changes to road transport (general) act 2005 to … · changes to road transport (general) act 2005...
TRANSCRIPT
Changes to Road Transport (General) Act 2005 to create Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005 [Note: repealed provisions are mostly to be found in the Road Transport Act 2013] RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver
Management) Act 2005 Comment
1 Name of Act Amendment 1 Name of Act [Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2012]
2 Commencement TBA 2 Commencement
3 Definitions
3 Definitions Some changes. See also RT Act 4 Definitions 5 References to ‘road’ generally include ‘road related area’ 7 Meaning of ‘registration’ and ‘registered’ in relation to a vehicle 8 Meaning of ‘registered operator’ and ‘Australian registered operator’ in relation to a vehicle or combination 174 Expanded meaning of ‘driver’
4 Notes 4 Notes
5 Meaning of “road transport legislation” Repealed 5 Repealed See RT Act 5 Meaning of “road transport legislation”
6 Responsible person for a vehicle Repealed 6 Repealed See RT Act 10 Meaning of ‘responsible person’ for a vehicle
7 Rights, liabilities and obligations of multiple responsible persons
Repealed 7 Repealed See RT Act 11 Rights, liabilities and obligations of multiple responsible persons
8 Act to bind Crown Retained 8 Act to bind Crown
9 Contracting out prohibited Retained 9 Contracting out prohibited
10 Regulations Retained 10 Regulations
11 National road transport regulations Amended 11 Regulations relating to mass, dimension and load requirements etc.
11A Regulations relating to intelligent Retained Regulations relating to intelligent transport
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
transport systems systems
11B Regulations relating to fatigue management
Retained 11B Regulations relating to fatigue management
11C Regulations relating to speeding compliance
Retained 11C Regulations relating to speeding compliance
12 Regulations may provide that Roads Act 1993 does not apply in certain circumstances
Retained 12 Regulations may provide that Roads Act 1993 does not apply in certain circumstances
13 Regulations may exclude vehicles, animals and persons from this Act or the regulations
Retained 13 Regulations may exclude vehicles, animals and persons from this Act or the regulations
14 General relationship with other laws Repealed 14 Repealed See RT Act 14 General relationship with other laws
15 Power to include or exclude areas in road transport legislation
Repealed 15 Repealed See RT Act 18 Power to include or exclude areas in road transport legislation
16 Power to exclude vehicles, persons or animals from road transport legislation
Repealed 16 Repealed See RT Act 19 Power to exclude vehicles, persons or animals from road transport legislation
17 Consultation required with Minister administering Motor Accidents Act 1988 in certain cases
Repealed 17 Repealed See RT Act 20 Consultation required with Minister administering Motor Accidents Act 1988 in certain cases
18 Authority to maintain database of declarations and orders made under this Part
Repealed 18 Repealed See RT Act 22 Authority to maintain database of declarations and orders made under this Part
19 Operation of this Chapter Retained 19 Operation of this Chapter
20 Definitions Retained 20 Definitions
21 Operators Retained 21 Operators
22 Driver’s base Retained 22 Driver’s base
23 Associates Retained 23 Associates
24 Determining whether a breach “involves” Retained 24 Determining whether a breach “involves” risk
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
risk
25 Meaning of “imminent” loss or shifting of load
Retained 25 Meaning of “imminent” loss or shifting of load
26 Regulations may impose restrictions Retained 26 Regulations may impose restrictions
27 Excess permits Amended 27 Excess permits Additional subclause (6)
28 Mass requirements on certain roads and bridges etc
Retained 28 Mass requirements on certain roads and bridges etc
28A Incremental pricing schemes Retained 28A Incremental pricing schemes
29 Operation of this Part Retained 29 Operation of this Part
30 Categories generally Retained 30 Categories generally
31 Minor risk breaches Retained 31 Minor risk breaches
32 Substantial risk breaches Retained 32 Substantial risk breaches
33 Severe risk breaches Retained 33 Severe risk breaches
34 Lower limits—mass breaches Retained 34 Lower limits—mass breaches
35 Lower limits—width breaches Retained 35 Lower limits—width breaches
36 Lower limits—width breaches: overall width of vehicle or combination
Retained 36 Lower limits—width breaches: overall width of vehicle or combination
37 Lower limits—height breaches Retained 37 Lower limits—height breaches
38 Lower limits—overall length breaches Retained 38 Lower limits—overall length breaches
39 Lower limits—width breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches
Retained 39 Lower limits—width breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches
40 Lower limits—overall length breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches involving rear projections
Retained 40 Lower limits—overall length breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches involving rear projections
41 Lower limits—dimension breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches involving dangerous projections
Retained 41 Lower limits—dimension breaches: recategorisation of certain breaches involving dangerous projections
42 Regulations for increasing lower limits Retained 42 Regulations for increasing lower limits
43 Special categorisation of breaches of requirements relating to dangerous projections
Retained 43 Special categorisation of breaches of requirements relating to dangerous projections
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
44 Other provisions for categorisation to prevail
Retained 44 Other provisions for categorisation to prevail
45 Minor risk breaches Retained 45 Minor risk breaches
46 Substantial risk breaches Retained 46 Substantial risk breaches
47 Severe risk breaches Retained 47 Severe risk breaches
48 Detention of vehicles Retained 48 Detention of vehicles
49 Authorisation to continue journey where only minor risk breaches
Retained 49 Authorisation to continue journey where only minor risk breaches
50 Operation of directions in relation to combinations
Retained 50 Operation of directions in relation to combinations
51 Directions and authorisations to be in writing
Retained 51 Directions and authorisations to be in writing
52 Application of Division in relation to other directions
Retained 52 Application of Division in relation to other directions
53 Liability of consignor Retained 53 Liability of consignor
54 Liability of packer Retained 54 Liability of packer
55 Liability of loader Retained 55 Liability of loader
56 Liability of operator Retained 56 Liability of operator
57 Liability of driver Retained 57 Liability of driver
58 Liability of consignee Retained 58 Liability of consignee
59 Penalty levels: offences referred to in Table to Division
Retained 59 Penalty levels: offences referred to in Table to Division
Table of penalties for mass, dimension and load restraint breaches
Retained Table of penalties for mass, dimension and load restraint breaches
60 Matters to be taken into consideration by courts
Retained 60 Matters to be taken into consideration by courts
