challenges of power engineering and...

Kefa Cen Yong Chi Fei Wang

Challenges ofPower Engineeringand Environment

Proceedings of theInternational Conference on Power Engineering 2007


Challenges ofPower Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2007

Volume 1 With 1,860 figures


Challenges ofPower Engineeringand Environment Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Engineering 2007

Volume 2 With 1,860 figures

EDITORS:Prof. Kefa Cen, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027 ChinaE-mail:[email protected]

Prof. Yong Chi, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027 ChinaE-mail: [email protected]

Dr. Fei Wang, Institute for Thermal Power Engineering Zhejiang University 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027 ChinaE-mail:[email protected]

Volume 1 and 2 are not to be sold separately, the ISBNs are identical for both volumes

ISBN 978-7-308-05595-6 Zhejiang University Press, HangzhouISBN 978-3-540-76693-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York e-ISBN 978-3-540-76694-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007938599This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

© 2007 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg Co-published by Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou and Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg

Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover design: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio Calamar, Spain Printed on acid-free paper

International Conference on Power Engineering-2007 (ICOPE-2007)

Hangzhou, China, October 23-27, 2007

Organizer and Sponsor

The Chinese Society of Power Engineering (CSPE)

Co-Organizer and Co-Sponsor

The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)

Local Organizer

Zhejiang University

Conference Chairman

Prof. Kefa Cen (CSPE, Zhejiang University, China)

Co-Chairman

Dr. Mikio Sato (JSME, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Japan) Mr. William C. Stenzel (ASME, Sargent Lundy LLC, U.S.A)

CONTENTS 1

CONTENTS

1 Invited Lecture The Role of Power Generation Technology in Mitigating Global Climate Change

Frank T. Princiotta 3 Biomass Utilization as a Clean Energy in Zhejiang University

Zhongyang Luo, Jinsong Zhou, Shurong Wang, Chunjiang Yu, Mengxiang Fang, Kefa Cen 14 The Next Generation of USC Technology in Japan

Masafumi Fukuda 20 The US Electrical Power Industry-A 2007 Perspective

William Stenzel 26 Reconsideration on Efficient Energy-Use Misunderstandings on Energy-Use and a Review of Technological Innovations

Teruhide Hamamatsu 32 Chinese Electric Power Industry Under Developing

Hongqiang Yan 37

2 Power Systems The Installation & Testing of the Fog Inlet Air Cooling System for the Yazd Combined Cycle Power Plant

Mohammad Ameri, Saeed Seif Mohammadi, Heidar Roohi 45 Research on Heating Scope of Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plant

Tai Lü, Zheng Wang, Hui Kang 50 The Study of Ambient Temperature Effects on Exergy Losses of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator

Mohammad Ameri, Pourya Ahmadi 55 Performance of Cogeneration System Incorporating Gas Engine Driven Heat Pump

Yingbai Xie, Liyong Lun, Zhun Yu, Xuedong Zhang 61 Discussion of the Key Problems on Designing 350 MW-Class Combined Cycle Power Plant

Tai Lu, Sike Hu, Wenrui Wu 64 Investigation on Performance of Cycle Combined Brayton and Ambient Pressure Gas Turbine

Lichao Xue, Wei Wang, Zhongyue Huang 69 Optimal Sizing for Residential CHP System

Hongbo Ren, Weijun Gao, Yingjun Ruan 73 Combustion of Methane and Carbon Monoxide over Alumina-supported Catalysts for the Purpose of the Synthesis Gas Combustion

Ke Zhao, Ke Qin, Tongmo Xu, Qulan Zhou, Shien Hui, Hongli Hu 80 Optimal Cycle Scheme of Direct Cycle Supercritical CO2 Gas Turbine for Nuclear Power Generation Systems

Yasushi Muto, Yasuyoshi Kato 86 Testing and Thermodynamic Analysis of Low-Grade Heat Power Generation System Using Organic Rankine Cycle

Wei Gu, Yiwu Weng, Guangyi Cao 93 Optimization Calculation of Characteristic Parameters of Gas-steam Combined Cycle System Combusting Crude Gas and Purge Gas

Chen Dong, Qulan Zhou, Tongmo Xu, Shi’en Hui, Jibing Huang 99 Modeling and Performance Prediction of a Solar Powered Rankin Cycle/Gas Turbine Cycle

Mohammed A. Elhaj, Kassim K. Matrawy, Jamal S. Yassin 103 Study on Thermodynamic System Analytical Method of Cogeneration Unit Based on Mass Unit

Haiping Chen, Anfei Lin, Weizhu Shi 108 Development of a New Cogeneration System for Local Community

Hideki Yamaguchi, Yoshinori Hisazumi, Hitoshi Asano, Hikaru Morita, Toshihiro Hor, Toshiki Matsumoto, Tetsuo Abiko 111

International Conference on Power Engineering-2007, October 23-27, 2007, Hangzhou, China 2

The General Topological Template and The General Steam-water Distribution Equation of Thermal System for the Coal-fired Power UnitShunlin Yan, Hong Xu 117

3 Fuel Utilization Basic Study on Plastic Pyrolysis in Fluidized Bed with Continuous-feeding

Shuie Yin, Peng Dong, Rushan Bie 123 The Study on Burning Tinpot Bituminous Coal and Anthracite in the Tangential Boiler’s Different Burner Layer

Can Chen, Jinyuan Tong, Yunhua Du, Enqing Ye, Suoshan Huo 128 Experimental Study on Rice Husk Flash Pyrolysis with Discontinuity Feed for Production of Bio-oil

Guoli Qi, Peng Dong, Ming Zhai, Li Wang 135 An Overview of Research and Development Activities of USC, IGCC and Oxy-fuel Combustion in Korea

Sangmin Choi, Jong Jin Kim, Jongsoo Kim 139 The Coal Geochemistry in Direct Coal Liquefaction Technique

Xiaohong Xia, Yong Qin, Yanyan Wu, Weifeng Yang 143 Experimental Investigation for effects of Pulverized-coal Fineness on Combustion Characteristics

Xiaozhong Yan, Xuwei Wang, Donglin Chen, Liang Liu 148 Thermogravimetric Analysis on the Combustion Characteristics for Blended Coals

Yuangang Xu Shizhuang Lin, Hongtao Yuan, Kun Zhu, Xiuli He, Gang ChenExperimental research on the Fragmentation of Long-Yan anthracite with different lithotypes in Fluidized Bed Combustion

Hongzhou He, Zhongyang Luo, Kefa Cen 157 Characteristics of Air-blown Gasification for Woods in a Fixed-bed Downdraft Gasifier

Chihlun Hsi, Tzongyuan Wang, Chiuhao Liu, Jingt Kuo 163 Characteristic and Evolution of Sulfur Functionalities in Coal and Sewage Sludge during Combustion

Yi Hu, Niansu Hu, Peisheng Li, Jie Li, Wan Yu, jun Yang, Yanan Yue, Guolu Yang 169 The Influence of High Oxygen Concentration on Ignition Characteristics of Pulverized Bituminous Coal

Yuesheng Fan, Zheng Zhou, Zidong Cao, Xiaoke Jiang, Yingchao Xu 174 Discussion on Gasification of High Ash Melting Point Pulverized Coal Using Excess Enthalpy Combustion

Zhiguo Tang,, Peiyong Ma Chaojun Tang, Xianjun Xing, Qizhao Lin 180 Research to Trace Element during Huadian Oil Shale Pyrolysis

Jingru Bai, Qing Wang, Chunyu Li, Xiaohui Guan, Shuyuan Li, Baizhong Sun 185 Study on Combustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal under High Oxygen Concentration by TG-DSC

Zheng Zou, Yuesheng Fan, Zidong Cao, Xiaoke Jiang, Yingchao Xu 191

4 BoilersCoal-Fired Boiler Plant History for Malaysian Projects

Y. Oka, Mohd Raziff Embi 197 An Algebraic Thermal Calculation Method and Its Application to Determine Heat-Insulating Refractory on Furnace Waterwall of a

Pulverized-coal Fired Boiler Yanfei Chen, Donglin Chen 204

The Strength Analysis for U Drum Bolt of Large Capacity Boiler Rusong Wu, Binghui Mao 210

Development History and Operation Experience of Ultra-Supercritical (USC) Power Plants Tetsuo Otsuka, Makoto Kaneko 214

The Characters of DONGFANG® 300MW CFBB Li Nie, Peng Wang, Suoshan Huo, Benrong Yao 219

Real-time Model and Simulation of Combustion System in a 440t/h CFB Boiler Xiaolong Gou, Zhiheng Zhang 226

Development of Ultra-supercritical Power Plant in China Yuchun Cao, Xinli Wei, Jinxin Wu, Baodong Wang, Yan Li 231

Research on Thermal Characteristics in Natural Circulation Coke Drying Quenching Boiler Hongling Yu , Zhujing Cheng ,Guojun Li, Jianming Hui, Weidong Ge , Ruiyang Li 237

Wall Temperature Calculation of Drum for Large Capacity Boiler RuSong Wu 242

CONTENTS 3

The Experimental and Calculation Studies on Steam Temperature Characteristics of Boiler Burning Pulverized Coal and BFG Wenhuan Wang, Weiguo Pan, Jianrong Sun, Jiang Wu, Yunlong Zhou 246

5 TurbinesSteam Turbine Retrofits Technology for Improved Performance and Reliability

A.Sakuma, T.Matsuura, H.Kodama 251 Long Blade Developing and Manufacturing of LP Last Stage Series for Air-cooled Steam Turbine of Harbin Turbine Company

Limited Yufeng Li, Gang Huang, Junming Zhao 258

Analysis of Fretting Fatigue Strength of Integral Shroud Blade for Steam Turbine Yasutomo Kaneko, Masayuki Tomii, Hiroharu Ohyama, Takayuki Kurimura 263

Research on Material for Ultra-Super Critical Steam Turbine Unit Zhiqiang Lu, Fengming Ju 270

The Effect of the Shrouded Rotor Blade Tip Leakage Flow on the Aerodynamic Performance of a One and Half Turbine Stage Jun Li, Xin Yan, Qiang Lv, Yonghui Xie, Zhenping Feng 275

Application of Controlled Extraction to Geothermal Steam Turbine Kojiro Nishimaki 281

Application of Recursive Least Squares Method for Parameter Identification of DEH Governing System Wei LI, Chunlin Meng, Deren Sheng, Jianhong Chen, Haoren Ren 286

An Experimental and Analytical Study on the Advanced Humid Air Turbine System Shigeo Hatamiya, Hidefumi Araki, Yukinori Katagiri, Shinya Marushima 290

