 and during June 1966 in supplementsto the Current Populaticm Survey conducted by theBureau of the Census. For the 1955 survey, the sampledesign was spread over 23o sample areas comprising453 counties and independent cities, with coverage ineach of the 48 States and the District of Columbia.Approximately 21,000 households, which contained about45,000 persoas 1S years ofageorover, weredesignatedforinclusion in the survey. Ufthese 21,000 households,about 4.4 percent were “noninterview,” that is, house-holds for which no information was recorded becauseno interview could be obtained. In order to account forthe experience of persoas in noninterview’ed households,the weights assigned to other households of similarcharacteristics residing in the sample areas wereincreased. hJ addition to the general nonr?sponse,tobacco smoking information was not reported forabout4.5 percent of the persons; these persons were notallocated to the smoking status categories.
For the 1966 survey, thesample designwasspreadover 357 areas comprising 701counties andindependentcities, with covera:e io each of the 50 States and theDistrict of Columbia. Approximatel y35,000households,which contained about 69,000 persons IS years of ageor over, were desi.gmted for inclusion in the survey.Of these 35,000 households, about 1,500 were visited,but interviews were not obtained because the occupantswere not found at home after repeated calls or wereunavailable for some other reason. As in February1955, these “noninterviewed” households were takeninto account by use of noninterview adjustment factors.In addition to the general nonresponse, tobacco smokinginformation was not reported for about 2.1 percent ofthe persons; however, more than half of these personswere allocated to the smoking status categories.
Since the estimates in this report are based on asample, they may differ somewhat from the figures thatwould have been obtained from a complete census, usingthe same schedules, instructions, and enumerators.Particular care should be exercised in the interpre-tation of figures based on relatively small numbers o~cases as well as small differences between figures. AS
in any survey work, the results are subject to errors ofresponse and of reporting as well as being subject tosampling variability.
The standard error is primarily a measure ofsampling variability, that is, the variations that occurby chance because a sample rather than the entirepopulation is surveyed. As calculated for this report,the standard error also partially measures the effectof response and enumeration errors, but it does notmeasure, as such, any systematic biases in the data.The chances are about 68 out of 100 that an estimatefrom the sample would differ from a complete censust i;!, re by less than the standard error. The chances areanouc 95 out of 100 that the difference would be lessthan twice the standard error.
The figures presented in tables I, II, III, and IV areapproximations of the standard errors of various 1966and 1955 estimates shown in this report. They shouldbe interpreted as providing an indication of the orderof magnitude of the standard errors rather than theprecise standard error for any specific item.
For a difference between two sample figures (thatis, one from 1966 and the other from 1955, or bothfrom the same year), the standard error is approxi-mately the square root of the sum of the squares of thestandard error of each estimate considered separately,This formula will represent the actual standard errorquite accurately for the difference between estimatesof the same characteristics 10 years apart, or for thedifference between separate and uncorrelated charac-teristics in the same year.
As an example, assume that the tables showed the1966 total numl>er of persons smoking a specific num-ber of cigarettes was 750,000. Linear interpolationusing table I shows that the standard error of thisestimate is approximately 35,000. Also, if the tablesshowed the corresponding 1955 estimate to be 600,000,then linear interpolation using table 111shows that thestandard error of this estimate is approximately 41,000.Therefore, the standard error of the difference betweenthe two estimates is approximately 53,903. The chancesare 68 out of 100 that the estimated difference would beless than 53,900 if the actual difference is zero. Thechances are 95 out of 100 that the estimated differencewould be less than 107,800 if the actual difference iszero. In this illustration, therefore, we conclude theestimates of 750,000 and 600,000 are significantlydifferent.