61 Default categorisation Retained 61 Default categorisation
62 Application of Division Retained 62 Application of Division
63 Meaning of “responsible entity” Retained 63 Meaning of “responsible entity”
64 Container weight declarations Retained 64 Container weight declarations
65 Complying container weight declarations Retained 65 Complying container weight declarations
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
66 Duty of responsible entity Retained 66 Duty of responsible entity
67 Duty of operator Retained 67 Duty of operator
68 Duty of driver Retained 68 Duty of driver
69 Liability of consignee—knowledge of matters relating to container weight declaration
Retained 69 Liability of consignee—knowledge of matters relating to container weight declaration
70 Recovery of losses for non-provision of container weight declaration
Retained 70 Recovery of losses for non-provision of container weight declaration
71 Recovery of losses for provision of inaccurate container weight declaration
Retained 71 Recovery of losses for provision of inaccurate container weight declaration
72 Recovery of amount by responsible entity Retained 72 Recovery of amount by responsible entity
73 Assessment of monetary value or attributable amount
Retained 73 Assessment of monetary value or attributable amount
74 Costs Retained 74 Costs
75 False or misleading transport documentation: liability of consignor, packer, loader, receiver and others
Retained 75 False or misleading transport documentation: liability of consignor, packer, loader, receiver and others
76 Definitions Retained 76 Definitions
77 Offence of contravening condition Retained 77 Offence of contravening condition
78 Effect of contravening condition—prosecutions or other action
Retained 78 Effect of contravening condition—prosecutions or other action
79 Operation of Division Retained 79 Operation of Division
80 Liability of registered operators and owners
Retained 80 Liability of registered operators and owners
81 Complicity and common purpose (aiding and abetting
Retained 81 Complicity and common purpose (aiding and abetting
82 Causing or permitting Retained 82 Causing or permitting
83 Coercing, inducing or offering incentive Retained 83 Coercing, inducing or offering incentive
84 Sudden or extraordinary emergency Retained 84 Sudden or extraordinary emergency
85 Lawful authority Retained 85 Lawful authority
86 Other defences Retained 86 Other defences
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
88 Reasonable steps defence for other mass, dimension and load restraint requirements
Retained 88 Reasonable steps defence for other mass, dimension and load restraint requirements
89 Reasonable steps defence—reliance on container weight declaration
Retained 89 Reasonable steps defence—reliance on container weight declaration
90 Defence of mistaken and reasonable belief not available for specified offences
Retained 90 Defence of mistaken and reasonable belief not available for specified offences
91 Meaning of “deficiency concerning a vehicle or combination”
Retained 91 Meaning of “deficiency concerning a vehicle or combination”
92 Special defence for all owners or operators
Retained 92 Special defence for all owners or operators
93 Special defence for drivers, owners and operators of light vehicles
Retained 93 Special defence for drivers, owners and operators of light vehicles
94 Special defence for drivers Retained 94 Special defence for drivers
95 Special defence of compliance with direction
Retained 95 Special defence of compliance with direction
96 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
Retained 96 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
97 Operation of Part Retained 97 Operation of Part
98 Penalties imposed by courts Retained 98 Penalties imposed by courts
99 Definition Retained 99 Definition
100 Improvement notices Retained 100 Improvement notices
101 Contravention of improvement notice Retained 101 Contravention of improvement notice
102 Amendment of improvement notices Retained 102 Amendment of improvement notices
103 Cancellation of improvement notices Retained 103 Cancellation of improvement notices
104 Clearance certificates Retained 104 Clearance certificates
105 Formal warnings Retained 105 Formal warnings
106 Withdrawal of formal warnings Retained 106 Withdrawal of formal warnings
107 Commercial benefits penalty orders Retained 107 Commercial benefits penalty orders
108 Power to affect vehicle registration Retained 108 Power to affect vehicle registration
109 Supervisory intervention orders Retained 109 Supervisory intervention orders
110 Contravention of supervisory Retained 110 Contravention of supervisory intervention
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
intervention order order
111 Prohibition orders Retained 111 Prohibition orders
112 Contravention of prohibition order Retained 112 Contravention of prohibition order
113 Effect of administrative actions of authorities of other jurisdictions
Retained 113 Effect of administrative actions of authorities of other jurisdictions
114 Effect of court orders of other jurisdictions
Retained 114 Effect of court orders of other jurisdictions
115 Declared zones and routes Retained 115 Declared zones and routes
116 Dismissal or other victimisation of employee or contractor assisting with or reporting breaches
Retained 116 Dismissal or other victimisation of employee or contractor assisting with or reporting breaches
117 Confidentiality Retained 117 Confidentiality
118 False or misleading information provided to responsible persons
Retained 118 False or misleading information provided to responsible persons
119 Authority may provide information to TfNSW and corresponding Authorities
Retained 119 Authority may provide information to TfNSW and corresponding Authorities
120 Exemption from liability Retained 120 Exemption from liability
121 Authorised officers Repealed 121 repealed See RT Act 166 Authorised officers
122 Exercise of powers by authorised officers Repealed 167 repealed
See RT Act 167 Exercise of powers by authorised officers
123 Delegation Repealed 123 repealed See RT Act 273 Delegation of functions under road transport legislation
124 Identification cards Repealed 124 repealed See RT Act 168 Identification cards
125 Production of identification Repealed 125 repealed See RT Act 169 Production of identification
126 Return of identification cards Failure to return authorised officer
Repealed 126 repealed See RT Act 170 Return of identification cards
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
identification card
127 Reciprocal powers of officers Repealed 127 repealed See RT Act 171 Reciprocal powers of officers
128 Authority may exercise powers of authorised officers
Repealed 128 repealed See RT Act 166 Authorised officers
129 Amendment or revocation of directions or conditions
Repealed 129 repealed See RT Act 172 Amendment or revocation of directions or conditions
130 Application of Part Retained 130 Application of Part
131 Meaning of qualified, fit or authorised to drive or run engine
Retained 131 Meaning of qualified, fit or authorised to drive or run engine
132 Meaning of unattended vehicle or combination and driver of disconnected trailer
Retained 132 Meaning of unattended vehicle or combination and driver of disconnected trailer
