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CHANGES IN THE GENOTYPES OF, OR IN THE PRIORITY TO BE

CERA, CONSEQUENT UPON THE DETERMINATION OF THE DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS OF JACOB HUBNER

ACCORDED TO, ELEVEN GENERA OF LEPIDOPTERA, RHOPALO -

By FRANCIS HEMMING, C.B.E., F.R.E.S.

THE determination of the dates of publication of the entomological works of Jacob Hubner (in my Hubner, published in February 1937 by the Royal Entomological Society of London) has shown that changes are required in the genotypes of, or in the priority to be accorded to, eleven genera established by that author. It is fortunate that the changes involved do not displace any well-established names. Particulars regarding each of these changes are given below :-

A. SIX GENERA O F WHICH THE GENOTYPES REQUIRE TO BE CHANGED

TION OF THE NAMES IN QUESTION. AS THE RESULT OF THE DETERMINATION O F THE DATES OF PUBLICA-

SATYRIDAE.

1. Mycalesis Hubner. Hubner, 1818, Zuti. z . Snmml. exot. Schmett. 1 : 17. id., [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (4) : 55.

TYPE : Papilio francisca Stoll, 1780. If, as has hitherto (wrongly) been considered, the name Mycalesis had first

been published by Hubner in the Verz. bek. Schrnett., the type of this genus would have been Papilio evadne Cramer, 1779 (Hemming, 1934, Gert. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 29). That species cannot, however, be the type, since it was not cited by Hubner under this name in the Zutrage, in which, it is now seen, the name Mycalesis was first published. The only species cited on that occasion were Mycalesis otrea Hubner, 1818, and Papilio frawisca Stoll, 1780. Of these, I have above selected the latter as the type of this genus. No change is involved in the generally accepted use of this generic name.

2. Ypthima Hubner. Hubner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. erot. Schmett. 1 : 17. id., [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (4) : 63.

TYPE : Ypthima philomela Hubner, 1818 (= Papilio philomela Linnaeus, 1763).

Hitherto i t has been wrongly assumed that this name was first published by Hubner in the Verz. bek. Schrnett. I n that event, the type would have been Papilio philomela Hubner, 1818 (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 45). Fortunately that species remains the type, since it is the only species given by Hubner, when in the Zutrage he first published this name.

PROC. R. ENT. SOC. LOND. (B) 6. PT. 8. (AUG. 1937.) I 2

150 Mr. Francis Hemming on

3. Euptychia Hubner. Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Summl. exot. Sehmett. 1 : 20. id., [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (4) : 54.

TYPE : Euptychia mollina Hubner, 1818. Hitherto it has been wrongly assumed that this name was first published

in the Verz. bek. Schrnett., but it is now seen that in fact i t was published first in the Zutrage. On the assumption that it was first published in the Verz. bek. Xchmett., the type of this genus would have been Papilio herse Cramer, 1775 (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 46), but that species cannot now be the type, since it was not cited under this name by Hubner in the Zutrage. The only species there cited were Euptychia rnollina Hubner, 1818, and Papilio lydia Cramer, 1777. Of these, I have above selected the former as the type of this genus. No change is involved in the generally accepted use of this generic name.

4. Neonympha Hubner. Hubner, 1818, Zutr. z. SammZ. exot. Schmett. 1 : 8. id., [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. ( 5 ) : 65.

TYPE : Papilio areolatus Smith, 1797. Hitherto it has been wrongly assumed that this name was first published

in the Verz. bek. Schmett., in which event the type of this genus would have been Neonympha helicta Hubner, [1819], a synonym of Papilio areolatus Smith, 1797 (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 47). In the Zutr&e, Hubner used this name for Neonympha gemnma Hiibner, 1818, and Papilio areolatus Smith, 1797. The last-named species remains, therefore, the type of this genus.

NYXPHALIDAE.

5. Hypnnartia Hubner. Hiibner, [1821], Snmml. exot . Schmett. 2 pl. [%I. id., [1823], i b i t f . 2 pl. [%I, [271.

TYPE : Hypanartia dcnzonica Hubner, [1821], (= Papilio lethe Fabricius, 1793).

