CCOT Overview

• CCOT = Comparison of time periods

= Continuities & Changes

= Major Theme of Historical Analysis

= Cause & Effect essay

• Read the ? Carefully

• Determine: theme, areas, and time periods to compare

• Be flexible in your organization:

geographic region

PERSIA categories,

changes & continuities

chronologically

3 Parts:

• Introduction

• Body

• Conclusion

Write a thesis statement that answers the following prompt:

Analyze the major social and cultural changes and continuities that have occurred in your life over the last ten years.

1. Answer the prompt ; don’t just re-state it2. Be specific – state the specific changes and continuities

that occurred over the time period 3. Give the specific dates that they are asking you to discuss4. Support your thesis with accurate historical evidence; 5. Show CCOT using relevant historical facts; contrast this with

the starting date and what stayed the same 6. Answer All parts of the question7. Analyze the process of CCOT and explain how and why it

occurs

•Analyze at least 1 reason for a change or continuity for each country or time period the prompt specifies

•Don’t just describe the change, spend some time explaining why the change/continuity occurred

Most effective if you use a cause & effect chain

“________ occurred because. ____ is significant because….”

• Support the thesis with relevant historical facts

• Contrast change against either the starting point or something that didn’t change

•If you have questions with multiple themes or geographic areas, you will also need to complete a chart for each area

• Actually doing a compare/contrast & CCOT essay

Use the time periods as your organizing principle

2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected.

Middle East

Southeast Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Use the time periods as your organizing principle

2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected.

Middle East

Southeast Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Use the time periods as your organizing principle

Use the time periods as your organizing principle

Changes

1914Present

Continuities

1914 Present

NAME: _____________________________________________________ PERIOD: _______ DATE: ________________CHART: CHANGE OVER TIMECOMPARISON THEMES (SCRIPTED):________________________ ___________________________ ____________________________TIME PERIODS: _____________________ _______________________ ________________________

THESIS

BEGINNING TIME PERIOD

Describe FirstTheme

Describe SecondTheme

Describe ThirdTheme

Comparison to Wider World

INTERIM TIME PERIOD

Key Changes and/or Continuities in each theme from previous period

Analyze the reasons for change or continuity

Comparison to Wider World

ENDTIME PERIOD

Key Changes and/or Continuities in each theme from previous periods

Analyze the reasons for change or continuity

Comparison to Wider World

CONCLUSION

+ ++

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eventuallyImmediately at onceat this point nextafterward soonthen ironicallyimpressivedespicablecontemplativeauthoritativehumblecreativesubtleironicrude

“Power Words” for Analytical WritingVerbs Adverbs/Time Qualifiers Adjectives

traditionalproudverylotsbigsmalltransformevolvedemergerevolutionizeConnectmanynowgraduallylaterhaughtydutiful

2007 CCOT: “Analyze major changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in ONE of the regions listed below from 1914 to the present. Be sure to include evidence from specific countries in the region selected.

Middle East

Southeast Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Use the time periods as your organizing principle

Thesis:“There were many changes and continuities in the formation of national identities in the Middle East from 1914 to the present.”

“From 1914 to present day, the borders of Middle East nations have stayed the same while the ideals with have changed until national identities were formed.”

“From 1914 to the present, there was a growth in national identities in the region of Sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana is a key example of the growth of Negritude in the region. A continuity for discussion is that most of the region remained in a state of poverty.”

Just repeats ?; be more specific

Has a chg & a cont but it is wrong; borders have changed.

All true– cont is related to national identity = AP!

Thesis:“From 1914 to the present, Sub-Saharan Africa has become independent nations with growing political democracy while still having to work through social unrest between people of different groups within the same nation.”

“There are many changes and continuities in SEA after 1914. The world war fueled independence movements. Regardless of political changes, Buddhism remained a constant reminder of traditional values in the new nations.”

“After WWI, nationalism was an important factor in the growing independence movements of Sub-Saharan Africa. Changes include the desire for independence and self-reliance while a continuity was artificial borders which often cut across tribal ties, creating fractured communities.”

Good! Social cont & political chg

Good! Relig cont & political chg

Good! Geographic/social cont & political chg

Evidence:“Change continued to happen…” “There was continuous change…”

“In 1914, China was still under British influence and in truth had lost much of the influence it once had over SEA.”