133 Meaning of broken down vehicle or combination
Retained 133 Meaning of broken down vehicle or combination
134 Meaning of compliance purposes Retained 134 Meaning of compliance purposes
135 Application of Division Retained 135 Application of Division
136 Direction to stop vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other powers
Retained 136 Direction to stop vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other powers
137 Direction to move vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other powers
Retained 137 Direction to move vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other powers
138 Direction to move vehicle or combination: where danger or obstruction
Retained 138 Direction to move vehicle or combination: where danger or obstruction
139 Direction to leave vehicle or combination
Retained 139 Direction to leave vehicle or combination
140 Manner of giving directions under this Division
Retained 140 Manner of giving directions under this Division
141 Moving unattended vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other
Retained 141 Moving unattended vehicle or combination: to enable exercise of other functions
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
functions
142 Moving unattended or broken down vehicle or combination: where danger or obstruction
Retained 142 Moving unattended or broken down vehicle or combination: where danger or obstruction
143 Operator’s authorisation not required for driving under this Division
Retained 143 Operator’s authorisation not required for driving under this Division
144 Power to inspect vehicle or combination on a road, public place or certain official premises
Retained 144 Power to inspect vehicle or combination on a road, public place or certain official premises
145 Power to search vehicle or combination on a road, public place or certain official premises
Retained 145 Power to search vehicle or combination on a road, public place or certain official premises
146 Additional vehicle search powers relating to fatigue offences
Retained 146 Additional vehicle search powers relating to fatigue offences
147 Power to inspect premises Retained 147 Power to inspect premises
148 Power to search premises Retained 148 Power to search premises
149 Residential purposes Retained 149 Residential purposes
150 Direction to produce records, devices or other things
Retained 150 Direction to produce records, devices or other things
151 Direction to give name and other personal details in cases relating to heavy vehicle offences
Retained 151 Direction to give name and other personal details in cases relating to heavy vehicle offences
152 Direction to provide information Retained 152 Direction to provide information
153 Direction to provide reasonable assistance for powers of inspection and search
Retained 153 Direction to provide reasonable assistance for powers of inspection and search
154 Provisions relating to running engine Retained 154 Provisions relating to running engine
154A Directions relating to driver fatigue Retained 154A Directions relating to driver fatigue
155 Manner of giving directions under this Division
Retained 155 Manner of giving directions under this Division
156 Directions to state when to be complied Retained 156 Directions to state when to be complied with
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
with
157 Warrants Retained 157 Warrants
158 Use of assistants and equipment Retained 158 Use of assistants and equipment
159 Use of equipment to examine or process things
Retained 159 Use of equipment to examine or process things
160 Use or seizure of electronic equipment Retained 160 Use or seizure of electronic equipment
161 Receipt for and access to seized material Retained 161 Receipt for and access to seized material
162 Embargo notices Retained 162 Embargo notices
163 Power to use force against persons to be exercised only by police officers
Retained 163 Power to use force against persons to be exercised only by police officers
164 Consent Retained 164 Consent
165 Directions may be given under more than one provision
Retained 165 Directions may be given under more than one provision
166 Restoring vehicle, combination or premises to original condition after action taken
Retained 166 Restoring vehicle, combination or premises to original condition after action taken
167 Protection from incrimination Retained 167 Protection from incrimination
168 Providing evidence to other authorities Retained 168 Providing evidence to other authorities
169 Obstructing or hindering authorised officers
Repealed 173 repealed See RT Act 173 Offences: Obstructing, hindering or impersonating authorised officers
170 Impersonating authorised officers Repealed 173 repealed See RT Act 173 Offences: Obstructing, hindering or impersonating authorised officers
171 Authorised officer may require production of driver licence and name and address from driver or rider
Repealed 171 repealed See RT Act 175 Authorised officer may require production of relevant Australian driver licence and name and address from driver or rider
172 Authorised officer may require production of driver licence and name and address from certain passengers
Repealed 172 repealed RT Act 176 Authorised officer may require production of relevant Australian driver licence and name
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
(1)Person occupying a seat next to a learner licence holder must produced licence
and address from certain passengers
173 Authorised officer may require responsible person for vehicle and others to disclose identity of driver who commits offence
Repealed 173 repealed See RT Act 177 Authorised officer may require responsible person for vehicle and others to disclose identity of driver who commits offence
174 Production of driver licence to court
Repealed 174 repealed See RT Act 178 Production of relevant Australian driver licence to court
175 Unauthorised demand for production of driver licence
Repealed 175 repealed See RT Act 179 Unauthorised demand for production of relevant Australian driver licence
176 Multiple offenders Repealed 176 repealed See RT Act 180 Multiple offenders for applicable road law offence
177 Double jeopardy Repealed 177 repealed RT Act 181 Double jeopardy
178 Liability of directors, partners, employers and others for offences by bodies corporate, partnerships, associations and employees
Retained 178 Liability of directors, partners, employers and others for offences by bodies corporate, partnerships, associations and employees
179 Liability of responsible person for vehicle for designated offences
Repealed 179 repealed See RT Act 184 Responsible person for vehicle taken to have committed designated offences; 185 When responsible person not liable for parking offence; 186 Duty to inform if person not driver of vehicle committing camera recorded offence; 187 When responsible person for vehicle not liable for camera recorded offence; 188 Offences relating to
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
nominations; 189 Nominations by corporations; 190 Use of statutory declarations as evidence; 191 Application of this Division to average speed detected offences; 192 Further identity information from nomination information provider; 193 Liability of actual offender unaffected; 194 Division does not derogate from any other law.