Hitherto it has been wrongly assumed that plates [25] to [27] of the second vol. of Hubner’s Samml. exot. Schmett. were published simultaneously. On t h s basis, the type of this genus would have been Hypanartia tecmesia Hiibner, [1823] (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 72). Now that it is known that pl. [26] was published two years before pls. [25] and [27] , the type of Hypanartia automatically becomes Hypanartia demonica Hubner, the only species figured on pl. [26]. No change is involved in the generally accepted use of this generic name.

6. Symphaedra H ubner. Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Srimwl?. ex&. Schmett. 1 : 7. id., [1819], I‘erz. bek. Schmelt. (3) : 40.

TYPE : Najas alcandra Hiibner, 1808 (= Papilio nais Forster, 1771). If, as has hitherto (wrongly) been assumed,. this name had been first

published in the Verz. bek. Schmett., its type would have been Najas alcandra Hubner, 1808 (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. I : 94). Since, however, it was first published in the Zutrage, the type must be one of the two

changes in genotypes of Rhopalocera. 151

species there cited under this name. Fortunately, one of these species was Najas abandra Hubner, which, therefore, remains the type.

2. The name alcandra has hitherto been regarded as having been fist used for this species by Hubner in the Verz. bek. Schmett., where it was cited as Symphaedra alcandra. It is now seen that one year earlier (in 1818) it was cited under this name by Hubner in the Zutrqe. It has, however, been com- pletely overlooked that this name was first published with a valid description as far back as 1808, when Hubner published it as Najas alcandra Hubner, 1808 (Erste Zutriige : [3], 7). For a facsimile of Hubner’s Erste Zutr%e, see Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1 : 443-450.

B. FOUR GENERIC NAMES WHICH REQUIRE TO BE BROUGHT BACK INTO USE AS THE RESULT OF THE DETERMINATION O F THE DATES O F PUBLICATION O F JACOB HUBNER’S ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS.

NYMPEALIDAE. 1. Marpesia Hubner.

Hiibner, 1818, Zutr. z. Samml. erot. Schmett. 1 : 32. id., [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (3) : 47.

TYPE : Marpesia eleuchea Hubner, 1818 (= Papilio petreus Cramer, 1776, ssp.).

Athena Hubner. Hubner, [1819], T’erz. bek. Schmett. (3) : 36.

TYPE : Papilio thetys Fabricius, 1777 (= Papilio petreus Cramer, 1776). Hitherto it has been wrongly supposed that the name Marpesia Hubner

was first published by Hiibner in the Verz. bek. Schmett., its type being on that assumption Marpesia eleuchea Hubner, [lS19] (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hot. Butt. 1 : 80). It is now seen, however, that it was first published in the Zutrage. No change of type is involved, since Marpesia eleuchea Hubner (of which the date is now seen to be 1818) was also cited in the Zutriige.

2 . When it was thought that the name Marpesia Hubner was first published in the Verz. bek. Schmett., it was seen (Hemming, 1934, ibid. 1 : 80) that Marpesia Hiibner fell as a synonym of Athena Hubner, which had page priority, and of which the same species was the type. Now, however, that it is known that the name Marpesia Hubner was first published in 1818, it is seen that i t has a year’s priority over Athena Hubner, and should, therefore, be restored to use.

PIERIDAE. 2. An,aphaeis Hiibner.

Hubner, [1819], Verz. bek. A c l m e t t . (6) : 93. Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 127.

TYPE : Papilio cwona Cramer, 1776.

Glycestha Billberg. Billberg, 1820, Enunz. Ins. : 76. Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names liol. Butt. 1 : 127.

TYPE : Papilio coronea Cramer, 1775 (= Papilio java Linnaeus, 1767).

152 Mr. Francis Hemming on

Hitherto i t has been considered that Glycestha Billberg, being published in 1820, had priority over Anuphueis Hiibner, which has been (wrongly) con- sidered as having been published in 1823. It is now seen that Anaphaeis was in fact published in 1819 and, therefore, has a year’s priority over Glycestha Billberg, which thus falls as a synonym.

3. Eurema Hiibner. Hubner, [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. (6) : 96. Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 135.

TYPE : Eurema demoditas Hiibner, [1819] (= Pieris daira Godart, 1819).

