challenges of climate change in africa: an update on...

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Challenges of Climate Change in Africa: An update on Development and Delivery of Drought Tolerant Maize B.M. Prasanna with CIMMYTAfrica Team Director, Global Maize Program & CRP MAIZE CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya AFSTA Congress; March 3, 2016

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Page 1: Challenges of Climate Change in Africa: An update on ...afsta.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Dr-BM-Prasanna-CIMMYT-Climat… · An update on Development and Delivery of Drought Tolerant

Challenges of Climate Change in Africa: An update on Development and Delivery of 

Drought Tolerant Maize

B.M. Prasanna with CIMMYT‐Africa Team

Director, Global Maize Program & CRP MAIZECIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya

AFSTA Congress; March 3, 2016

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Are we seeing sufficient increase in global maize yields?

www.environmentreports.com/enough-food-for-the-future/

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Grain Yield (M

T/Ha)

Africa S. America S. Asia C. America

Maize grain yields in Africa have improved, but still far from optimal…

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ETH

MLI

ZAM

UGA

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MOZ

Grain Yield (K

g/Ha)

Maize yield in Africa (2012, FAOSTAT)

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# Drought years out 

of 10

Frequency of Drought

Average maize yield in SSA is yet to touch 2 t/ha.

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Severe Drought in Southern Africa (2015‐2016)

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CIMMYT’s success in breeding stress-resilient maize germplasm has nearly four decades of continuous efforts….

Population Description Genetic material

DTP‐Y and DTP‐W

60% lowland tropical, 20% subtropical, 20% temperate

Derived from 25 putative drought tolerance sources (Tuxpeño Sequia, Latente, Michoacan21, Suwan 1, CIMMYT Pops. 22, 32, 62, 64,and 66); 11% landraces; rest from elite drought tolerant sources, Corn Belt hybrids, germplasm from Thailand and S. Africa

La Posta Sequia (LPS)

Lowland tropical, late‐maturing, white dent. 

Derived from CIMMYT Population 43 C, SR. 

Drought and low N stress tolerant germplasm development via recurrent selection initiated at CIMMYT in 1975

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Farmers need varieties that perform well under both optimal and stress conditions/years…

Regional On‐Station Trials

Recombination within heterotic groups

Selfing and selections

Germplasm base

Optimal (n=4)

Managed drought (n=2)

Random drought (n=2)

Low nitrogen (n=2)

Regional On‐farm Varietal Trials 

Diseases (based on regional 

priorities)

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●●

●●●●

Managed Drought and Heat Stress Screening Network in SSA

●Transgenic drought

Drought●Heat●

10 countries48.5 hectares121,250 low N rows21 locations (public)5 locations (private)

NUE PhenotypingNetwork in ESA

Extensive field‐based stress phenotyping networks

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Commercial  hybrid Experimental  hybrid New DT hybrid  New DT  hybrid 

Drought Tolerant Maize Hybrids for SSA

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MH28, a DT hybrid Commercial  drought‐susceptible hybrids 

DT Hybrids vs. Commercial Drought‐vulnerable Hybrids (Malawi; 2015)

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CIMMYT works with >100 seed companies across Africa!

>52,000 tons of drought‐tolerant maize seed produced and delivered by seed company partners in 13 African countries in 2014, reaching 5 million households

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Scaling‐up and delivering improved stress tolerant seed through PPPs

1 MT enough for 40 ha; each family plants not more than 10 kg.

2014 estimates of drought tolerant maize seed production, potential area covered, households and people benefiting

Country Volume(in MT)

Area (in ha)

Estimated Beneficiaries

Households PeopleAngola 1,500 60,000 150,000 996,000Benin 1,787 71,468 178,670 2,322,710Ethiopia 5,464 218,571 546,427 4,152,845Ghana 2,444 97,760 244,400 2,688,400Kenya 5,065 202,600 506,500 3,393,550Malawi 5,400 216,000 540,000 2,808,000Mali 1,152 46,074 115,185 182,430Mozambique 1,500 60,000 150,000 930,000Nigeria 14,291 571,636 1,429,089 15,719,979Tanzania 3,578 143,112 357,780 2,218,236Uganda 3,192 127,668 319,170 2,329,941Zambia 2,000 80,000 200,000 1,280,000Zimbabwe 5,545 221,800 554,500 2,606,150