180 Proceedings for offences Repealed 180 repealed See RT Act 200 Proceedings for offences
181 Period within which proceedings for operator onus offences may be commenced
Repealed 181 repealed See RT Act 201 Period within which proceedings for operator onus offences may be commenced
182 Period within which proceedings for certain mass, dimension and load offences may be commenced
Repealed 182 repealed See RT Act 202 Period within which proceedings for certain mass, dimension and load offences may be commenced
183 Penalty notices for certain offences Repealed 183 repealed See RT Act 195 Penalty notices for certain offences
184 Service of penalty notices Repealed 184 repealed See RT Act 196 Service of penalty notices
185 Payment of penalty notices Repealed 185 repealed See RT Act 197 Payment of penalty notices
186 Effect of Part on other kinds of proceedings
Repealed 186 repealed See RT Act 199 Effect of Part on other kinds of proceedings
187 Court may impose penalty and disqualify driver on conviction
Repealed 187 repealed See RT Act 204 Court may disqualify driver on conviction; 203 Section 10 of Crimes (Sentencing Procedure)
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
Act 1999 not to apply in certain circumstances
188 Disqualification for certain major offences
Repealed 188 repealed See RT Act 205 Disqualification for certain major offences
188A Bringing forward of consecutive disqualification periods to avoid orphan periods
Repealed 188A repealed See RT Act 206 Bringing forward of consecutive disqualification periods to avoid orphan periods
189 Effect of disqualification Repealed 189 repealed See RT Act 207 Effect of disqualification
190 Definitions Repealed 190 repealed See RT Act 208 Definitions
191 Division does not apply to habitual traffic offenders
Repealed 191 repealed See RT Act 209 Division does not apply to habitual traffic offenders
192 Disqualification period may be suspended for participation in interlock program
Repealed 192 repealed See RT Act 210 Disqualification period may be suspended for participation in interlock program
193 When person may participate in interlock program
Repealed 193 repealed See RT Act 211 When person may participate in interlock program
194 Entitlement to apply for interlock driver licence
Repealed 194 repealed See RT Act 212 Entitlement to apply for interlock driver licence
195 When disqualification suspension order has effect
Repealed 195 repealed See RT Act 213 When disqualification suspension order has effect
196 Participation in an interlock program Repealed 196 repealed See RT Act 214 Participation in an interlock program
197 Effect of successful participation in interlock program
Repealed 197 repealed See RT Act 215 Effect of successful participation in interlock program
198 Relevant offences Repealed 198 repealed See RT Act 216 Meaning of ‘relevant offences’
199 Declaration of persons as habitual traffic offenders
Repealed 199 repealed See RT Act 217 Declaration of persons as habitual traffic offenders
200 Warning to be given to persons liable to Repealed 200 repealed See RT Act 218 Warning to be given
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
be declared habitual traffic offenders to persons liable to be declared habitual traffic offenders
201 Period of disqualification of habitual traffic offender
Repealed 201 repealed See RT Act 219 Period of disqualification of habitual traffic offender
202 Quashing of declaration and bar against appeals
Repealed 202 repealed See RT Act 220 Quashing of declaration and bar against appeals
203 Disqualification in addition to any other penalty
Repealed 203 repealed See RT Act 221 Disqualification in addition to any other penalty
204A Definitions Repealed 204A repealed See RT Act 222 Definitions
204 Suspension of licence by Commissioner of Police
Repealed 204 repealed See RT Act 223 Suspension of licence by Commissioner of Police
205 Immediate suspension of licence in certain circumstances
Repealed 205 repealed See RT Act 224 When immediate licence suspension notice may be issued by police officer
206 Suspension of driving privileges of visiting driver
Repealed 206 repealed See RT Act 224 When immediate licence suspension notice may be issued by police officer
207 Downgrading of driver licences Repealed 207 repealed See RT Act 226 Downgrading of driver licences
208 Court may order compensation for damages and other losses
Repealed 208 repealed See RT Act 227 Court may order compensation for damages and other losses
209 Compensation for loss of time Repealed 209 repealed See RT Act 228 Compensation for loss of time
210 Compensation orders for damage to road infrastructure
Repealed 210 repealed See RT Act 229 Compensation orders for damage to road infrastructure
211 Assessment of compensation Repealed 211 repealed See RT Act 230 Assessment of compensation
212 Service of certificates Repealed 212 repealed See RT Act 231 Service of
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
certificates
213 Limits on amount of compensation Repealed 213 repealed See RT Act 232 Limits on amount of compensation
214 Costs Repealed 214 repealed See RT Act 233 Costs
215 Enforcement of compensation order and costs
Repealed 215 repealed See RT Act 234 Enforcement of compensation order and costs
216 Relationship with orders or awards of other courts and tribunals
Repealed 216 repealed See RT Act 235 Relationship with orders or awards of other courts and tribunals
217 Object and effect of Division Repealed 217 repealed See RT Act 236 Object and effect of Part
217A Definitions Repealed 217A repealed See RT Act 237 Definitions
218 When additional sanctions may be imposed
Repealed 218 repealed See RT Act 238 When additional sanctions may be imposed
218A Sanctions that may be imposed Repealed 218A repealed See RT Act 239 Sanctions that may be imposed
218B Production notices Repealed 218B repealed See RT Act 240 Production notices
218C Powers and duties relating to seizure of motor vehicles and removal of number plates
Repealed 218C repealed See RT Act 241 Powers and duties relating to seizure of motor vehicles and removal of number plates
218D Removal, impounding and production of vehicle
Repealed 218D repealed See RT Act 242 Removal, impounding and production of vehicle
218E Failure to comply with production notice
Repealed 218E repealed See RT Act 243Failure to comply with production notice
218F Number plate and other offences Repealed 218F repealed See RT Act 244 Number plate and other offences
219 Forfeiture of vehicles on finding of guilt of offending operator
Repealed 219 repealed See RT Act 245 Forfeiture of vehicles on finding of guilt of offending operator