Dynamic Analysis of Rotor-Bearing-Foundation System for 1000MW Ultra-Supercritical Turbine-generator Set Qing Sun, Qi Wei, Gongwen Huang, Xiujin Wang 297

Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics for Steam Turbine Interlocked Blades with Integral Shroud Wenjun Huang, Luping Li, Xuxiang Lu, Hongde Rao, Fenghua Jin 303

Gas Turbine Based Power Cycles - A State-of-the-Art Review R. K. Bhargava, M. Bianchi, A. De Pascale, G. Negri di Montenegro and A. Peretto 309

Damping Vibration Characteristics of Frictional Damping Structure in Steam Turbine Integrally Shrouded Blades Xuxiang Lu, Wenjun Huamg, Luping Li, Shuhong Huang 320

Experiment Investigation on Stator-rotor Interaction with Trailing Edge Blowing Yadong Wu, Xiaocheng Zhu, Zhaohui Du 324

Effects of Nozzle Secondary Vortices on Unsteady Hub-Endwall Flow of a Turbine Rotor Takayuki Matsunuma 331

Study on Effection of Embrittlement to Creep Crack Growth Life of Turbine Rotor Based on Electrical Resistance Lifang Yuan, Jian Chen, Jianjun He, Xuekun Rong 338

Analysis and Evaluation about Advanced Humid Air Turbine System Toru Takahashi, Yoshinobu Nakao, Eiichi Koda 341

Design of 600MW Air Cooled Double Exhaust Steam Turbine Shiquan Zhao 345

Development of Thrust and Journal Bearings with High Specific Load for Next Generation Steam Turbine Takashi Nakano, Yuichiro Waki, Kazuhiko Yamashita, Takaaki Kaikogi, Motohisa Uesato, Yutaka Yamada 350 Lean Premixed and Low NOx Combustor with Recirculation Ratio of Fuel Gas Controllable

Qingwei Fan, Chengwen Tian, Shien Hui, Qulan Zhou, Tongmo Xu 356 Evaluation of Rotordynamic Stability of a Steam Turbine Due to Labyrinth Seal Force

Toshio Hirano, Takashi Sasaki, Hitoshi Sakakida 361 A Neural Network Based Method for On-line Calculation of Equivalent Stresses in Steam Turbine Rotors

Jinyuan Shi, Yang Yu, Zhicheng Deng, Zhijie Zhu 368 The Largest Tandem Compound Steam Turbines in the world

Hiromitsu Iijima 372 The Practice of Natural Gas Fuel Booster for Gas Turbine

Qifeng Xin 377 Analysis on Interference Fit Calculation Method of Built-up Rotors of Turbo Machinery

Sun Tao 381


6 GeneratorsDesign and Development of a Self-powered Street Light with Water Power Generator and Solar Cells

Haruo Sakamoto, Yoshiya Takemura 385 Research on a Method of Wetness Measurement Based on Resonant Cavity Perturbation for Hydrogen in Generator

Songfeng Tian, Qian Zhang, Zhonghe Han, Kun Yang 391 Design and Manufacturing Technology of Fuji Electric’s Large-Capacity, Air-Cooled Turbine Generator

Toshinori Itagaki, Hiromichi Hiwasa, Kohji Haga 395 Accomplishment of a Compact and High Efficiency 2p-50Hz, 1,000MW Turbine Generator

T.Otaka, H.Katayama, K.Nagakura, S.Nakayama, Ma Xianhao, Li Junting , Wang Yanbin 400 Experimental Study on the Interaction of Wedge’s Pickup Capability in Gap-pickup Diagonal Flow Ventilation System

Xiaohong Hu, Yichao Yuan, Yuzheng Liu, Youfu Ma 406 Fretting Fatigue in Slot Dovetail of Turbo-generator Rotor Shaft

H. Ito, K. Matsuyama, H. Koinuma, K. Saito, Y. Yoshioka, K. Nagata 409

7 Components, Equipments and Auxiliaries A Computational Method for Compressible Flows with Condensation in Power Plant Condensers

Fumio Takahashi, Iwao Harada 417 A Bowed Blade based on ‘Spline Curve’ and Investigations on Its Aerodynamic Performance

Qikun Wang, Kangmin Chen 422 3D Numerical Simulation of Centrifugal Fan inside Flow Field and Modification Investigation

Yukun Lv, Quan Lu, Jian Wang, Jian Zhang 429 Evaluation of Tube Wall Thickness of Feed Water Heater

Takahisa Uchikura, Kouichi Morisaki, Seiichi Hamada 434 Numerical Simulation Research on Shell-and-tube Heat Exchanger Based on 3-D Solid Model

Xin Gu, Qiwu Dong, Ke Wang 441 Numerical Study on the Outlet Flow Field of the 300MW Steam Turbine’s Condenser Throat with Flow Guide Devices

Lihua Cao, Yong Li, Pingli Huang 446 Investigation on the Integrated External Heat Exchanger for a New Type CFB Boiler Arrangement

Bin Xiong, Xiaofeng Lu, Hanzhou Liu, Jihui Chen 450 Heat Transfer Characteristics of Boiling Two-Phase Flow in a Plate Heat Exchanger

Lan Jiang, Hitoshi Asano, Nobuyuki Takenata, Katsumi Sugimoto 455 Measure for Coal Amount of Ball Mill basic on Frequency Spectrum

Dingping Liu, Weiran Xiao, Xiangrong Ye 462 Modeling of the Velocity Profile and Experimental Study on Velocity Uniformity in the Electrostatic Precipitator

Zhongzhu Qiu, Peng Li, Weiguo Pan, Jianxing Ren, Wenhuan Wang, Jiang Wu, QunZhi Zhu 465 Advanced Feed Water and Cooling Water Treatment at Combined Cycle Power Plant

Ryo Takeishi, Kunihiko Hamada, Ichiro Myogan, Shigeo Mitsuma 469 Characteristics of Fluid flow and heat transfer in Shellside of Heat Exchangers with Longitudinal Flow of Shellside Fluid with

Different Supporting structures Yongqing Wang, Qiwu Dong, Minshan Liu 474

Application of Horizontal Natural-Circulation Evaporator in High Pressure CDQ Waste-Heat Boiler Ruiyang Li, Haisu Huang, Hongling Yu, Runge Wang, Jianming Hui, Qiuhong Geng 480

The Technology Development Analysis of Double Suction Rinsing Centrifugal Pump between Domestic and Abroad Jiegang Mu, Shuihua Zheng, Hongying Deng, Shengchang Zhang, Huimei Bao 485

Influence of Two-Way Operation on Performance in Horizontal Axial-Pumping Systems Long Li, Ze Wang, Mei Cen, Zhongsheng Chen 489

Condition Monitoring of Cracked Shaft using Active Magnetic Bearings Chunliang Zhou, Michael I. Friswell, Jiying Li 494

Ventilation Optimization in Pulverizing System of Intermediate Storage Bunker Based on GRNN-GA Dingping Liu, Xiangrong Ye 505

Numerical and Experimental Investigation into the Axial Cooling Fan on Electric Locomotive Lili Li, Xiaofang Wang, Cunfei Ge, Rong Xie, Tao Sun 510

CONTENTS 5

Research on the Effect of Cross-wind to Temperature Difference and Efficiency of Natural Draft Counter flow Wet Cooling Tower Ming Gao, F.ZH.Sun, Y.T.Shi, Kai Wang, Y.B. Zhao 513

Experimental Study on a Stirling Cycle Machine of 100W Design Capacity Toshio Otaka , Itaru Kodama, Masahiro Ota 518

The Third Superharmonic Resonance of the Belt Driver Mechanism Zhian Yang, Gaofeng Li 523

8 Operation and Maintenance Applied Study of On-line Evaluation for Operating Performance of 102J Turbo-Compressor Sets based on Thermodynamic

Parameter Diagnosis Jiantao Zheng, Xiaofang Wang, Wei Wang, Yongmao Sun 529

Flow Detect of DCS Network Wanye Yao, Yang Long, Dongfeng Zhang, Guiwen Zheng 533

The Features of the Steam Temperature Change of CFBB Min Lin, Junhua Mao, Zheng Wang, Gang Qian, xiao feng Zhu 537

The AE Law of Sliding Bearings in Rotating Machinery and its Application in Fault Diagnosis Qi Huang, Luping Li, Hongde Rao, Fenghua Jin, Yueqing Tang 541

Measuring Frequencies of the Turbine Blade Based on Fiber Bragg Grating Xuefeng Huang, Deren Sheng, Kefa Cen, Jianhong Chen, Wei Li, Haoren Ren 547

Novel Repair Technique for Life-Extension of Hydraulic Turbine Components in Hydroelectric�Power Stations Jun Ishii, Yoichi Hiramatsu, Kazuhiro Funato 551

A Meanwhile Accurate On-line Monitoring Method of Both Energy Consumption Rate and the Exhaust Steam Dryness in a Steam Turbine Set

Chunfa Zhang, Ning Zhao, Huijie Wang 558 A Performance Detection System for Steam Turbine-units Based on Universal Kernel Modules and Configuration

Tianjing Fan, Niansu Hu, Jie Liu, Kun Qian, Xiaoqiong Zhu, Wenjun Wang 564 A Theoretical Investigation on Experimental Model of Torsional Vibration for Turboset Shafting

Danmei Xie, Hengliang Zhang, Chuan Dong, Zhanhui Liu, Zhuchang Yang 568 Effects of Carbon Content in Coal on Flame Radiation in Large-scale Pulverized-Coal-Fired Boiler Furnaces

Chun Lou, Huaichun Zhou 574 Smart Control of Flow Separation around an Airfoil

Hiroyuki Abe, Takehiro Nomura, Yoshihiro Kikushima, Hiro Yoshida 578 Research on Power Supply Enterprise CRM based on DSM

Yunyan Li, Ting Wang, Caiqing Zhang 584 Application of NSGA-II in Parameter Optimization of Extended State Observer

Qiang Ma, Daping Xu, Peng lv, Yuntao Shi 587 Research on Optimal Operation in Large-Scale Steam Piping System

Hongling Yu, Guojun Li, Fan Zhu, Qilin Gui, Ruiyang Li 593 The Application of Objective-Oriented Utility-Based Association Rules in the Operation Optimization of the Thermal Power Plant

Ling Fu, Zhongguang Fu, Ke Bi 597 An Optimal Regulation Model for Steam Piping System of Large-scale Steel Enterprise