29
Table I. Approximate standard errors for esti-mated numbers for 1966 shown in this report
Table III. Approximate standard errors for esti-mated numbers for 1955 shown in this report
Estimate I
25,000-------------------50,000-------------------100,000-------------------250,000-------------------500,000-------------------
1,000,000-------------------2,500,000-------------------5,000,000-------------------10,000,000-------------------25,000,000-------------------50,000,000-------------------100,000,000-------------------
Estimate
25,000-------------------50,000-------------------
100,000-------------------250,000-------------------500,000-------------------
1,000,000-------------------2,500,000-------------------5,000,000-------------------10,000,000-------------------25,000,000-------------------50,000,000-------------------100,000,000-------------------
Standard error Standard error
6,0009,00013,00020,00029,00041,00064,00091.000
8,00012,00017,00026,00038.00053;00083,000118,000169,000270,000394.000
130,000208,000303,000360,000 468;000
Table II. Approximate standard errors of esti-mated percentages for 1966.shown in this report
Table IV. Approximate standard errors of esti-mated percentages for 1955 shown in this report
Estimated percent Estimated percent
10or90
25or75——
4.63.22.31.4
M’
::;0.3
10or90
2.41.7
::;0.50.40.2
:::
Base of percentage Base of percentage2
or98
5or95
25or75
2or98
5or95
50 50
250---------------5oo---------------
1,000---------------2,500---------------5,000---------------
K#x&---------------------------
50;000---------------100,000---------------
2.31.6
H0.50.40.20.20.1
250---------------5oo---------------
1,000---------------2,500---------------5,000---------------
10,000---------------25,000---------------50,000---------------100,000---------------
;::0.6
::$0.20.10.10.1
1,71.3
1?::0.40.30.2
:::
3.52.51.8
;:;0.60.40.30.2
4.12.92.0
::;0.60.40.30.3
1.5
$;0.50.30.2
8:;0.1
3.22.21.61.00.70.50.30.20.2
5.33.72.61.7
;:;0.5
:::
—
30
APPENDIX II
DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS
Cigarette Smoking Concepts
The smoking habits questionnaires used in the 1955and 1966 surveys are reproduced in appendix III. Sincethe questions on the two forma were not identical, thedefinitions and concepts used in the surveys may differslightly. For this reason, the concepts relative to the1955 survey are, whenever possible, quoted directlyfrom the Public Health Service Monograph, Number 45,cited earlier. References to responses to specificquestions, cited below, relate to the questionnairesused in the surveys.
Never Smoked Cigarettes
1955: A person who never smoked cigarettes (’No’ inSection I, question A, of the ~955 questionnaire)or who smoked less [hail 10 packs of cigarettesin his lifetime (’Yes’ in Section 1, question A,and ‘No’ in question B-.2-a).
1966: A person who has never smoked more than 100cigarettes (five packs of cigarettes) during hisentire life is considered to have never smokedcigarettes (’‘No” to question 41 on the question-naire).
Regular Cigarette Smoker
1955:
1966:
“A regular cigarette smoker is defined as a per-son who smoked cigarettes every day (any ofboxes 2-5 checked in question B-l-a or B-2-a inSection I). ”
A regular cigarette smoker is defined as a per-son who amoked on the average at least one ciga-rette per day.
Occasional Cigarette Smoker
1955: “An occasional cigarette smoker is a personwho checked box 1, ‘smoke once in a while, notevery day,’ in Section 1, question B-l-a.”
1966: An occasional cigarette smoker is defined as aperson who smoked on the average less than onecigarette per day.
Former Smoker of Cigarettes
For the comparison of estimates shown in thisreport, former smokers in both the 1Q55 and 1966surveys have been defined as persons who once wereregular or occasional smokers, but were not regularor occasional cigarette smokers at the time of thesurvey. A classification in the 1955 survey, “discon-timsed smoker,” defined as “a person who once was aregular smoker as defined above, but who was a non-smoker or an occasional smoker at the time of thesurvey, ” was not used in the present report.—
Current Smoker of Cigarettes
In both surveys, a current cigarette smoker is de-fined as a person who was smoking regularly or oc-casionally (as defined in the particular survey) at thetime of the interview.