219A Commutation of forfeiture Repealed 219A repealed See RT Act 246 Commutation of
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
forfeiture
220 Interested persons to be notified Repealed 220 repealed See RT Act 247 Interested persons to be notified
221 Retention of motor vehicle impounded or number plates confiscated under this Division
Repealed 221 repealed See RT Act 248 Retention of motor vehicle impounded or number plates confiscated under this Division
222 Early release of motor vehicle and number plates on application to Local Court
Repealed 222 repealed See RT Act 249 Early release of motor vehicle and number plates on application to Local Court
223 Release of impounded vehicle and number plates
Repealed 223 repealed See RT Act 250 Release of impounded vehicle and number plates
224 Safe keeping of motor vehicles Repealed 224 repealed See RT Act 251 Safe keeping of motor vehicles
225 Disposal and crash testing of vehicles Repealed 225 repealed See RT Act 252 Disposal and crash testing of vehicles
226 Protection from liability with respect to impounding, removal of number plates and crash testing and other matters
Repealed 226 repealed See RT Act 253 Protection from liability with respect to impounding, removal of number plates and crash testing and other matters
227 Failure to prosecute Repealed 227 repealed See RT Act 254 Failure to prosecute
228 Search warrants Repealed 228 repealed See RT Act 255 Search warrants
229 Application of Part Repealed 229 repealed See RT Act 256 Application of Part
230 Certificate evidence Repealed 230 repealed See RT Act 257 Certificate evidence
231 Proof of appointments and signatures unnecessary
Repealed 231 repealed See RT Act 258 Proof of appointments and signatures unnecessary
232 Vicarious responsibility Repealed 232 repealed See RT Act 259 Vicarious responsibility
233 Averments Repealed 233 repealed See RT Act 260 Averments
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
234 Evidence regarding measuring and weighing
Repealed 234 repealed See RT Act 261 Evidence regarding measuring and weighing
235 Evidence regarding weighing Repealed 235 repealed See RT Act 262 Evidence regarding weighing
236 Evidence regarding manufacturer’s ratings
Repealed 236 repealed See RT Act 263 Evidence regarding manufacturer’s ratings
237 Evidence not affected by nature of vehicle or combination
Repealed 237 repealed See RT Act 264 Evidence not affected by nature of vehicle or combination
238 Transport documentation and journey documentation
Repealed 238 repealed See RT Act 265 Transport documentation and journey documentation
239 Service of documents on persons generally
Repealed 239 repealed See RT Act 276 Service of documents on persons generally
240 Lodgment of documents with Authority Repealed 240 repealed See RT Act 277 Lodgment of documents with Authority
241 Review by Administrative Decisions Tribunal of certain decisions made under road transport legislation
Repealed 241 repealed See RT Act266 Definitions
242 Alternate appeal rights to Local Court Repealed 242 repealed See RT Act 266 Definitions; Statutory rules may make provision for appeals and original; 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions applications; 269 Statutory rules may make provision for appeals...; 270 Finality of decisions
243 Indemnity from personal liability for honest and good faith carrying out of duties
Repealed 2423 repealed See RT Act 275 Indemnity from personal liability for honest and good faith carrying out of duties
RT (General) Act 2005 – until 30 June 2013 Amended/repealed/retained Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Act 2005
Comment
244 Unpaid charges and fees Retained 244 Unpaid charges and fees
244A Application of work health and safety legislation
Retained 244A Application of work health and safety legislation
245 Savings, transitional and other provisions
Retained 245 Savings, transitional and other provisions
246 Repeals Repealed 246 repealed
247 - - Already repealed
248 Review of Act Retained 248 Review of Act
249 Motor vehicles or trailers not to be used without consent of owner
Repealed 249 repealed See RT Act 147 Motor vehicles or trailers not to be used without consent of owner
250 Procuring or hire of motor vehicle or trailer by fraud or misrepresentation
Repealed 250 repealed See RT Act 148 Procuring or hire of motor vehicle or trailer by fraud or misrepresentation
251-67 - - Already repealed
Schedule 1 Savings, transitional and other provisions
Retained Schedule 1 Savings, transitional and other provisions
Schedule 2 Repeals Retained Schedule 2 Repeals
Schedule 3 - - Already repealed
Changes to RT (General) Regulation 2005: Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver Management) Regulation 2005 and Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013 RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
1 Name of Regulation 1 Name of Regulation[Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005]
2 Commencement 2 Commencement
3 Definitions
3 Definitions 3 Definitions
3A Meaning of “applicable road law” Notes
4 Information to be maintained on database of declarations and orders
- 4 Information to be maintained on database of declarations and orders
5 Access to database - 5 Access to database
6 Service of notices on persons under Road Transport (Driver Licensing) Act 1998
- 6 Service of notices on persons under driver licensing law
7 Service of notices on registered operators and delivery of things to Authority under the Road Transport (Vehicle Registration) Act 1997
- 7 Service of notices on registered operators and delivery of things to Authority under vehicle registration law
8 Notices to unincorporated associations in connection with mobility parking scheme authorities
- 8 Notices to unincorporated associations in connection with mobility parking scheme authorities
9 Inconsistent legislation—Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Act 1980
- 9 Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Act 1980
10 Inconsistent legislation—Local Government Act 1993
- 10 Local Government Act 1993
11 Definitions 125 Definitions
12 Application of Part
13 Appeals concerning examiner’s - 127 Vehicle registration decisions
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
authorities and proprietor’s authorities
(1)
13 Appeals concerning examiner’s authorities and proprietor’s authorities
(2)-(5)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
14 Determination of appeals concerning examiner’s authorities and proprietor’s authorities
- 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
14 Determination of appeals concerning examiner’s authorities and proprietor’s authorities