Yanyun Qian, Xibing Wang, Hongling Yu, Guojun Li 601 The Optimization of a Pulverizing System Based on Genetic Algorithm and Neural Network

Ao Liu, Yanfen Liao, Xiaoqian Ma 605 Performance Diagnosis using Optical Torque Sensor for Selection of a Steam Supply Plant among Advanced Combined Cycle Power

Plants Shuichi Umezawa 610

The Sootblowing Optimization System for 900MW Supercritical Boilers Daolin Li, Meiping Yu, Yue Dai, Po Jun, Guoxiong Chen 615

RES Induced for Combustion Optimized Control and Low NOx Emission in Thermal Power Generating Units Zixue Luo, Huaichun Zhou, Hui Zhang, Guang Zhou 620

Study on Several Problems of Load Dump Test on Lunnan Gas Turbine Power Plant Zhiming Xu, Zhongbin Zhang, Bin Wu 624


Determination of the Characteristic Parameters on Thermal Calculation of CDQ Waste-heat Boiler Wei Dong, Lingqiong Fu, Hongling Yu, Jianming Hui, Dong Fu, Ruiyang Li 629

Development of Control System for Supercritical 600MW Steam Turbine Made in Domestic Yiliang Li, Danmei Xie, Changzhu Yang, Chuan Dong, Yunpeng Wu 634

Edge Detection and Geometric Feature Extraction of A Burner’s Jet in FNBZ Images Using Seeded Region Growing Algorithm Huiyong Li, Zhen Zhou, Donglin Chen 639

Experimental and Simulation Investigations of Combustion Optimization on a 125 MW Tangentially Anthracite-fired Boiler Danping Sun, Qingyan Fang, Huajian Wang, Huaichun Zhou 644

Measuring Particle Size and Concentration of Dense Slurry By Ultrasonic Method Minghua Xue, Mingxu Su, Xiaoshu Cai 652

Life Assessment and Management of Easily Damaged Power Equipment Components Jinyuan Shi, Jun Zou, Zhicheng Deng, Haihua Shen, Yu Yang, Zhijie Zhu 656

Visualization Study on the Interface of Core-annulus Flow in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Riser by PIV Huixian Shi, Qinhui Wang, Lihong Xu, Zhongyang Luo, Kefa Cen 661

Dropwise Condensation on Nickel-based Coating TubeNaihua Wang, Dan Zhou, Huidong Fang, Yuetao Shi, Fengzhong Sun, Xinyuan Huang 666

Experimental Study of Thermoacoustic Instability under Different Swirl Intensities G. N. Li, H. Zhou, K. F. Cen 670

9 Environmental ProtectionStudy on the Mechanism of Calcium Oxide Combustion Desulfurization Catalyzed by Nano-titanium Oxide

Shuqin Wang, Yi Zhao 679 The Ammonia Injection System on the Flue Gas Duct before the Electrostatic Precipitator Inlet in Zhangjiang Orimulsion Power

Plant Kun Hu, Xuesong Ma 684

Experimental Study of Hybrid Reburning and SNCR Process for NOx Reduction in Various Oxygen-Enriched LPG Flame Changyeop Lee, Seung wook Baek 689

Deactivation Effect of Different Components From Coal-fired Flue Gas on DeNOx Activity of V2O5-WO3/TiO2 Catalyst Chongbing Zhu, Baosheng Jin, Feng Li 696

Experimental Study of Factors Affecting Mercury Speciation in Coal-fired Flue Gases Hongliang Gao, Jijing Li, Jinsong Zhou, Zhongyang Luo, Kefa Cen 700

Experimental Study on Ash-unloader for Magnetic Seal without Abrasion Yongtao Yuan, Liqiang Qi, Qian Yang, Jing Liu 705

Phoenix-NASA Low Temperature Multi-Pollutant (NOx, SOx & Mercury) Control System for Fossil Fuel Combustion Landy Chung, Hann S. Huang 710

Experimental Study on Simultaneous Desulfurization and Denitrification by Highly Active Absorbent Yi Zhao, Xiaoying Ma, Zhouyan Chen, Shuangchen Ma, Lidong Wang, 717

Study on the Effect of a Cogeneration System Capacity on its CO2 Emissions J.G..S. Fonseca Jr., H. Asano, T. Fujii , S. Hirasawa 722

Effect of Pulverized Coal Concentration on Emission Characteristics of NOx

Guoliang Song, Qinggang Lv, Junhu Zhou, Kefa Cen 727 Experimental Study on the Conversion of Desulfurization Residues into Sulphoaluminate Cement

Wenlong Wang, Yong Dong, Chunyuan Ma, Zhanlong Song, Xiren Xu 733 Methods for Studying the de novo Formation of Dioxins at a Laboratory Scale

Alfons Buekens, Palina Tsytsik, Robert Carleer 738 Feasibility of Sequential Removal of NO and SO2 Using Non-Thermal Plasma and Adsorbent Simultaneously

Gang Yu, Qi Yu 747 The Application of RBF Neural Networks Soft-Measurement Technology in the CO Exhaust Emission of the Gasoline Engine

Huanchun Gong, Yihu Wu 753 Test Results of Oxy-fuel Combustion and Outline of Demonstration Project in Australia

Toshihiko Yamada, Masato Tamura,�Toshiro Ffjimori, Nobuhiro Misawa, Takashi Kiga, Chris Spero 756 Effect on Collection Efficiency of Three-dimensional Concentration Distribution in ESP

Manyin Hu, Songtao Liu, Shuqin Wang, Lili Zhang 762

CONTENTS 7

Current Situations of Emission and Collection on Fly Ash of Power Plants in China Liqiang Qi, Yongtao Yuan, Jing Liu 766

Experimental Study on Limestone Dissolution in Acid Solution Bo Sun, Qulan Zhou, Tongmo Xu, Shi’en Hui, Zhenghai Shi 773

Study on Economic Aspects and the Introduction of Clean Coal Technologies with CCS Yoshizaki Haruki, Toshihiko Nakata 778

Numerical Simulation and Optimized Design of the Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization Spray Tower Fang Zeng, LianQing Yin, Li Chen 783

Experimental Research for the Effect of Sorbents on the Mercury Removal Jiang Wu, Weiguo Pan, Yuying Du, Ping Lu, Zhongzhu Qiu, Y. Cao, W.-P. Pan, Ping He, Wenhuan Wang 788

An Experimental Study on NOx Emission and Carbon Burnout from a Radial Bias Whirl Coal Burner Shan Xue, Shi’en Hui, Qulan Zhou, Tongmo Xu 792

Carbonation of Fly Ash in Oxy-fuel CFB Combustion Chunbo Wang, Lufei Jia, Yewen Tan, E.J. Anthony 799

Comparison of NOx Emission Reductions with Exclusive SOFA and the Combination of SOFA and CCOFA on Tangentially-fired Boilers

Sen Li, Tongmo Xu, Shien Hui, Houzhang Tan, Qulan Zhou, Hongli Hu 805 Experimental Study on Air- Staged Combustion of Low NOx Emission in a Pulverized Coal Utility Boiler

Fangqin Li, Jianxing Ren 810 A Mathematic Model for Flue Gas Denitrification in Circulating Fluidized Bed[0] with Highly Active Absorbent

Peiyao Xu, Yi Zhao, Xi Kang, Lidong Wang, Feng Liu 813 The Combination Control Techniques of the Pollutants Generated in the Coal-fired Power Plant

Yingdan Zhang, Weiguo Pan, Wenhuan Wang, Jiang Wu, Jie Zhang, Weiguo Zhou 819 Vitrification of MSWI Fly Ash Using Thermal Plasma Technology

Xin Tu, Jianhua Yan, Zengyi Ma, Qin Wang, Kefa Cen, Bruno Chéron 823 CFD Modelling of Industrial Plant from a Viewpoint of Dioxins Formation

Alfons Buekens, Jim Swithenbank 827 Analysis of Calcium Sulfate Decomposition by Thermodynamics under O2/CO2 Atmosphere

Yan Liu, Hongmin Wei , Junhu Zhou, Kafa Cen 837 Fixed-bed Experiments and Mathematical Modeling for Adsorption of Mercury Vapor

Jianli Ren, Jinsong Zhou, Zhongyang Luo, Yingjie Zhong, Zhang Xu 843 Mercury Control for Coal-fired Power Plants

Robert E. Hall, ChunWai Lee, Nick D. Hutson 850 Effect Element of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler Eliminate Sulfur

Linzhuan Ma, Ping Ning, Shan Qing, Weidong Zhao 855 DBC’s Advanced Pure Seawater Flue Gas Desulphurization Technology and Engineering Application in Power Station

Zhizhong Yang, Jun Zhang, Jianyong Shen 859 Factors Related to the Residence Time of Fine Particle Concerning the Burnout of Fujian Anthracite During Combustion in CFB

BoilerJieqing Zheng, Hongzhou He 864

10 Heat Transfer, Combustion and Dynamics Combustion of Solid Fuels under the Conditions of High Temperature and Various Oxygen Concentration

P. Anna, W. Yang, W. Blasiak 871 An Investigation on Fluidized Bed Combustion Process of Coarse Coal Particles

Baiqian Liu, Qibo Li, Lianqi Sun 877 Experimental Study of Convective Heat Transfer in Pulsating Air Flow inside Circular Pipe

Hua Li, Yingjie Zhong, Xuemei Zhang, Kai Deng, Haihao Lin, Luyin Cai 880 Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling and Field Results for Co-Firing Gas over Coal in a Stoker Boiler

Kenneth Maloney, PhD, Susan , Leigh-Erin, Jeffrey, Allen Xie 886 Numerical Investigation of Flow and Heat Transfer in the 7 7 Multi-channel of CC Primary Surface Recuperators

Yanyan Liu, Wei Wang 893


Prediction of Thermal Conductivity of Composite Materials Yibin Xu, Masayoshi Yamazaki 897

Numerical Investigations of Flow Structure and Heat Transfer in Rectangular Narrow Channel with Longitudinal Vortex Generators Periodically Mounted on One Side

Ling Wang 903 Experimental Study on the Flame Characteristic of Mixed Fuel Gas

Juan Du, S.E. Hui, Q.L. Zhou, T.M. Xu 909 Support Vector Machine Based Identification of Inverse Dynamic Model of Thermal System and Its Application

Shuguang Shen, Guangjun Wang, Hong Chen 914 Analysis of In–line Tube Bundle Heat Transfer to Vertical Foam Flow

