Changes Among EarlyWisconsin People

By Ava L. McCall

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Paleo Indians traveled a lot to hunt with stone spear points. They killed largeanimals for food and got most of their food from animals. They also gatheredberries, seeds, and nuts to eat.

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Archaic Indians moved to hunt animals during different seasons. Theyadded atlatl to spears to make them travel farther and with more force.

Archaic Indians gathered nuts, seeds, fruits, and berries for food.

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Woodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indians grew corn, beans, and squashfor food. They depended more on food they grew rather than on food theyhunted or gathered.

Woodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indians stillhunted animals for food. They used bows and arrowsrather than spears.

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Archaic Indians lived in summer campsof 25-30.

Paleo Indians lived in small familygroups.

Woodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indianslived in larger groups of 50 - 100 people.Sometimes they built walls around their towns.

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Paleo Indians lived in rock shelters.

Archaic Indians lived in rock shelters and wigwams. They builtwigwams from branches, hides, and bark.

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Keyhole houseWigwam

LonghouseWoodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indians built keyholehouses and round, rectangular, and oval houses out of wood tolive. Later, Oneota Indians built longhouses so that parents,children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins could livetogether.

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Paleo Indians made stone knives, stone scrapers forcleaning hides, and stone hammerstones formaking tools.

Archaic Indians made stoneaxes for cutting down treesand other plants.

Archaic Indians also made nutting stones foropening nuts and grinding stones for grindingnuts and seeds to eat.

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Woodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indians made nets for fishing. They made tools from animal bones to help them grow food.Woodland Indians made pottery to prepare, cook, and store food and made grinding stones to use in grinding corn to eat.

Fishing net Pottery

Gardening tool made from animal bone Grinding stone for grinding corn

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The Paleo, Archaic, Woodland, Mississippian, and Oneota Indians traded with others from far away to get thingsthey needed for tools and ornaments.

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Changes Among Early Wisconsin Peoples Over Time

Paleo Indians 10,000 - 6500 BC Archaic Indians 6500 - 800 BC Woodland, Mississippians, OneotaIndians 800 BC - 1630 AD

Lived in small family groups (15-20people)

Lived in summer camps of 25-30; lived inwinter camps of smaller family groups

Lived in larger groups of 50-100 people

Traveled a lot to hunt and gather food Moved to hunt and gather during differentseasons; developed territories for huntingand gathering

Hunted and gathered food; began to farm,then became more dependent on farmingfor food rather than hunting and gathering

Hunted animals and gathered berries,seeds, and nuts for food

Hunted animals; gathered nuts, seeds,fruits, and berries; and fished for food

Hunted animals; gathered wild rice, fruits,berries, and nuts; fished; and grew corn,beans, and squash for food

Don’t know how they stored food to eatlater

Dried and stored food; maybe collectedwild gourds for storing food

Stored food in storehouses and pits inground; made pottery for preparing,cooking, and storing food

Lived in rock shelters Lived in caves or rock shelters; builtwigwams from branches, hides, and bark

Built round, rectangular, oval, andkeyhole houses; later built longhouses forextended family

Hunted with spears; used stone spearpoints

Hunted with spears; used smaller stonespear points than Paleo Indians; addedatlatl to spear to make it travel fartherwith more force

Hunted with bows and arrows; usedarrowheads

Made stone knives; scrapers for cleaninghides; and hammerstones for making tools

Made stone scrapers for cleaning hides forclothing; axes for cutting down trees;sharpeners for spear points; nutting stonesfor opening nuts; grinding stones forgrinding nuts and seeds; some tools weremade from copper

Made nets for fishing; grinding stones forgrinding corn; gardening tools fromanimal bones; spoons and bowls fromshells; scrapers for cleaning hides for clothing

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