Number of Cigarettes Smoked Per Day
Responses to the number of cigarettes smoked(questions 42B and 47 in the 1966 questionnaire) weregrouped into intervals comparable to those shown onthe 1955 questionnaire. The intervals 1-9, 10-20, 21-40, and 41 or more cigarettes were used for the pres-entation of data on the present amount smoked and themaximum amount smoked.
31
SECTION I
CIGARETTES
kmwer zll)pl iclbl o,estions in,1s &ctiOw,.0 continuelb Eection 11)
WCTION II
C141ARS
hnu mIP1icel #lmtlons in,1s section:la continue.,tI, section 111)
.ECTION 111
IPE StlOKINfJ
Ar18ner dlDPlic8bl.uesticms inhis section)
,“ ebculd h.”m
\.t Mm me
box dmded in
L
sections 1, 11,
md 111.
APPENDIX Ill
FACSIMILES OF SECTIONS OF CPS QUESTIONNAIRES
1955 SURVEY
,. Nwe YW ever uoked sw cicamttes?
1. D NO (SKID to Eection II - Clgun)
2. •l Ye8 (.hswer cmestion below)
L 00 YUI de W CiZU’OttiS at tbM DI’.3-t t188?
f. D Ye- (&swer aestions kelow)
m.
b.
c.
d.
How w cigarettes do YIXJ *e a dw cm the aversge?
(1) ❑ &ke mce in ● while, mt every dw
(2) •1 Less thm 10Cigarette(2/2 DA)
(3) ❑ Oetweml 10 d m Cimrettm (2/2-1 D=k)
(4) ❑ Betw=n 21 d @ Cim%ktes (1.2 *)
(5) ❑ * 40 .Imtb?s (over 2 Mks)
Did you ever re larly rnoke more tlnn thismunt each day !“
How old were You when You started snakingcictrettes regularly?
How many years have You teen swkfngcigarettes?
S. n No (Answer questions below)
&
b.
c.
d.
e.
tnmin your entire life, have You smoked an many asf5 to O packs of cigarettes?
(1) Cl Yes (2) n No (Skip to Section II)
Now old were YOU when You started smokingcigarettes regularly? -
How many years dfd you smoke cigarettes?
~ow~g ago did you stop smoking ciga-
~at W= the usi=m number of ci m-ewes%You regularly smoked each day w en You
were a smoker?
(1) U ~oked once in a nhile, not every d~
(2) a Less than 10 oigsrettes (1/2 pack)
(3) n Between 10 and 20 .igwettes (1/2-1 Back)
(4) ❑ MtWeen 21 md 40 cigarettes (l-2 packs)
(S) n CTer 40 cigarettes (over 2 packs)
L. save you ever nmked w cicms?
1. ❑ NO (Skip to Section III - FWe smoking)
Z. m Yes (hswer Westica below)
1. 00 you *E my oi~ra atthep-t time?
1. n Yes (Annwer cuastions below) 2. a NO (Amnwer Westions below)
a
b.
c.
d.
mw mfqy cim do ym ecdw . * cm the averi@
(1) ❑ Moke once in a while, not every day
(2) ❑ 1 or 2 cigars a dt.y
(3) o 3 or 4 c!gars a day
(4) n 5 to 8 clzars a day
(5) m 9 or more cigars a day
Did YOU ever re M-ly smoke more than thisnaunt each day f“
(1) D No
Now old were You when You started smokingcigara regularly?
How many years have YOU keen smokingoigsrs?
a. IkMng our entire life have You smoked da muv as50 to 7% cigars?
(1) U Yes (2) O No (EkiP to =Otion III)
b. How old were YOU when You started smokingcigarz regularly?
c. How many years did YOU smoke ci sars ? _
d. ;~~ ago did YOU stop smokine
R. ~nt was tbe -xi- number of ci nrs%You regularly zmok8d each dw w en
Yzu were a smoker?