Jonas Gylys, Stasys Sinkunas, Tadas Zdankus, Vidmantas Giedraitis 918 The Ignition Criterion of Pulverized Coal Flow and Its Experimental Verification

Qulan Zhou, Qinxin Zhao, Tongmo Xu, Shi’en Hui 923 Power Density Optimization of an Irreversible Closed Intercooled Regenerated Brayton Cycle Coupled to Variable-temperature Heat

ReservoirsJunhua Wang, Lingen Chen, Fengrui Sun 928

Lin’s Theory of Flux and Nuclear Fusion Reaction for Energy Production Pingwha Lin 935

A Time-Space Multi-Scale Parallel Method for Dynamic Behavior Analysis of Complex Power System Yuying Zhang, Chen Yang, Lipeng Wan 945

PSD Characteristics of Air-water Two-Phase Cross Flow Based on Pressure-difference Fluctuation Signal Wenpeng Hong, Yunlong Zhou, Dong Deng 950

11 Fuel Cell The Feasibility Study for the Application of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for the Power Generation in Iran

Mohammad Ameri, Mohammad Javad Heidari 957 Characterization and Stability of La0.7Sr0.3Co0.3Fe0.7O3 Perovskite-type Oxide

Yan Li, Zhongyang Luo, Chunjiang Yu, Xinli Wei, Kefa Cen 963 The Current Status and Future Prospects of PAFC Power System at Fuji Electric Group

Kenichi Kuroda, Toru Kiyota, Yoshihiro Oka, Hiroshi Yoshioka 967 Visualization and Measurement of Dynamic Water Behavior in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell by Neutron Radiography

Tadanobu Ueda, Nobuyuki Takenaka, Hitoshi Asano, Kazumi Tanimoto, Koh-ichi Mochiki, Yuji Kawabata, Masahito Matsubayashi 972

A Novel Battery System Combined H2-FeCO3 Generation Hongwei Chen, Jinquan Wang, Yonghua Li, Jianqiang Gao 978

Thermal Characteristics of Heavy-Hydrocarbons-Fuel Reactor for Fuel Cell System Jiro Funaki, Kazuya Tanigawa, Toshio Shinoki, Hirochika Tanigawa, Katsuya Hirata 982

Hydrogen Production Using Ethanol-Steam-Reforming Reactor with Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 and Ru/Al2O3 Catalysts Toshio Shinoki , Yuichi Sono, Kenji Ota, Jiro Funaki, Katsuya Hirata 986

12 Micro, Nano Heat Transfer and Flow Experimental Study on Convection Heat Transfer of Nanocolloidal Dispersion in a Turbulent Flow

Tao Wang, Zhongyang Luo, Chunhui Shou, Shaobo Zhang, Kefa Cen 993 Heat Transfer Enhancement at Nanostructured Surface in Parallel-plate Microchannel

Gyoko Nagayama, Seishi Sibuya, Masako Kawagoe, Takaharu�Tsuruta 999 Analytical Model Study of Critical Heat Flux in Rectangular Narrow Channel

Jun Huang,, Qiuwang Wang, Yanping Huang, Bofeng Bai 1007 An Experimental Investigation of Flow Characteristics for Laminar Flow in Silicon Microchannels

Yunhua Gan, Jinliang Xu, Zeliang Yang 1011

CONTENTS 9

13 Materials for Energy Systems Corrosion Fatigue Evaluation on Low-pressure Steam Turbine

L. Yan, S Inagaki, M. Arimura 1023 Comparison of 30Cr2Ni4MoV Rotor Steel with Different Treatments on Corrosion Resistance in High Temperature Water

Fuzhen Xuan , Xiaoqing Huang, Shantung Tu 1029 Oxidation and Cracking Behavior of Nickel Base Superalloys Under Bending Stress in Advanced Steam Condition Beyond 700

Yoichi Takeda Masataka Kanaya, Shuhei Yamamoto, Akio Ohji 1031 The Influence of Nitric Acid on Iron Ion on the Primary Loop of Nuclear Power Station

Yingmin Chen Haiyan Deng, Fei Wang 1037 Wear Conditions and Anti-wear Measures in CDQ Waste-Heat Boiler

Jianming Hui, Runge Wang, Hongling Yu, Wei Dong, Ruiyang Li 1040 Creep Rupture Properties of Welded Joints of Heat Resistant Steels

Masayoshi Yamazaki, Takashi Watanabe, Hiromichi Hongo and Masaaki Tabuchi 1044 The Study of New Type Stainless Steel’s Welding Procedure

Runbang Yin, Qiangang Pan, Zhiyong Liu, Yongbo Li 1049 Cavitation Resistance of Steam Turbine Blades after Laser Alloying

Jianhua Yao, Liang Wang, Chunyan Yu, Fanzhi Kong, Qunli Zhang, Chenghua Lou, Jibin Fu 1054 Long-term Creep Strength of Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels

Kazuhiro Kimura, Kota Sawada, Hideaki Kushima and Yoshiaki Toda 1059 Experimental Investigations on Mechanical Properties of a High Cr Ferritic Steel for USC Steam Turbine Rotor

Huatang Yao, Shufang Shen, Fuzhen Xuan, Zhengdong Wang, Shantung Tu 1066

14 Alternative Energy Energy and Climate Change Impacts of Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Wastes

Nickolas J. Themelis 1073 A Measurement of the Three-Dimensional Near-Wake Velocity Field of a Model Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine

Danmei Hu, Jianxing Ren, Zhaohui Du 1078 Experiment and Numerical Simulation of a Seawater Solar Pond

Hua Wang, Wence Sun, Jianing Zou 1084 Pyrolysis and Combustion Characteristics of Waste Wood Biomass in a Pilot-scale Pyrolysis-Melting Incinerator

Juwon Park, Bongkeun Kim, Gibang Lee, Sangshin Park, Won Yang, Tae U Yu, Keumha Jeon 1089 Research on an Approach to High Temperature Flameless Combustion Technology of Biomass

Peiyong Ma, Zhiguo Tang, Qizhao Lin, Abuliti, Feng Jiang 1094 Experimental Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste

Yonghua Li, Jian Guo, Jianqiang Gao, Hongwei Chen, Chunbo Wang, Guoxin Ding, Hongyan Su 1099 Experimental Study on CFBC Co-combustion of Municipal Solid Wastes and Oil Shale

Hong Ti, Chen Yang, Xiaolong Gou, Yuying Zhang, Zhengzhu Liao 1103 Experimental Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Stalk Biomass Fuel

Jianxing Ren, Fangqin Li, Qifen Li, Zhongzhu Qiu 1109 A Transient Modeling about Temperature Changes in a Melting Chamber of a Pyrolysis Melting Incinerator

Bong Keun Kim, Won Yang, TaeU Yu, Keum Ha Jeon 1112 Research Progress on Aerogels as Transparent Insulation Materials

Qunzhi Zhu, Yongguang Li, Zhongzhu Qiu 1117 Inverse Gas Chromatographic Method for Determining Sorption of Water and Ethanol on Sweet Potato

Xiuli Han, Jindun Liu, Xiaojian Ma 1122 Accelerator Driven Systems for Transmutation: Safety Considerations and Analyses of EFIT Type Cores

P. Liu, X. Chen, C. Matzerath Boccaccini, W. Maschek, P. Smith, V. Sobolev 1127 Design and Optimization of Fluid-bed Reactor of Biomass Pyrolysis System

Xinli Wei, Xiangrui Meng, Xinling Ma, Jun Zhang, Xinyan He 1134 Analysis of the Internal Working Process in Biomass Pyrolysis Fluidized-bed Reactor

Hongling Yu, Yanyan Du, Wugang Li, Ruiyang Li 1139


Experimental Investigation of Energy Losses due to Icing of a Wind Turbine Xin Wang, Eric L. Bibeau, Greg F. Naterer 1143

Study on the Kinetics of Barks of Trees Pyrolysis by TG/DTG Analysis Hui Liu, Liang Liu, Guowei Xiahou, Cuizhen Zhang, Luping Li, Xunhua Cen, Zhou Li, Jieming Zhou 1148

Experimental Study on the Biomass Flash Pyrolysis Hongling Yu,Youyou Liu, Wei Dong, Wugang Li, Ruiyang Li 1152

Experimental Study on Solar Collector with Different Thermal Storage Materials Jingmin Zhang, Huilan Huang, Hua Zhang 1155

Simulation Calculation on Solar Chimney Power Plant System HuiLan Huang, Hua Zhang, Yi Huang, Feng Lu 1158

Study on the Optimization Design of MSW Incinerator Combustion in O2/CO2 Atmosphere Guo Hui Liu, Xiao Qian Ma, Zhao Sheng Yu 1162

Structural Design and Numerical Simulation for Furnace Arch in Straw-fired Boiler Zhao Sheng Yu, Xiao Qian Ma, Guo Hui Liu 1167

Modeling and Experiments of Biomass Combustion in a Large-scale Grate Boiler Chungen Yin, Lasse Rosendahl, Søren K. Kær, Henrik Sørensen, Sønnik Clausen, Torben Hille, Søren L. Hvid 1173

Predicting Stall Delayed Performance of Rotating HAWT and Its Inherent Mechanical Driving Forces Dai Ren, Haiang Wang 1180

CFB Combustion of Pre-processed Municipal Solid Waste: the Adjustment of the Proper Bed Particle Zize Distribution Dipl.-Ing. Kai REDEMANN, Prof. Dr. Joachim Werther 1185

The Effect of the Inclined Angel on the Output in a Solar Chimney Power Plant System J.M.Sun, M.Yang, Y.G.Shan 1192

Optimal Heliostat Layout for Concentrating Solar Tower Systems Motoaki Utamura, Yutaka Tamaura, Minoru Yuasa, Rina Kajita, Takashi Yamamoto 1196

Research and Application of Two-stage Reciprocating MSW Incenirator Bairui Tu, Jun Bian, xiancheng Fu, Jianzheng Ji, Huiping Cai, Zuohe Chi, Xinqun Zhang, Ke Wang 1202

Utilization of Solar Energy in a Coal-fired Plant Yinghong Cui, Yongping Yang, Juan Chen 1207

Biomass Gasification in Dual Fluidized Bed Gasifier Toshiyuki Suda, Takahiro Murakami, Satoko Aoki, Yoshiaki Matsuzawa, Guangwen Xu and Hidehisa Tani 1213

Gasification Characteristics of Biomass in Different Ambiences Gang Xiao, Baosheng Jin, Ying Zhu, Xiaofang Wang 1218

Mathematical Modeling of Medical Waste Incinerator Shan Qing, Hua Wang, Shibo Wang 1221