“European influence remained constant throughout the time period in Sub-Saharan Africa.”

Vague; change is change; cont is lack of change, not perpetual change

China is in E. Asia; off topic

True statement but it isn’t linked to national identity = AP!

Evidence:“Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII; however, European influence remained constant throughout the time pd

“Many Sub-Saharan countries gained independence after WWII. However, European influence remained throughout the time period and complicated efforts at nation building.”

“Social unrest and tensions remained a problem throughout Sub-Saharan Africa. Tensions between European and Africans which had been a problem since the Europeans’ arrival didn’t change.”

Minimally acceptable; still a little vague

Concise, relevant, and solid. Addresses the issue of national identity = good writing!

Excellent = analyzes all of the question’s issues: global context, causation, change, continuity, effects, content

Industrialization CCOT

Directions: You are to answer the following question: You should spend five minutes organizing or outlining your essay. Write an essay that:

• Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence• Addresses all parts of the question• Uses historical context to show change over time and/or continuities• Analyzes the process of change over time and/or continuity

Describe and analyze the impact of industrialization from 1750 to 1914 on ONE of the following countries. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes.United KingdomChinaJapanRussiaOttoman Empire

Thesis

3 Body Paragraphs

1 for each tm pd

topic sentences for each paragraph

connectors to explain change/continuity

Conclusion

Sample Continuity-Change-Over-Time Essay:

Directions: You are to answer the following question. In writing your essay, you should use the first 5 minutes planning your essay. Your essay should:

• Have a relevant thesis supported by appropriate historical evidence.

• Answer all parts of the question.

• Use historical context to show change and/or continuity over time

Explain how the globalization of commerce brought about major continuities and changes over time among the peoples of two of the regions listed below between 1450 and 1750. Note major developments, exchanges, shifts of power, and demographic changes.

• Eurasia

• Africa

• The Americas

Major Developments: You might include the following topics in your discussion about the globalization of commerce between 1450-1750

• Scientific Revolution

• Acceleration of change, cultural diffusion

• Columbian Exchange

• Transoceanic linking of major regions

• Shift in trade routes from the Mediterranean to Atlantic

• Globalization of trade

• Spanish conquer/colonize Central/South America

• British in North America

• Dutch & Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and island nations

• Global demand for Asian goods

• Global demand for African slaves

• Capitalism emerges as dominant system for

Organizing labor

Production

Trade

• Urbanization

Exchanges

• Europe to Americas:

slavery, plantation system

Disease

Genocide

Plants: wheat, melons, grapes

Animals: cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, donkeys, horses

Western clothing

Carpentry, locksmithing

Wheeled vehicles

Organized education

Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism

Spanish, Portuguese, & English language and culture predominated

Africa to Americas

• Plants: bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane, okra

• Farming methods

• Cooking styles

• Ironworking

• African languages and culture

Americas to Europe

• Gold

• Silver

• Other jewels

• Plants: corn, beans, squash, tomato, chocolate

Europe to Asia

• Cartography

• Astronomy

• Mathematics

• Plants: corn, potatoes from Andes Mts.

• Christianity, specifically Roman Catholicism

Asia to Europe

• Guns

• Gunpowder

• Silk

• Porcelain

• Metalwork

• Block printing

• Paper

Shifts of Power

• Spain = most powerful European country

Conquered/colonized Americas

Seized Philippines (link to Asia)

Gold and silver from the Americas disrupted the economy, price revolution

• Portuguese power declined globally

• Chinese

Ming Dynasty’s power declined

Qing Dynasty’s power rose

• French power declines in

India

Africa

North America

• African power declined = negative effects of the slave trade

• British power rose in

India

Africa

• European competition in the Caribbean, North America, & Africa

Dutch

French

Spanish

English

Demographics

• Slave trade ravages African populations

• Enslaved Africans transported to Americas

• Catastrophic decline of Native Americans

Genocide

Enslaved

Disease

• Migration of Europeans to Americas

• Global population increases

Agricultural Revolution, higher food production

Better crops

More known about disease

Other Points to Consider

Mercantilism

• Mother country must export more than it imports

• Colonies provide

Resources

Raw materials

Markets for goods exported from the mother country

• European effort to control & manage

Regulation of trade

Selling of trade monopolies

Establishment of protective tariffs

Economic Changes in Europe

• Upsurge in prices (price revolution)