(3)
270 Finality of decisions
15 Appeals against certain registration decisions
(1) (5)
- 127 Vehicle registration decisions 266 Definitions
15 Appeals against certain registration decisions
(2)-(4)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
16 Determination of appeals against certain registration decisions
- 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
16 Determination of appeals against certain registration decisions
(3)
270 Finality of decisions
17 Authority to ensure notification of appeal rights
- 133 Notification of appeal rights with respect to certain driver licensing decisions
18 Appeals concerning driver licensing (1) and (3)
- 126 Driver licensing decisions 266 Definitions
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
18 Appeals concerning driver licensing (4)
268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
18 Appeals concerning driver licensing (5)-(7)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
19 Affected person entitled to be given reasons
- 134 Affected driver entitled to be given reasons on request
20 Determination of appeals concerning driver licensing
- 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
20 Determination of appeals concerning driver licensing
(6)
270 Finality of decisions
21 Stay of decision pending appeal - 135 Stay of certain appealable decisions pending appeal
22 Appeals concerning police officer suspension notices
(1)
- 266 Definitions
22 Appeals concerning police officer suspension notices
(2)
268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
22 Appeals concerning police officer suspension notices
(3)-(5)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
23 Determination of appeals concerning police suspension notices
- 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
23 Determination of appeals concerning police suspension notices
(5)
270 Finality of decisions
24 Stay of decision -
25AA Registrar to give notice of appeals under Division
- 267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
25 Appeals against revocation of interlock device approvals
(2)
- 126 Driver licensing decisions
25 Appeals against revocation of interlock device approvals
(3)-(5)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
25 Appeals against revocation of interlock device approvals
(5)
270 Finality of decisions
26-7 Repealed - -
28 Appeals concerning accreditation schemes
(1)(a) and (6)
- 127 Vehicle registration decisions
28 Appeals concerning accreditation schemes
(2)-(5)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court 268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions 270 Finality of decisions
28 Appeals concerning accreditation schemes
(1)(b) and (6)
128 Mass Management Accreditation Scheme decisions
29 Repealed -
29A Appeals concerning mobility parking scheme authorities
- 267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
29A Appeals concerning mobility parking scheme authorities
(5)
270 Finality of decisions
29B Appeals concerning compliance certificates and certifier’s licences
- 127 Vehicle registration decisions
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
(1)
29B Appeals concerning compliance certificates and certifier’s licences
(3)-(6)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court 270 Finality of decisions
29C Number plate confiscation notices 29C Number plate confiscation notices
30–35 (Repealed) -
36 Impounding fee - 48 Impounding fee
37 Towing fee for impounded vehicles - 49 Towing fee for impounded vehicles
38 Disposal of impounded vehicles and forfeiture to the Crown
- 50 Disposal of impounded vehicles and forfeiture to the Crown
38A Repealed -
39 Definitions 39 Definitions
40 Matters court may consider for deciding whether person took all reasonable steps and other matters relating to offences
40 Matters court may consider for deciding whether person took all reasonable steps and other matters relating to offences
41 What is the “reasonable steps defence”
41 What is the “reasonable steps defence”
42 Exclusion of mistake of fact defence 42 Exclusion of mistake of fact defence
43 What is “fatigue” 43 What is “fatigue”
44 What is “impaired by fatigue” 44 What is “impaired by fatigue”
45 Driver’s duty to avoid driver fatigue 45 Driver’s duty to avoid driver fatigue
46 Duty of parties in the chain of responsibility to prevent driver fatigue
46 Duty of parties in the chain of responsibility to prevent driver fatigue
47 Intention irrelevant in determining causation
47 Intention irrelevant in determining causation
48 Cause includes “contribute to causing” and “encourage”
48 Cause includes “contribute to causing” and “encourage”
49 Duties on employers, prime 49 Duties on employers, prime
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
contractors and operators contractors and operators
50 Duties of schedulers 50 Duties of schedulers
51 Duties on consignors and consignees 51 Duties on consignors and consignees
52 Duties of loading managers 52 Duties of loading managers
53 Duty to assess and manage fatigue of drivers
53 Duty to assess and manage fatigue of drivers
54 Certain requests etc prohibited 54 Certain requests etc prohibited
55 Certain contracts etc prohibited 55 Certain contracts etc prohibited
56 What is “work and rest hours option” 56 What is “work and rest hours option”
57 What is “work time” 57 What is “work time”
58 What is “rest time” 58 What is “rest time”
58A Exception to work time
58B Limited personal use on rest days 58B Limited personal use on rest days
59 What is a “work and rest change” 59 What is a “work and rest change”
60 Counting time, including work and rest time
60 Counting time, including work and rest time
61 Counting time within the participating zone
61 Counting time within the participating zone
62 Counting time from outside the participating zone
62 Counting time from outside the participating zone
63 Application of Subdivision 63 Application of Subdivision
64 Standard hours—solo drivers 64 Standard hours—solo drivers
65 Standard hours—solo drivers of buses
65 Standard hours—solo drivers of buses
66 Standard hours—two-up drivers 66 Standard hours—two-up drivers
67 What this Subdivision is about 67 What this Subdivision is about
68 BFM hours—solo drivers 68 BFM hours—solo drivers
69 Defence for solo drivers relating to 69 Defence for solo drivers relating to
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
split rest breaks split rest breaks
70 BFM hours—two-up drivers 70 BFM hours—two-up drivers
71 AFM hours 71 AFM hours
72 AFM outer limits 72 AFM outer limits
73 Changing work and rest hours option 73 Changing work and rest hours option
73A What is 100 km work and 100+ km work?