Upgrading of Wet Biomass by Oil Slurry Dewatering Process: Calcium Addition and Catalytic Activity for Gasification Yan Zhang, Masami Ashizawa, Shiro Kajitani 1226

Analysis on Prospects of Solar Trough Thermal Power in China Bin Li, Shenghong Ma 1231

Demonstrative Research on Hybrid Control System of Wind, Photovoltaic and Diesel Power Generation in Myanmar Tadashi Hashimoto, Morihiro Kubo, Hironari Kawazoe, Kenichiro Yagi 1238

The Study on Combustion Characteristics and Kinetics of Coal and Biomass Hongbo Lu, Chunxia Jia, Lei Zhang, Guiqiu Su 1243

Low NOx Combustion of DME by Means of Flue Gas Recirculation Ryosuke Matsumoto, Mamoru Ozawa, Shinya Terada, Takenori Iio 1247

Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Municipal Sludge in Supercritical Water with Partial Oxidation Qinming Zhang, Shuzhong Wang, Liang Wang, Donghai Xu 1252

Experimental Study on Sludge Dewatering under Additives Conditioning Guolu Yang, Shentang Dou, Shifu Qin, Zhongyao Tong 1256

Characteristics of Products from Rubber Woodchip Gasification in a Fluidised-Bed Reactor:Effect of Equivalent Ratio Sommas Kaewluan, Janewit Wannapeera, Suneerat Pipatmanomai 1261

Experimental Investigation of Gas Hydrates Production in a Spraying Reactor Ni Liu, Daoping Liu, Yingming Xie, Hanhua Hu 1265

Study on The Kinetic Characteristics in Pyrolysis Process of Huadian Oil Shales by Isoconversional Method Qing Wang, Feng Xu, Baizhong Sun, Jingru Bai, Shaohua Li 1269

CONTENTS 11

Geothermal Binary Power Generation System Using Unutilized Energy Hiroaki Shibata, Hiroshi Oyama, Shigeto Yamada 1275

Investigation on Combustion of Blends Between HUADIAN Oil Shale and Semicoke Shaohua Li, Baizhong Sun, Hongpeng Liu, Qing Wang, Baomin Sun 1280

Sewage Sludge Drying Based on Heat Pump Wan Yu, Jun Yang, Peisheng Li, Yi Hu, Jie Li, Yanan Yue, Niansu Hu, Guolu Yang 1285

15 Economics of Energy System The On-line Guide System for Energy-saving of Power Plant Based on Logical Matrix

Huijie Wang, Chunfa Zhang, Zhiping Song 1291 A General Matrix Equation of Unit Exergy Loss in Regenerative System Heat Controlled Volume of Fossil Fired Power Unit

Yonghua Li, Sangao Hu 1295 Improvements on the Equivalent Enthalpy Drop Method And Its Application in Thermal Economy Diagnosis of Thermal System of

Steam Turbine Yong Li, Lihua Cao 1300

Energy Saving in a Hospital : Assessing Economic and Technical Potential Satoru Okamoto 1305

Competition Analysis of LNG Power Plant in Guangdong Province Zeliang Yang, Jianjian Zhao 1310

Operating Economic Analysis on Multi-Plans of Boiler Feedwater Pump under Variable Flow Sike Hu, Tai Lu, Weiran Wang 1314

The Part Load Operation Calculation Model about Thermo-economics in Hailler Air-cooled System Haiping Chen, Cong Jiang, Weizhu Shi, Jing Li 1320

The Unit Fuel Consumption Analysis and Energy Saving of the Building Heating Yuanyuan Jiang, Shaoxiang Zhou 1324

16 Numerical Simulation Numerical Simulation of Wet Steam Condensing Flow Based on a Two-fluid model

Xiaoming Wu, Liang Li, Guojun Li, Zhenping Feng 1331 Computational Simulation of Asymmetric Combustion Conditions Induced by Uneven Air Supply in a Power Plant Oil Burner

Younggun Go, Sangmin Choi 1337 A Numerical Simulation about Thermal Processing of the Regenerator in the Regenerative Chamber

Shibo Wang, Hua Wang 1342 Numerical Simulation and PIV Study of the Turbulent Flow in a Cyclonic Separator

Bo Zhang, Shien Hui 1347 Numerical Analysis and Optimization of the Volute in a Centrifugal Compressor

Chunjun Ji, Yajun Wang, Lixin Yao 1352 Effects of Jet Geometries on Film-cooling Effectiveness

Ling Zhang, Tingting Guo, Shaohua Li, Jianhong Liu 1357 Numerical Simulation of Vortex Shedding Frequency and the Oscillation Lift Based on Gas-liquid Two-phase Flow Around Circular Cylinders in the Vertical Pipeline

Yunlong Zhou, Wenpeng Hong, Guangpei Wang, Bin Sun, Wei Liu 1361 Numerical Simulation of Oscillatory Flow in Self-excited Rijke Tube: Investigation on Mechanisms of Pulsation

Kai Deng, Yingjie Zhong, Xuemei Zhang, Hua Li, Haihao Lin, Luyin 1367 Numerical Simulation of Turbine Blade Film-cooling With Different Blowing Ratio and Hole-to-hole Space

Shaohua Li, Tao Peng, Lixian Liu, Tingting Guo, Bin Yuan 1372 Numerical Study of Flame Properties and Nitrogen Oxide Formation in High Temperature Air Combustion

Aihua Wang, Jiuju Cai, Guowei Xie 1376 Multi-scale Modeling of Energy System via the Means of Coupling Process and CFD Models

Chen Yang, Xaiolong Gou, Shengli Tang 1380 A Mathematic Model with Total Differential Equations of Combustion in Thermobalance

Na Li, Ruwei Liu, Qulan Zhou, Tongmo Xu, Shi’en Hui 1385


Numerical Study on Performance of Axial Turbine in Ship Turbocharger and Off-design Performance Analysis Ying Liu, Rong Xie, Xiaofang Wang, Hong’en Jie 1390

Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis Approach to the Aerodynamic Performance of a Nozzle Controlling Stage for a 600MW Steam Turbine

Xin Yan, Jun Li, Yonghui Xie, Zhenping Feng 1394 Numerical Optimization of the Collision Humidification Processin the Multifluid Alkaline Spray Generator for a 75t/h Incinerator

Flue Gas Cleaning System Yuegui Zhou, Mingchuan Zhang, Weicheng Cao, Lei Wang 1401

Simulation and Experiment Study of Flow Field and Dynamic Performance in Stirred Reactor Xinli Wei, Jie Ren, Xiangrui Meng 1408

Numerical Investigation on the Vortices of Multiple Turbulent Jet in Crossflow Shaohua Li, Li Zhu, Bin Yuan, Tingting Guo, Lixian Liu 1414

Large Eddy Simulation of Film Cooling Tingting Guo, Shaohua Li and Jianhong Liu 1419

Investigation of a Steam Turbine with Leaned Blades by Through Flow Analysis and 3D CFD Simulation Xiaodong Wang, Shun Kang, Ke Yang 1423

Anumerical and an Experimental Study for Optimization of a Small Annular Combustor Norihiko Iki, Andrea Gruber, Hiro Yoshida 1429

The Role of Power Generation Technology in Mitigating Global Climate Change 3

1 INTRODUCTION In February 2007, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change (IPCC) [1] concluded that: 1. “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is

now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.”

2. “Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”

3. “The combined radiative forcing due to increases in carbon dioxide … is very likely to have been unprecedented in more than 10,000 years.”

4. “The total temperature increase from 1850 – 1899 to 2001 – 2005 is 0.76 .”

5. Depending on the assumed greenhouse gas emission trajectory, warming in 2095, relative to pre-industrial levels, is projected to be 1.6 to 6.4 .

Given these findings, this paper will examine the critical energy sector with the aim of evaluating the ability of technologies to moderate projected warming. The author will discuss the factors that lead to increasing emissions of CO2

and the anticipated importance of the emissions of key countries. Then, CO2 emissions will be projected into the future for important contributing sectors. The author will summarize the state of the art of technologies and R&D priorities for power generation, which is the key sector.

Finally, the adequacy of research, development, demonstration and deployment will be discussed. (Note that in this paper, all CO2 concentrations will be in ppm and all warming will be realized or transient warming as opposed to equilibrium or “eventual warming,” unless specifically indicated otherwise.)

The Role of Power Generation Technology in Mitigating Global Climate Change

Frank T. Princiotta

National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency

Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA 27711 (E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), are primarily responsible for the roughly 0.8 global temperature increase since the industrial revolution. With industrial activity and population expected to increase for the rest of the century, the projected large increases in greenhouse gas emissions are expected to result in additional, potentially substantial, global warming. Using a powerful, PC-based global climate model, global warming is projected for two business-as-usual cases, as well as simple, yet instructive, scenarios in which major programs are initiated to limit CO2 emissions. The paper provides a brief overview of 1) the forces driving CO2 emission increases, 2) how different CO2 emission trajectories could affect temperature this century, 3) required mitigation technologies with a focus on power generation mitigation options, and 4) R&D priorities. While various aspects of this subject are addressed extensively in the scientific literature,, this paper aims to provide a succinct integration of information about the projected warming of the earth in the decades ahead, the emission reductions that may be needed to constrain this warming to tolerable levels, and the potentially available technologies to helpachieve these emission reductions.

Keywords: global warming, carbon dioxide, greenhouse gases, temperature increase, control technologies

Although the scope of this paper is limited to the consideration of power generation technologies that can play a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions, it is important to note that the use of these available technologies alone will not be sufficient to constrain emissions to the extent needed. Since many of these technologies have higher costs and/or greater operational uncertainties than currently-available, carbon-intensive technologies, robust policies will need to be in place to encourage their utilization.