(1) a Eaoked once in a while, not evety dw
(2) O 1 or 2 cigars a dmy
(3) ❑ 3 or 4 cigars a day
(4) n 5 to 8 cigars a dw
(5) n 9 or mare cigars a dw
. 14WC YOU ever tied m DiDe?
1. 0 No (Cr.not answer any mm-e WestIons)
2. ❑ Yes (Answer ouestion below)
L no YOU mke ● DiDe.tthepresent time?
1. 0 Yes (Anmwer auestions below) 2. n NO (Answer westions below)
8.
b.
c.
d.
~ - Dk@IIIBdo m wake a da a the 8.VW%@?V a
(1) n Emke once in a while, not every day
(2) m Less U18JI 5 PiDefuls
(3) n Between 5 aud 9 pigefulsb,
(4) n Setween 10 and 19 pipe ftil. c.
(5) U 20 or more pipefuls d.
Did YOU ever re 1 ErlY sm’oke more thti, thisamunt each day Y e.
(1) n m
(2) ❑ Yes: What was the mukmm numbe: ofp~df;g~ You rewl arly smoked
Now old were YOU when You started smokinge pipe regularly?
F$;i;y years have You been .suaking
Ourln your entire life, have YOU smoked ea many es3 to ~ Dackages of pipe tobacco?
(1) n Yez (2) n NO (End of interview)
How old were You when You started smokinga DiDe regularly?
Sow man.Y years did You smoke a DiBe? ._
pipe~g ago did YOU stop smoking
Uhat was the -i-m number of iDefulsyo&r;gu~;;Tmraked each dw Y%en You
(1) m Wked once in a Wile, not every day
(2) a Less than 5 9iIIefuls
(3) n Between 5 and 9 pipef”ls
(4) D Setween 10 and 19 DiDefuls
(5) U 20 or more 9iDefuls
Form IX-1 (12.21-54,COmn-DC-44210 CC+ltrol No. Line No. of Ferson Line No. of respondent
1966 SURVEY
entire life?
IYes O
\No O
(Male: Skip m 48A
Fade: Skip to50)
DK07
,42A. Does . smoke cigarettes how?
I Yes G No O DK O
/
/ (skipto 4s) —+--- —-------- — — -—-------
42B. On the average, abouihow many cigarettes
‘a day does he smoke?
I ( Number Per Doy )
43A. Oid . . . smoke cigarettes 3Yeors ago?
] Yes O No O DK O
/’——————(Skip tO 44A)——--------- —-- —_ —-------
436. Ontheaverage, about how many cigarettesa day did he smoke 3 years ago?
I ( Number Per OoyJ
44A. During t&posi3years, has. . .witsmokin!
cigarettes f0r2 or more wseks at a time?
I Yes O No O DK O
(GO C044B) —(Skin to 46)
+ DK c! o 0 0,. .“ “,:“:o 48B~~~~~.~~I~Sgzz~h~e~ ~e;;;&,., “.. ,
---———-——-——-——————————.
14C.’ What was the longest period . . . stoyed offYes @cco. No OK
cigarettes during the past 3 years? ■ oooo----- . ----- —--------
(Number of months) 48C. (If “NO” or “DK” in either 48A or 4.sB,
skip to 49A) Compared to & years
Tens ~~ ; “ OK ago, is. . . now smoking more, less,—
Units:, i..’:: O or about the same number of cigars?
(Go to 46) Mue Less Same DK
45. (Ask o+ if “NO”or ‘DKW i. item 42.4). How long (0 I:, !:, [_-)
has it been since . . . smoked cigarettes
fairly rqulody?49A. Does . smoke a pipe now?