• Population increase

Greater demand for goods

More need for services

Urbanization

• Rise of modern capitalism

Directions: You are to answer the following question. You should spend 5 minutes organizing or outlining each essay. Write an essay that:

•Has a relevant thesis and supports that thesis with appropriate historical evidence

• addresses all parts of the question

• makes direct, relevant comparisons

Change Over Time Essay

Change Over Time Essay

Cities were an important part of the expanding world trade in the period 600 to 1450. Discuss the major similarities and differences between two of the following cities, involving their economic as well as non-economic characteristics:

• Guangzhou

• Timbuktu

• Venice

• Baghdad

The Thesis

• tells the reader your argument

• previews the direction your essay is heading in

• sets up the body paragraphs

Both Constantinople and Timbuktu were both important trade centers between 600-1450 C.E; however, they were two very dissimilar cities. Constantinople was a major crossroads for Eurasian trade routes. Several diverse cultures interacted in Constantinople. Timbuktu had less cultural diversity because it was located on the outskirts of the world trade system. Their different geographic locations reflected their distinct commercial diversity.

The thesis

• tells the reader your argument

• addresses all parts of the question

• each of the 3 pts. will be one of the body paragraphs

The two cities are far more different than they are alike, particularly in regard to their roles in world trade, their diversity, and their goods.

Comparison Paragraphs:

• Make a comparison

• Similarities & Differences

• Focuses on the time period

• Discusses economic & non-economic factors

A major difference between the two cities was in the goods that each city traded. Constantinople’s wealth was based on goods that arrived mainly from Asia, or from the North and occasionally Europe, as well. On the other hand, Timbuktu, largely traded with the North African coast. Goods from the Middle East and beyond were available also.

Relevant, direct comparison

Each example of the comparison should take up a paragraph

Can group smaller examples together

Argue in favor of one similarity or difference

Spend a little time acknowledging the option not selected = recognizing the “opposite” of the thesis

No 2 things are totally alike or totally different

Keep the alternative discussion brief – don’t want to detract from your overall argument & thesis

Historical substantiation

• Prove the difference/similarity

• Offer specific evidence

As a result of their respective geographies, the two cities were quite different in their levels of diversity. Constantinople was mostly a Greek city, but as a former capital of the Roman Empire, it had many Latin influences. It was also close enough to the Middle East to have a distinctive Persian element to its culture, such as the custom of separating men and women in church. Hellenized peoples from Egypt and Syria, along with Europeans, Russians, and Muslims (like Ibn Batuta) could all be found in the city’s streets. As all of these people came to trade, they could all be found in the varying “quarters” of the city. Timbuktu, however, was much harder to get to. Its population was mostly African – i.e., peoples from the empires of Ghana, Mali, and surrounding areas. Muslims came in greater numbers from North Africa and the Middle East, especially after Mansa Musa’s hajj to Mecca between 1324-1325.

Yet, despite its ever-growing influence as an economic, cultural, and even religious center (it had several universities and many mosques by 1450) its level of cultural diversity was much less than that of Constantinople. There were, however, some similarities between the two cities. Obviously, both relied heavily on the Islamic world for trade goods during most of this period. Both were capitals of their respective empires, economically and culturally, as well as politically. Finally, Islamic forces captured both cities: Constantinople in 1453 (by the Ottoman Turks) and Timbuktu in 1590 (by Muslims from Morocco).

Conclusion

• Restate the thesis and main points

• Reminds the reader of what you were saying

• Do not include any new information in your concluding paragraph

• All supporting ideas should be included in your body paragraphs

In conclusion, the differences between Constantinople and Timbuktu outweighed their similarities, particularly in regard to their roles in world trade, their diversity, and their goods. Constantinople was central to the Eurasian trade routes of the era, whereas Timbuktu was on the fringe of the world trading system. As a result, although there were many peoples and cultures represented in Constantinople, Timbuktu had fewer influences. Finally, the products for trade in these cities were as different as their geographies suggest. Both cities, however, were important centers of trade in the period between 600-1450 C.E.