2 FACTORS THAT DRIVE CO2 EMISSIONS The World Resources Institute [2] has examined the factors

that have driven CO2 emissions for key countries in the 1992 to 2002 time period. The factors considered are: Gross Domestic Product (GDP), growth per capita, population growth, carbon intensity growth per unit of energy (more coal in the mix increases this factor), and the growth of energy usage per unit of GDP. The sum of these factors approximates the annual CO2 growth rate. The author has used the Institute’s data to generate Fig.1, which shows how these factors have influenced the annual growth rate of CO2 for selected countries during this ten-year period. As can be seen for the world, despite decreases in the energy use per unit of

International Conference on Power Engineering-2007, October 23-27, 2007, Hangzhou, China4

GDP, the CO2 growth rate has been about 1.4% per year. The rate for the U.S. also has been about 1.4%, but the growth rates for China and India have both been about 4% per year. For China, increases are driven by economic growth, while increases for India have been driven by economic growth and population growth. Note that in the absence of significant decreases in energy use per unit of economic output, CO2

emission growth rates would have been substantially greater. However, a recent analysis by Raupach [3] concluded that in the period 2000 to 2004, worldwide emissions of CO2 have increased at an annual growth rate of 3.2%, which is a more rapid rate than in previous years and a more rapid rate than had been predicted. This is more than twice the growth rate of the 1992 to 2002 time period. Rapidly developing economies in China and other Asian countries are particularly significant in this recent and troubling trend. China is currently constructing the equivalent of two 500-megawatt, coal-fired power plants per week and a capacity comparable to the entire United Kingdom power grid, each year [4]. Fig.2 summarizes these global emission trends, including the recent 2000 to 2004 data.

3 PROJECTED LEVELS OF WARMING AND THE UNCERTAINTIES

A credible base case, or business-as-usual scenario, must be established if we are to estimate warming with any confidence between now and the year 2100. IPCC [1], IEA [5], and Hawksworth [6] have all postulated scenarios that allow such estimates. The IEA base scenario was selected as the basis for this analysis, since it is consistent with current driving forces and does not assume major technology changes over time. Since it was limited to 2050, the author extended it to 2100 by assuming reduced emission growth rates between 2050 and 2100. The modified IEA approach assumes the following CO2 emissions increases in the specified time intervals: 2000 to 2030, 1.6%; 2030 to 2050, 2.2% (from IEA); 2050 to 2075, 1.2%; and 2075 to 2100, 0.7%. Note that the assumption of reduced growth rates during the period from 2050 to 2100 was based on projected declines in population growth rates and relatively stable growth rates of GDP, carbon intensity, and energy intensity. Based on the emission scenario just described, Version 4.1 of MAGICC (Model for Assessment of Greenhouse gas Induced Climate Change) (Wigley [7]) was used to generate predictions of CO2

concentrations and warming from pre-industrial times to the year 2100. Fig.3 shows predicted concentrations, and Fig.4 shows predicted warming.

Fig. 1 Factors driving atmospheric concentrations of CO2 for selected countries

Fig. 3 Projected CO2 concentrations for Base Case

Fig.2 Most Recent CO2 Emission Data by Countries and Sectors

(Note that the following regional designations: FSU=republics of the former Soviet Union, D1=15 other developed nations, including Australia, Canada, S. Korea and Taiwan, D2=102 actively developing countries, from Albania to Zimbabwe and D3= 52 least developed countries, from Afghanistan to Zambia.)

Fig. 4 Projected Warming for Base Case


An earlier version of this PC-based model was used by the IPCC in its Third Assessment Report (TAR) to evaluate the impacts of various emission scenarios. MAGICC is a set of coupled gas-cycle, climate, and ice-melt models that allows the determination of the global-mean temperature resulting from user-specified emissions scenarios, which the author generated. Note that in Fig.3 and 4 the uncertainty range generated by the model, is included. As can be seen, projections of warming are much more uncertain than projections for concentration increases. Also note that warming is projected to continue after 2100. When one accounts for the continued warming projected into the next

century, the equilibrium or eventual warming is projected to range from 3.0 to 8.1 with the best guess at 4.8 above 1990 levels, assuming that the ultimate steady state CO2

concentration will be 1000 ppm. The main uncertainty factor for warming projections is the extent to which the atmosphere is sensitive to a doubling of CO2 concentration, i.e., how much does the global equilibrium temperature change if CO2

concentration doubles. IPCC (1), Wigley [7], and others state that the extent of warming is quite uncertain, and their estimates range from 1.5 to 4.5 .

Fig. 5 Projected global warming impacts as a function of 2100 warming from 1990, . and dotted arrows indicate impacts increase with increased warming

4 ACHIEVABLE MITIGATION LEVELS Fig.5 presents the recent (April 2007) IPCC [8] analysis

relating projected warming from 1990 to 2100 to the following global impacts: fresh water availability, ecosystem damage, food supplies, seawater rise, extreme weather events, and human health impacts. The author has added projected warming ranges for a credible business-as-usual case and an aggressive global mitigation case. It is significant that current

(2007) warming (0.3 since 1990 and 0.8 since 1750) has already had measurable impacts.

Base case warming from 1990 to 2100 is projected to be in the range of 2.2 to 4.7 , with 3.2 as the best guess. A temperature increase in this range would result in potentially severe impacts, especially if the temperature increase is in the middle to upper end of the range. Particularly troublesome impacts could include the following: water could become scarce for millions of people, wide-scale ecosystem


extinctions, lower food production in many areas, loss of wetlands, damage and mortality from storms and floods, and increased health impacts from infectious diseases.

It is important to note that when one accounts for current emission trends, the current unavailability of low-emitting technologies, and the likelihood of inaction in the near term, limiting warming to 2.0 (range of 1.3 to 2.8 ) is likely the best result achievable even with a major global mitigation program (e.g., decreasing CO2 emissions 1% per year starting in 2010). Fig.6 indicates that global impacts will be significant, even assuming such an aggressive mitigation case.

Therefore, for this analysis, emission scenarios were evaluated to see what reduction levels, starting in what year, would limit warming below about 2.0 . Fig.6 and 7 depict results of a large number of MAGICC cases, indicating annual emission reductions required to meet this warming goal, along with corresponding CO2 concentration estimates. Note that an annual decrease of 0.00% means emissions are held constant, at the start year. As can be seen, major annual decreases in emissions will be necessary if a warming target below 2.0 is to be achieved. Note that the earlier this reduction starts, the less the annual reduction rate has to be, to meet a given warming target. For example, if such a program were to start in 2015, reductions would need to be about 1% annually to limit warming to about 2.0 above the 1990 level, whereas if such a program were to start in 2025, annual reductions would need to be about 1.8 %.

Again, it must be noted that there is a large range of uncertainty in the resulting temperature for a given maximum CO2 concentration. Fig.8 illustrates this, by displaying the range of projected warming, from 1990, for a particular emission scenario, i.e., an annual decrease of 1%, starting in 2010, projected to constrain concentrations to the 440 to 480 ppm range. Note that the high end of this range is higher than the low end of the business-as-usual case (Fig.4). This highlights the magnitude of the uncertainties in current models, of which MAGICC is representative.

Fig.9 illustrates the major challenge associated with such reductions, relative to our base-case emission trends. The base-case emission trajectory is compared to a mitigation scenario where emissions are decreasing at a rate of 1 % per year starting in 2010. This would limit CO2 concentration to about 460 ppm and warming to a 1.9 increase over 1990 levels.

Note that the area between the curves represents the amount of emission reduction needed to achieve the target temperature versus the base case, which amounts to over one trillion tons of carbon or over 3.7 trillion tons of CO2 over the 90-year period. This represents what can only be described as a monumental political, social, and technological challenge.

5 THE MITIGATION CHALLENGE: WHICH SECTORS AND GASES ARE MOST

IMPORTANTIn order to identify the most productive mitigation

strategies, it is necessary to understand the current and projected sources of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The author has derived the information in Fig.10 from IEA [6]. The upper graphic projects world CO2 emissions by sector. It suggests that power generation and transportation sources are the fastest growing sectors and will be the key to any successful mitigation strategy. There is historical evidence that as a country develops economically, it uses greater quantities of electrical power and experiences a sharp growth in the number and use of motor vehicles and other types of transportation. China and India, with a cumulative population of over 2.4 billion people, are projected to continue their rapid economic expansion with commensurate pressure on the power generation and transportation sectors.

Fig.6 Best guess 2100 warming as function of annual emission decrease rate and year reductions start

Fig.7 CO2 ppm in 2100 as a function of annual emissions decrease rate and year reductions start


Fig.8 Projected warming range for a 1% annual decrease in CO2 emissions started in 2010

Fig.9 Base case & scenario to limit CO2 to < 2 in 2100; units: Gt Carbon (note: 3.67 Gt CO2 per Gt C)

6 THE MITIGATION CHALLENGE: WHAT ROLE CAN ENERGY TECHNOLOGY PLAY

AND WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS? At the request of G-8 Leaders & Energy Ministers in 2005

and in order to understand the potential of various energy technologies to avoid CO2 emissions, IEA [5] evaluated what it called Accelerated Technology (ACT) scenarios. Of these, the ACT Map scenario is the most optimistic, assuming an aggressive and successful R,D&D program to develop and improve technologies and a comprehensive technology demonstration and deployment program. It also assumes policies in place that would encourage the use of these technologies in an accelerated time frame. These include CO2

reduction incentives to encourage low-carbon technologies with costs up to $25/metric ton CO2 in all countries from 2030 to 2050. The incentives could take the form of regulation, pricing, tax breaks, voluntary programs, subsidies, or trading schemes.

The middle graphic of Fig.10 projects CO2 emissions by sector, for the ACT Map scenario, based on IEA’s assumption that major technology implementation is to start in 2030. The bottom graphic depicts the CO2 savings projected by sector using the ACT Map scenario. Most of the savings relate to the power generation sector, which includes both production and end-use savings. Note that savings attributed to the transportation sector include the savings associated with transforming less coal, petroleum, and natural gas to liquid fuels and their associated CO2 emissions. This IEA scenario is

projected to result in the mitigation of 32.5 Gt of CO2 in 2050. As will be discussed subsequently, this level of mitigation, would be impossible without the use of improved and, in some cases, breakthrough energy technologies. Such technologies are necessary for both energy production, i.e., power generation, and to enhance end-use efficiency, e.g., lower-emission vehicles.

Fig.10 Base case , ACT MAP Control Scenario and CO2Emissions Avoided per IEA [5]

It is important to note that for the IEA Map scenario extended to 2100, MAGICC calculations indicate best-guess CO2 concentrations in 2100 of 500 ppm and corresponding warming of 2.1 relative to 1990. This is despite the IEA assumption of aggressive R,D,&D and deployment programs, and the author’s optimistically assuming further major (2% per year) emission reductions for 50 years beyond the IEA time frame of 2050. This suggests that even a major global mitigation program, based on successful development and deployment of several new technologies, will still allow substantial global warming by 2100. Let us now focus on the critical power sector and examine the technology options available, their current state of development, and the required R,D,&D required for them to meet their potential to reduce CO2 emissions.