Mont hs O Yes Ccca. No DK
y’”” o ■ ~ ~ ‘~’ ‘=’
Tens .:} ! . . .:: ‘“ .1 DK 49B. ~~.-.~ zx.~e-o-p~p~ %~~ ~e;r; ;g;
Units : ~ ‘:’ .’, ;j :. U ~, :: 0 Yes OCCO. No DK
Never smoked cigarettes regularly O 1:, ~1 o !~
46. About how old was . . . when he first started ~~=. (]f .NO. O, .~K. in either 49A or 49B,------ _— _ ------ —----
smok]ng cigarettes fairly regularly? skip to 50) Compared to the yeors
Tens I “, ..,. OK qo,i s... n~w smoking a pipe mor(
Units .:’ j ‘; ‘ ,’ : ““ ‘:” “ O less, .X about the same?
v. –Am “~‘~‘~‘~Never smoked cigarettes regularly ICI
■ During the period whe”. . .W.S .smoki”g
DKEthe m&t, about how many cigarettes 0 50, Intewiewer check item: (RESpONDE~
day did he usua I Iy smoke?
Tern, l”,,;”:’
Units .’ 1 . “’ : ‘G
f7f male, KO to 48A, If fend., skip to SO)
* U. 8. QOVCRNMENT PRINTING OFFICE -1970- S9S-2S4 P. 0.24
33
. ——--
OUTLINE OF REpORT SERIES FOR VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS
Public Health Service Publication No. 1000
Se)’ies 1.
Se),ies 2.
Series 3.
Series 4.
SeVies 10.
Series 11.
SeVies 12.
Series 13.
Serzes 14.
SeTies 20.
Series 21.
Series 22.
Progvams and collection procedures.—Reports which describe the general programs of the NationalCenter for Health Statistics and its offices and divisions, data collection methods used, definitions,and other material necessary for understanding the data.
Data evaluation and methods )-esea~ch. —Studies of new statistical methodology including: experi -
mental tests of new survey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analytical
techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, contributions to statistical theory.
Analytical studies. —Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and health
statistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.
Documents and committee veports. —Final reports of major committees concerned with vital and
health statistics. and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised birthand death certificates.
Data from the Health Intevview SuYvey. —Statistics on illness. accidental injuries, disability, use of
hospital, medical. dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, based on data collectedin a continuing national household interview survey.
Data from the Health Examination Suvvey. — Data from direct examination. testing, and measure-ment of national samples of the population provide the basis for two types of reports: (1) estimatesof the medically defined prevalence of specific diseases in the United States and the distributions ofthe population with respect to physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics; and (2)
.malysis of relationships among the various measurements without reference to an explicit finite
universe of persons.
Data from the Institutional Population SuvL’eys. —Statistics relating to ‘the health characteristics ofpersons in institutions, and on medical, nursing, and personal care received, based on nationalsamples of establishments providing these services and samples of the residents or patients.
Data from the Hospital DischavEe Suvvey. —Statistics relating to discharged patients in short-stayhospitals, based on a sample of patient records in a national sample of hospitals.
Dab on lzea/th vesources: manpower and facilities. —statistics on the num~rs, geographic distri-
bution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other health
manpower occupations, hospitals, nursimz homes, and outpatient and other inpatient facilities.
Data on movtality.-Various statistics on mortality other than as included in annual or monthlyreports—special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables, also geographicand time series analyses.
Data on nata~ity, marriage, anddiuoyce. —Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce otherthan as included in annual or monthly reports—special analvses by dem[)graphic variables, alsogeographic and time series analyses. studies of fertility.
Data from the National Natality and ,Wo)tality Suvce~s. — Statistics on characteristics of births and
deaths not available from the vital records, based on sample surveys stenlrning from these records,inducting such topics as mortality by socioeconomic class, medical experience in the last year oflife, characteristics of pregnancy. <t..
For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: (?ffice Of In formation
Nationa 1 (’enter for Health StatisticsU S. Public Health Service
Ro(kville, kld Wh52
-.