73A What is 100 km work and 100+ km work?
74 What is a driver’s base 74 What is a driver’s base
75 Driver must carry work diary 75 Driver must carry work diary
76 Information that driver must record in work diary
76 Information that driver must record in work diary
77 How driver must record information in work diary
77 How driver must record information in work diary
78 Destroyed, lost, stolen or malfunctioning work diaries
78 Destroyed, lost, stolen or malfunctioning work diaries
79 Malfunctioning odometers 79 Malfunctioning odometers
80 Duty of employers, prime contractors, operators and schedulers to ensure driver compliance
80 Duty of employers, prime contractors, operators and schedulers to ensure driver compliance
81 Information that record keeper must record
81 Information that record keeper must record
82 Record keeper may engage other person to keep records
82 Record keeper may engage other person to keep records
83 Definitions 83 Definitions
84 False entries 84 False entries
85 Keeping 2 work diaries simultaneously prohibited
85 Keeping 2 work diaries simultaneously prohibited
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
86 Possession of purported work records etc prohibited
86 Possession of purported work records etc prohibited
87 Defacing or changing work records etc prohibited
87 Defacing or changing work records etc prohibited
88 False representation of work records prohibited
88 False representation of work records prohibited
89 Making entries in someone else’s work records prohibited
89 Making entries in someone else’s work records prohibited
90 Destruction of certain work records prohibited
90 Destruction of certain work records prohibited
91 Tampering with electronic work diaries prohibited
91 Tampering with electronic work diaries prohibited
92 Form of written work diaries 92 Form of written work diaries
93 Issue of written work diaries 92 Form of written work diaries
94 Approval of electronic work diaries 93 Issue of written work diaries
95 Labelling of electronic work diary devices
94 Approval of electronic work diaries
96 Variation or cancellation of approval—on application
95 Labelling of electronic work diary devices
97 Removal of electronic work diary approval label
96 Variation or cancellation of approval—on application
98 Authority may permit the use of diaries whose approval has been cancelled
97 Removal of electronic work diary approval label
99 Variation or cancellation of approval—without application
98 Authority may permit the use of diaries whose approval has been cancelled
100 How electronic work diary to be operated
100 How electronic work diary to be operated
101 Admissibility of documents 101 Admissibility of documents
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
produced by an electronic work diary
produced by an electronic work diary
102 What is an accreditation 102 What is an accreditation
103 Applying for BFM accreditation 103 Applying for BFM accreditation
104 Granting BFM accreditation 104 Granting BFM accreditation
105 Conditions of BFM accreditation 105 Conditions of BFM accreditation
106 Driver must carry BFM accreditation documents
106 Driver must carry BFM accreditation documents
107 Information that operator must record
107 Information that operator must record
108 Operator must advise of change or end of accreditation
108 Operator must advise of change or end of accreditation
109 Applying for AFM accreditation 109 Applying for AFM accreditation
110 Granting AFM accreditation 110 Granting AFM accreditation
111 Conditions of AFM accreditation 111 Conditions of AFM accreditation
112 Driver must carry AFM accreditation details
112 Driver must carry AFM accreditation details
113 Information that operator must record
113 Information that operator must record
114 Operator must advise of change or end of accreditation
114 Operator must advise of change or end of accreditation
115 Exemptions for emergency services 115 Exemptions for emergency services
115A Exemptions in relation to emergencies
115A Exemptions in relation to emergencies
115B Exemptions for certain buses and private hire vehicles
115B Exemptions for certain buses and private hire vehicles
115C Certain exemptions for 100+ km work requirements
115C Certain exemptions for 100+ km work requirements
115D Exemptions for certain vehicles 115D Exemptions for certain vehicles
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
used for primary production used for primary production
115E Exemptions for vehicles used in motor dealing, repair, inspection, maintenance or testing businesses
115E Exemptions for vehicles used in motor dealing, repair, inspection, maintenance or testing businesses
116 What is an exemption 116 What is an exemption
117 Work and rest hours exemptions 117 Work and rest hours exemptions
118 Work diary exemptions 118 Work diary exemptions
119 Applying for an exemption 119 Applying for an exemption
120 Granting an exemption 120 Granting an exemption
121 Driver must carry exemption 121 Driver must carry exemption
122 Conditions of exemptions 122 Conditions of exemptions
123 Variation or cancellation of accreditation or exemption—on application
123 Variation or cancellation of accreditation or exemption—on application
124 Grounds for variation—without application
124 Grounds for variation—without application
125 Grounds for cancellation—without application
125 Grounds for cancellation—without application
126 Variation or cancellation of accreditation or individual exemption—without application
126 Variation or cancellation of accreditation or individual exemption—without application
127 Immediate suspension of accreditation or an individual exemption in public interest27