7 POWER GENERATION SECTOR Of all the sectors, the power generation sector, which is

projected to grow at an annual rate of 2%, provides the greatest opportunity for reduction of CO2 emissions in the coming decades. However, it should be noted that there are major capacity expansions underway for coal-fired power generation in China, India, and other countries. Since such plants have no CO2 mitigation technology planned and can


have lifetimes up to 50 years, the sooner technology is ready for implementation and mandated, the sooner new plants can incorporate such technology and control emissions. Current retrofit technology is theoretically available, but it will likely be substantially more expensive per unit of power generated than would be the case for new plants with CO2 capture built in or advanced retrofit technology for CO2 removal, which is now in the early development stages.

Major reductions can result from lower emissions during generation and as a result of lower usage due to enhanced end-use efficiency. presents a summary of major generation options that offer significant opportunities for CO2 mitigation. The options are presented in the order of highest potential for CO2 mitigation consistent with the IEA ACT Map scenario. Included in this and the subsequent tables are the IEA projected CO2 savings for each technology in Gt of CO2 in 2050. To put these numbers in perspective, to achieve the mitigation depicted in Fig.9, total required savings in 2050 is about 40 Gt of CO2 (10.9 Gt C) and for the less aggressive IEA Map scenario, 32 Gt of mitigation would be accomplished .

Key generation technologies include nuclear power, natural gas/combined cycle, and three coal combustion technologies (IGCC, pulverized coal/oxygen combustion, and conventional pulverized coal), all with integrated CO2 capture and underground storage. The three coal capture technologies are quite important; the IEA scenario projects each of the three to reduce emissions by 1.3 Gt of CO2 in 2050. Fig.11 illustrates the major components of each technology. IGCC technology is the primary focus of the U.S. R,D,&D program, but this technology requires complex chemical processing, pure oxygen for the gasification process, and cannot be readily retrofitted to existing plants. Oxy-combustion systems also require pure oxygen for combustion but are less complex and have the potential for retrofitting existing plants. CO2 removal by scrubbing, adsorption, or membrane separation is conceptually simple and is inherently retrofitable, but these technologies are in the early stages of development. Commercial amine scrubbers use large quantities of energy for sorbent regeneration and are expensive. MIT [4] recently completed an in-depth study of coal in a carbon-constrained world and concluded that “…CO2 capture and sequestration is the critical enabling technology that would reduce CO2 emissions significantly while also allowing coal to meet the world’s pressing energy needs.” The MIT researchers concluded that current research funding is inadequate and “…what is needed is to demonstrate an integrated system of capture, transportation, and storage of CO2 at scale.”

With the exception of wind power, renewable technologies (green font in Table 1) are not projected to have major mitigation impacts in the 2050 time frame. In the case of solar generation, the technology is projected to be prohibitively expensive unless there is a major research breakthrough. For biomass, major utilization is projected to be limited by its

dispersed nature, its low energy density, and competition for the limited resource in the transportation sector.

Fig.11 Three key technologies capturing CO2 from coal-fired power plants

The author rates R,D,&D needs in the power generation sector critical, especially in the area of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) and for the next generation of nuclear power plants. All three capture technologies described above warrant aggressive R,D,&D programs. The author concurs with MIT [4] that there are too many uncertainties with regard to IGCC to limit R,D,&D focus to that technology alone. Therefore much more emphasis should be placed on pulverized coal/oxygen (oxy-fuel) combustion and high efficiency pulverized coal with CO2 flue gas capture technology. Underground sequestration, which will be needed for each of these technologies, is currently in an early developmental stage, but it has extraordinary potential. However, there are a host of questions that can only be resolved through a major program with a particular focus on demonstrations for the key geological formations, most applicable to the greatest potential capacity. MIT [4] estimates that 3 full scale CCS projects in the U.S. and ten worldwide are needed to cover the range of likely accessible geologies for large scale storage.

Advanced nuclear power technology is quite promising and could start making a major impact by 2030. However, the technology needs a number of successful demonstrations to allow resolution of remaining technical problems, instill confidence in the utility industry that the technology is affordable and reliable, and assure the public that it is safe.

Fig.12 summarizes the IEA projection for the impact of key technologies in reducing CO2 emissions in the power generation sector in 2050. As can be seen, assuming an aggressive R,D,&D and incentive programs, end use efficiency improvements, carbon capture and sequestration, and nuclear power are projected to play important roles in that time frame.


Table 1 Candidate Technologies for CO2 Mitigation From Power Generation (projected impact in Gt/year of CO2)

TechnologyCurrent State of

the Art

2050 Impact per IEA (2006)

Issues R,D&D NeedsOther Potential

Environmental Impacts

NuclearPower-nextgeneration

Developmental,Generation III+ and IV: e.g. Pebble Bed Modular Reactor and Supercritical Water Cooled Reactor

1.9

Deployment targeted by 2030 with a focus on lower cost, minimal waste, enhanced safety and resistance to proliferation

High,Demonstrations of key technologies with complimentary research on important issues

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; small but potent and long-lived waste, could contaminate small area

NuclearPower-currentgeneration

Commercial, Pressurized Water Reactors and Boiling Water Reactors (Generation III)

1.8

Plant siting, high capital costs, levelized cost 10 to 40% higher than coal or gas plants, potential U shortages, safety, waste disposal and proliferation

Medium, Waste disposal research

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; small but potent and long-lived waste, could contaminate small area

Natural Gas CombinedCycle

Commercial, 60% efficiency

1.6

Limited by natural gas availability, which is major constraint; high efficiency & low capital costs

Medium, higher efficiencies with new materials desirable

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use

Wind Power (renewable)

Commercial 1.3

Costs very dependent on strength of wind source, large turbines visually obtrusive, intermittent power source

Medium, higher efficiencies, on-shoredemonstrations

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use; extraction R&D could enhance availability of CH4

Coal IGCC with CO2

Capture and Storage

IGCC: early commercialization, Undergroundstorage (US): early development.

1.3

IGCC:High capital costs, questionable for low rank coals, complexity and potential reliability concerns; US: Cost, safety, efficacy

Lower power plant efficiency yields greater emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM and coal mining impacts


TechnologyCurrent State of

the Art

2050 Impact per IEA (2006)

Issues R,D&D NeedsOther Potential

Environmental Impacts

Pulverized Coal/Oxygen combustionwith CO2

Capture and Storage

Developmental 1.3

Oxygen combustion allows lower cost CO2

scrubbing, but oxygen production cost is high; US: Cost, safety and permanency

High, large pilot followed by full scale demos needed, low cost O2

production needed, US requires major program (see write-up above)


Pulverized Coal with CO2 Capture and Storage

Undergroundstorage developmental;CO2 scrubbing with MEA near commercial but too expensive

1.3

US: Cost, safety and efficacy issues, CO2

scrubbing energy intensive: yielding unacceptable costs

High, US requires major program (see write-up above); affordable CO2

removaltechnologies need to be developed and demonstrated


Solar-Photovoltaic and concentrating(renewable)

First generation commercial, but very high costs

0.5

Costs unacceptably high, solar resource intermittent in many locations

High, breakthrough R,D&D needed to develop & demo cells with higher efficiency and lower capital costs

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use

Biomass as fuel and co-fired with coal(renewable)

Commercial, steam cycles

0.5Biomass dispersed source, limited to 20% when co-fired with coal

Medium,biomass/IGCCwould enhance efficiency and CO2

benefit; also genetic engineering to enhance biomass plantations

Reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use; however potential eco impacts from biomass plantations

Hydroelectric (renewable)

Commercial 0.5

Capital costs high, potential ecological disruption, siting challenges

Medium, minimize environmentalfootprint

Ecosystem Impacts

More Efficient Coal Fired Power Plants

Early commercialization of supercritical and ultra supercritical

0.2

Currently maximum efficiency of 45%, yielding 36% less CO2

than current fleet

High, new affordable materials needed to enhance efficiency to 50 to 55%

Small reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use

Coal IGCC with no CO2

Capture and Storage

IGCC: early commercialization

0.2

IGCC: High capital costs, complexity and reliability concerns, only modest CO2

savings without CCS

High, Demos on a variety of coals, hot gas cleanup research

Small reduction in emissions of SOx, NOx, Fine PM; fewer mining impacts and Residues for disposal or use


Fig.12 For ACT Map scenario, projected CO2 savings in power generation sector by technology

8 ADEQUACY OF R,D,&D IEA [5], Hawksworth [6], Morgan [9], MIT [4], and the

author nine years ago, (Princiotta [10], have observed that R,D,&D funding in the energy area will need to be substantially increased in order for key technologies to be ready to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in a time frame consistent with constraining atmospheric concentrations to protective levels. As illustrated earlier, the later a mitigation program is initiated, the more severe emission cuts will need to be if CO2 concentrations above 450 to 500 ppm are to be avoided. Most recently, The Stern Report [11] concluded: “…support for energy R&D should at least double, and support for the deployment of new low-carbon technologies should increase up to five-fold.”

Fig.13, generated from IEA data [12], depicts world research expenditures in critical energy technology areas, showing the same funding trend. It is also noteworthy that Europe and Japan have been much more active in the nuclear research area, whereas the U.S. is the key player in coal-related research.

Fig.13 World R,D,&D expenditures for key energy sectors, 2004 $ millions

It should be recognized that, in the last few years, the U.S. has redirected some of its limited research resources to some key technologies, especially hydrogen/fuel cells, IGCC, carbon capture and storage, and, most recently, biomass-to-ethanol technologies. The U.S. has coordinated its efforts in this area through the Climate Change Technology

Program, CCTP [13]. Within the constraint of current budget priorities, the CCTP has coordinated a diversified portfolio of advanced technology R&D, focusing on energy efficiency enhancements; low-GHG-emission energy supply technologies; carbon capture, storage, and sequestration methods; and technologies to reduce emissions of non-CO2

gases. Also, the USEPA [14] is implementing a series of voluntary programs that encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, including Energy Star for the building sector, transportation programs, and non-CO2

emission reduction programs in collaboration with industry. These programs could provide a foundation for an expanded program, consistent with the mitigation challenge.

It is important to note most of the non-coal technologies, offer the potential for lower air emissions, water effluents, and waste generation residues. IGCC also offers the potential for such benefits; however, incorporating CO2 capture, transport, and storage substantially decreases overall plant efficiency, with the potential for commensurate increases in coal-related pollution per unit of power generated. Also, note that the transportation technologies all offer the potential for reducing U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Further, the countries that can bring these technologies to market first have the potential for major revenue streams from a huge international market.