Terias Swainson. Swainson, 1821, 2001. Illust. (1) 1 pl. 22.

TYPE : Papilio hecabe Linnaeus, 1758. Hitherto i t has been considered that Terias Swainson, being published in

1821, had priority over Eurema Hiibner, which has been (wrongly) considered as having been published in 1823. It is now seen that Eurema Hiibner was in fact published in 1819 and therefore has two years’ priority over Terias Swainson, which thus falls as a synonym.

HE SPERIIDAE ,

4. Thymelicus Hiibner. Hubner, [1819], Verz. bek. Schmett. ( 8 ) : 113. Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 170.

TYPE : Papilio acteon Rottemburg, 1775.

Adopoea Billberg. Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. : 81. Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 169.

TYPE : Papilio linea [Denis & Schiffermiiller], 1775 (=Papilio sylvestris Poda, 1761).

Hitherto it has been considered that Adopoea Billberg, being published in 1820, had priority over Thymelicus Hubner, which has been (wrongly) con- sidered as having been published in 1823. It is now seen that Thymelicus Hiibner was in fact published in 1819 and therefore has a year’s priority over Adopoea Billberg, which thus falls as a synonym.

C. A GENERIC NAME PUBLISHED BY JACOB HUBNER, WHICH IS NOW FOUND TO BE A SYNONYM OF A GENERIC NAME PUBLISHED BY FABRICIUS IN THE SAME YEAR.

SATYRIDAE. Haetera Fabricius.

Fabrioius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 284.

TYPE : Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758.

changes in genotypes of Rhopalocera. 153

Oreas Hubner. Hubner, [1807, 2nd January-22nd December], Snmml. ezot. Schmett. 1 pl. [82].

TYPE : Oreas dubia piera Hiibner, [1807] (= Papilio piera Linnaeus, 1758).

Hitherto it has been wrongly supposed that pls. [82] to [96] of the first volume of Hubner’s Sam!ml. exot. Schmett. were published simultaneously, and, therefore, that Papilio europa Fabricius, 1775, was the type of Oreas Hubner (see Hemming, 1934, Gen. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 30). From the in- adequate information hitherto available, it had been thought that Oreas Hubner was a homonym of Orem Denys de Montfort, 1808, and therefore, having regard to its (then supposed) type, that it fell as a synonym of Lethe Hiibner, [1819]. It is now seen, however, that the name Oreas Hiibner was f3st published in 1807 (on pl. [82]), and that the type of this genus is Oreas dubia piera Hubner, the only species then published. It follows from this that Oreas Hubner is no longer to be regarded as a homonym of Oreas Denys de Montfort, and also that i t has no connection with Lethe Hubner.

2. It is now seen that, as shown above, the same species, Papilio piera Linnaeus, is the type both of Oreas Hiibner, [1807], and of Haetera Fabricius, 1807. It is necessary, therefore, to consider which of these names, both of which were published in the same year, has priority over the other. Fortunately, this question is easily answered. In 1934, I made a proposal in connection with the names Morpho Fabricius, 1807, and Potamis Hubner, [1807] (Hemming, 1934, Gem. Names hol. Butt. 1 : 48-50) that the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature should agree upon an Opinion declaring that the generic names proposed by Fabricius in 1807 (Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 279-289) should be deemed to have been published prior to certain names (including Potamis Hubner) which were known to have been published in the same year. This proposal was approved by the International Commission a t its meeting in September 1935 at the International Zoological Congress heId a t Lisbon (see paragraph 19 of the Report submitted to the Congress by the Commission on that occasion). The actual wording employed by the Com- mission in this connection was as follows :-

‘‘ Unless and until further evidence is forthcoming regarding the precise dates in 1807 on which were published (a ) Fabricius’s paper on generic names in the sixth volume of Illiger’s Magazin fur Insektenkunde and (b) certain plates of Hiibner’s Sarnmlung exotischer Xchrnetterlinge, the names proposed by Fabricius shall have precedence over those proposed by Hiibner.”

This ruling applies exactly to the names Haetera Fabricius, 1807, and Oreas Hubner, [1807]. It follows, therefore, that Oreas Hiibner is a synonym of Haetera Fabricius, the same species being the type of both genera.