127 Immediate suspension of accreditation or an individual exemption in public interest27
128 Variation or cancellation of an exemption granted to a class of persons
128 Variation or cancellation of an exemption granted to a class of persons
129 Return of accreditation certificate or exemption
129 Return of accreditation certificate or exemption
130 Replacement of lost etc 130 Replacement of lost etc
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
accreditation certificates or exemptions
accreditation certificates or exemptions
131 Offence to falsely represent that accreditation etc held
131 Offence to falsely represent that accreditation etc held
132 Offences relating to auditors 132 Offences relating to auditors
133 Referral of matters to Fatigue Authorities Panel
133 Referral of matters to Fatigue Authorities Panel
134 Mutual recognition of certain decisions
134 Mutual recognition of certain decisions
135 Mutual recognition of other decisions
135 Mutual recognition of other decisions
136 Notifying other Authorities of decisions
136 Notifying other Authorities of decisions
137 Register of decisions 137 Register of decisions
138 Decisions that may be reconsidered and reviewed
138 Decisions that may be reconsidered and reviewed
139 Reconsideration of decisions 139 Reconsideration of decisions
140 Appeal against decisions to Local Court
140 Appeal against decisions to Local Court
140 Appeal against decisions to Local Court
(2)-(5)
267 Appealable decisions may be appealed to Local Court
140 Appeal against decisions to Local Court
(6)
268 Determination of appeals against appealable decisions
140 Appeal against decisions to Local Court
(7)
270 Finality of decisions
141 Duty of officers to annotate driver’s work diary
141 Duty of officers to annotate driver’s work diary
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
142 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
142 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
142A Fatigue-related offences: section 154A (4)
142A Fatigue-related offences: section 154A (4)
143 Definitions 143 Definitions
144 TFMS applications 144 TFMS applications
145 Period of grace for certain drivers 145 Period of grace for certain drivers
146 Applications for reconsideration by Authority
146 Applications for reconsideration by Authority
147 Exemption applications 147 Exemption applications
148 Existing exemptions continue 148 Existing exemptions continue
149 Existing logbooks 149 Existing logbooks
150 Record keeping obligations continue 150 Record keeping obligations continue
151 Object 151 Object
152 Definitions 152 Definitions
153 Intention irrelevant in determining causation
153 Intention irrelevant in determining causation
154 Cause includes “contribute to causing” and “encourage”
154 Cause includes “contribute to causing” and “encourage”
155 Duty concerning business practices 155 Duty concerning business practices
156 Duty to ensure offences are not committed
156 Duty to ensure offences are not committed
157 Duty concerning driver’s schedule 157 Duty concerning driver’s schedule
158 Duty on loading managers 158 Duty on loading managers
159 Consignors to whom this Subdivision applies
159 Consignors to whom this Subdivision applies
160 Consignees to whom this Subdivision applies
160 Consignees to whom this Subdivision applies
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
161 Duties on consignors and consignees
161 Duties on consignors and consignees
162 Duty to assess and manage risk of speeding
162 Duty to assess and manage risk of speeding
163 Certain requests etc prohibited 163 Certain requests etc prohibited
164 Certain contracts etc prohibited 164 Certain contracts etc prohibited
165 Matters court may consider for deciding whether person took all reasonable steps
165 Matters court may consider for deciding whether person took all reasonable steps
166 Commission of speeding offence is irrelevant to Division 2 prosecutions
166 Commission of speeding offence is irrelevant to Division 2 prosecutions
167 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
167 Provisions relating to first offences and second or subsequent offences
167A Exemptions for emergency services staff
167A Exemptions for emergency services staff
167B Exemptions for certain buses and private hire vehicles
167B Exemptions for certain buses and private hire vehicles
168 Definitions - 121 Definitions
169 Penalty notice offences - 122 Penalty notice offences
170 Penalty levels - 123 Penalty levels
171 Offence: unlawful destruction of penalty notices
- 124 Offence: unlawful destruction of penalty notice
171A Meaning of “vehicle” -
172 Prescribed speeding offences -
173 Statutory declarations by registered owners and operators
173 Statutory declarations by registered owners and operators
174 Withdrawal of formal warnings 174 Withdrawal of formal warnings
175 Fees for information from records -
RT (General) Regulation 2005) until 30 June 2013
Road Transport (Vehicle and Driver) Regulation 2005
Road Transport (General) Regulation 2013
Road Transport Act 2013
of Authority
176 Offence: failure to comply with order, notice, direction, requirement or request
176 Offence: failure to comply with order, notice, direction, requirement or request
177 Offence: false or misleading information
177 Offence: false or misleading information
178 General defence of accident or reasonable effort
178 General defence of accident or reasonable effort
117 Determination of criminal responsibility
179 Repeals and savings 179 Repeals and savings
180 Transitional provisions 180 Transitional provisions
Schedule 1 Fees -
Schedule 2 Authorised officers -
Schedule 3 Penalty notice offences -