9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary information and conclusions follow: Concentrations of CO2 have increased to 383 ppm from a

pre-industrial value of 278 ppm. This increase is due to anthropogenic emissions of CO2 that can remain in the atmosphere more than 100 years. There is close to a scientific consensus that much, if not all, of the 0.8 global warming seen since the pre-industrial era is a result of increased concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases.

- Global emissions of CO2 have been accelerating at a rate of about 1.4% per year in the 1992 to 2002 time period. However, recent data suggest an acceleration of emission growth in recent years, e.g., 3.2% in the 2000 to 2004 time period. China’s major expansion of its coal-fired power generation capacity has been a major factor in this unexpected increase in growth rate.

- Projections of greenhouse warming have been made on a business-as-usual case or base case. This base case assumes a global annual growth rate of 1.6% in the next 25 years. Under this assumption, CO2 concentration is projected to increase to 500 ppm in 2050 and 825 ppm by 2100. This will yield a best-guess average warming, relative to 1990, of 1.4 in 2050 and 3.2 in 2100. There is still a large range of uncertainty associated with these warming projections; the potential warming in 2100 could be as high as 4.6 or as low as 2.1 . This warming would be in addition to the 0.5 already experienced from pre-1700 to 1990. Warming would continue into next century and beyond, with


equilibrium temperatures in the 3.0 to 8.1 range, with the best guess at 4.8 above 1990 levels; this assumes a steady state CO2 concentration of 1000 ppm.

- If current worldwide emission trends continue to surprise the prognosticators and grow at 3% per year for the next 25 years, projected warming would be substantially higher. This scenario will yield a best-guess average warming, relative to 1990, of 1.7 in 2050 and 4.0 in 2100. The potential warming in 2100 could be as high as 5.5 or as low as 2.6 . Warming would continue into next century, with equilibrium temperatures in the 3.4 to 9.0 range, with the best guess at 5.4 .

- It is too late to prevent substantial additional warming; the most that can be achieved would be to moderate the projected warming. The best result that appears achievable would be to constrain warming above the 1990 level to about 2 (between 1.2 and 2.8 ) by 2100. Fig.6 illustrates that global impacts, even for this constrained warming scenario, are potentially serious. This suggests that the world community may have no remaining alternative other than to pursue adaptation approaches aggressively.

- In order to limit warming to the 2 level, it will be necessary for the world community to decrease annual emissions at a rate of between 1 and 2% per year for the rest of the century. The earlier the mitigation program starts, the less drastic the annual reductions would need to be. Since the base case assumes a roughly 1.5% positive growth rate, approximately one trillion tons of carbon (3.7 trillion tons of CO2) will have to be mitigated by 2100 relative to the base case. This is a monumental challenge.

- Recent publications were used to relate the implications of a one-trillion-ton mitigation program to the key energy sectors and the technologies within those sectors that can contribute to such a major mitigation challenge. The key energy sectors are power generation, transportation, industrial production, and buildings. The power and transportation sectors are particularly important, since they are projected to grow at relatively high rates, with China and India being key drivers.

- The power generation sector, projected to grow from a large base at 2% annually, offers the greatest opportunity for CO2 reductions. However, since the key source of emissions for this sector is coal combustion, it is critically important to develop affordable CO2

mitigation technologies for such sources and to develop economical alternatives to coal-based power generation. CCS offers the potential to allow coal use while at the same time mitigating CO2 emissions. The three major candidates for affordable CO2 capture are PC boilers with advanced CO2 scrubbing, IGCC with carbon capture, and oxy-fuel combustors. Of the three, only IGCC is being funded at levels approaching those

needed. However, all three approaches rely on underground sequestration, an unproven technology at the scale required for coal-fired boilers, with many serious cost, efficacy, and safety issues. Nuclear power plants, natural gas/combined cycle plants, and wind turbines all have the potential to decrease dependence on coal generation and make significant contributions to CO2 emission reductions. An accelerated R,D,&D program is particularly important for advanced nuclear reactors, given their high mitigation potential and their serious safety, proliferation, and waste disposal concerns.

- If mitigation of three trillion tons of CO2 is deemed a serious goal, a major increase in R&D resources will be needed. Technology research, development, and demonstration are of particular importance for coal generation technologies, including IGCC, oxygen coal combustion, and CO2 capture technology for pulverized coal combustors. All of these technologies will have to be integrated with underground storage, a potentially breakthrough technology, but one which is an early stage of development at the scale required. Also important are next-generation nuclear power plants.

- Given the monumental challenge and uncertainties associated with a major mitigation program, the author believes it prudent to consider all available and emerging technologies. This suggests that fundamental research on energy technologies, in addition to those in Table 1, be part of the global research portfolio, since breakthroughs on today’s embryonic technologies could yield tomorrow’s alternatives.

- Finally, the availability of key technologies will be necessary, but not sufficient, to limit CO2 emissions. Since many of these technologies have higher costs and/or greater operational uncertainties than currently-available, carbon-intensive technologies, robust regulatory/incentive programs will be necessary to encourage their utilization.

REFERENCES[1] IPCC, Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis,

Summary for Policymakers, Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,http:www.ipcc.ch/spm2feb07.pdf, 2007

[2] World Resources Institute: Climate Analysis Indicators Tool (CAIT) on-line database version 3.0., Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, available at: http://cait.wri.org, 2006

[3] Raupach, M.R., et al., Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, May 22, 2007

[4] MIT, The Future of Coal, An Interdisciplinary MIT Study, 2007


[5] International Energy Agency, Energy Technology Perspectives 2006, OECD-IEA, 2006

[6] Hawksworth, J., The World in 2050; Implications of global growth for carbon emissions and climate change policy, Price Waterhouse Coopers, September 2006

[7] Wigley, T.M.L. and Raper, S.C.B.; Interpretation of high projections for global-mean warming. Science 293, 451– 454.MAGICC (Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse gas Induced Climate Change) can be downloaded at http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/wigley/magicc/index.htm, 2001

[8] IPCC, Climate Change 2007:Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Summary for Policymakers, Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM13apr07.pdf,2007

[9] Morgan, G., Apt, J., Lave L., The U.S, Electric Power Sector and Climate Change Mitigation, Pew Center: Global Climate Change, June 2005

[10] Princiotta, F.T., Renewable technologies and their role in mitigating greenhouse gas warming Elsevier Science Publishers, US-Dutch symposium: Facing the air pollution agenda for the 21st century, vol. 72, 1998

[11] Stern, N, The Economics of Climate Change, The Stern Review, 2006 pre-publication version: website: http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_review_economics_climate_change/stern_review_report.cfm, 2006

[12] International Energy Agency, RD&D Budgets, website: http://www.iea.org/RDD/TableViewer/

[13] CCTP, Climate Change Technology Program, website: http://www.climatetechnology.gov/

[14] USEPA, Current and Near Term Greenhouse gas Reduction Initiative, website: www.epa.gov/climatechange/policy/ neartermghgreduction.html


Biomass Utilization as a Clean Energy in Zhejiang University

Zhongyang Luo, Jinsong Zhou, Shurong Wang, Chunjiang Yu, Mengxiang Fang, Kefa CenState Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China

(E-mail: [email protected])

Abstract: Biomass is a possible alternative to the direct use of fossil fuel energy. Especially, Biomass plays an important role in China which has abundant biomass resources. The theories of biomass thermo-chemical conversion were introduced and on the basis of theoretical results utilization technologies of biomass were elaborated in Zhejiang University which included combustion, gasification and liquefaction. Based on lots of work on mechanism of straw combustion and small and bench scale experiments, a new developed technology is specially design for high-alkali biomass combustion in CHP scale. With Developed Biomass Gasification Technology the medium heat value gas (MCV) has supplied to the households in Wenzhou Demo Plant Project. A fluidized bed reactor with 20kg/h throughput operating at an atmospheric pressure with an inert atmosphere at 773 K has been used to produce bio-oils. At optimum pyrolysis conditions maximum bio-oil yield of up to 60% was obtained. The quality of the bio-oil produced remains poor, and a combination of high value products and energy applications were needed for profitability.

Keywords: biomass, combustion, gasification, liquefaction

1 INTRODUCTION Biomass has been recognized as a major world renewable

energy source which is an attractive feedstock for its renewable, zero carbon dioxide, and low sulfur content etc. characteristics. Biomass energy utilization will play an important role in China which has abundant biomass resources contained wood-chip, agricultural residues etc. and large population that farmer takes up nearly 60%. Now Chinese government pays more attention on biomass and its conversion technologies by fund support for researches and some demonstrations.

Some research institutions and universities assumed this responsibility of converting biomass into high-quality fuels. Zhejiang University is one of the main organizations in biomass energy field with overall and in-depth researches. Zhejiang university’s works focuses on the development and progress in the research on the biomass thermo-chemical conversion technology, especially in combustion, gasification and liquefaction. The main results will be introduced respectively in this paper.

2 BIOMASS COMBUSTION TECHNOLOGY

Biomass combustion and co-firing are promising ways for biomass utilization. Based on experiences and achievement in this area, lots of work has been done in the field of special fuels combustion in Zhejiang University.

2.1 Mechanism research

Normally straw has high moisture and appears great variety of physics property. All those properties can be handled by adjusting the traditional organization of

combustion, but the serious problems caused by high K and Cl from herbaceous straw during combustion have to be considered with new concept, the mechanism of alkali problems is very necessary.

As a very first step, the chemical fractionation was carried out to determine the distribution of alkali materials in straw. The results of the analysis and basic balance of material was shown in Table 1[1].

To study alkali transformation during pyrolysis, samples were taken from the pyrolytic reactors at a series of temperature points from 200 to 1100 . By analyzing alkali in deferent forms in residue at every pyrolytic stage, the releasing of elements at different pyrolytic temperature was shown in Fig.1. Obviously, the releasing can be roughly divided into two stages, below 400 , the process of pyrolysis is in progress, the bounded K in sample undergo a rapid escaping, while above 400 , the primary process is high-heat treatment of char, the K releasing rate almost keeps constant with increasing temperature. The detailed transformation of every forms of K shows the releasing of water soluble K is the main part of overall K reduction. It means active water- soluble K releases is the most important mechanism of alkali pyrolytic liberation. The K in residual form seems to be an inertial factor during the whole process. It’s well known that released K have big chance to deposit on heating surface of combustion equipment and can cause heat transfer problem, flue gas blocking and if high metal temperature presence, serious high-temperature corrosion.

During combustion, part of water solvable K can stay in solid residual while part of it releasing at high temperature. This part of K is the main reason why rice straw ash have extremely low melting point comparing with coal ash[2].

challenges of power engineering and...

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