Total 52,917 2,116,688 5,291,721 41,628,241

>200 unique DT maize varieties released under DTMA across 13 SSA countries during 2007‐2015

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1981

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Grain Yield (K

g/Ha)

Ethiopia Zambia Uganda Malawi Ghana Nigeria SSA

Maize Yields in Selected Countries

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How can we sustainably improve smallholder farmers’ crop yields and income…

Time to the market of competitive products = Time to impact• Input and output markets• Stimulating demand for improved varieties

• Rapid seed scale‐up and delivery• Complementary agronomy• Rate of varietal turnover

In the past:Number of improved 

crop varieties generated

Today:Demonstrated 

impact in farmers’ fields 

Shift to

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CountryNumber

of DT products

Number of seed

companiesOther 

partners

Ethiopia 7 9 5

Kenya 16 5 0

Tanzania 14 7 1

Uganda 13 10 1

Malawi 12 7 3

Mozambique 9 7 2

Zambia 14 7 3

Total 85 52 15

Targeted Delivery of Improved Stress Tolerant Maize Varieties in ESA

Source: DTMASS/MISST

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0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe

Never 1‐3 times 4‐6 times 7‐10 times

Farmers’ perception of frequency of drought

Source: Fisher et al. 2015

0

20

40

60

80

100

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe

Percen

tages

DT modern maize Modern maize, not DT Local maize

Adoption of improved maize varieties in selected countries

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Ethiopia Tanzania Uganda Malawi Zambia Zimbabwe

Seed availability Information Resources Seed price Seed traits Other

Constraints to DT Maize Adoption in ESA

Source: Fisher et al. 2015

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0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Benin Ghana Mali Nigeria

Awareness Availability Affordability Preference Risky Interest Others

Constraints to DT Maize Adoption in West Africa

Source: DTMA Surveys, 2013

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Countries Top 5 Maize Varieties Year ofRelease

Oldest Latest

Ethiopia BH540‡, Shone‡, Agar‡, Melkassa2†, BH660‡ 1993 2008

Kenya Duma43‡, DHO2‡, WS505, DK8031‡, DHO4‡ 1995 2004

Tanzania Staha†, Situka1†, DK8031‡, Pan67†, TMV1† 1983 2002

Uganda Longe5†, Longe 10H‡, Longe4†, Longe 6H‡, Longe 7H‡ 2000 2009

Angola Branco Redondo§, Amarelo§, Catete§, Nanhala§, Vermelho§ 1957 1967

Malawi Kanyani‡, Pan53‡, Makangala‡, Mkango‡, ZM309† 1999 2009

Mozambique Pan67‡, Pan53‡, Matuba†, SC513‡, DK 8031‡ 1982 2011

Zambia Pan53‡, MRI624‡, SC513‡, ZMS606‡, MRI634‡ 1999 2006

Zimbabwe SC513‡, Pan413‡, PHB3253‡, SC403‡, SC627‡ 1993 1999Benin Faaba†, TZPB‐SR†, 2000Syn EEW†, DMRESR‐W/QPM†, TZE Comp 3DT† 1989 2010

Ghana Obatanpa†, Aburotia†, Dobidi†, Laposta†, Golden Crystal† 1972 1992Mali Sotubaka†, Dembanyuma†, Nieleni†, Zangreni†, Jorobana† 1985 2009

Nigeria Oba Super 9‡, EVDT 99†, 3DT Com†, Comp5†, Sammaz27† 1976 2009

Average 26.6 10.3

Need to actively replace age‐old, obsolete varieties (20+ year‐old) with new, improved varieties!

‡ = Hybrid; † = OPV; § = Local

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Genetic Gains in ESA

Grain yield (kg ha‐1 yr‐1)

Masuka et al. submitted

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A stronger and more diverse seed sector is vital for rapidly driving genetic gains in farmers’ fields…• Efficient variety release and seed supply systems across SSA• More rapid access by farmers to new varieties: 

– Currently 5 to >>10 years – Widespread access in ≤ 5 years after development 

• Healthier and more diverse maize seed sector – Growth of small companies beyond 1500 mt– Inclusive financing

• Disincentives for sale of 20+ year old varieties• QC/QA: Quality Control/Quality Assurance through effective 

inspection and use of modern tools (DNA fingerprinting) 

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Agro‐advisory Services• Communicating weather‐ and climate‐

based agro‐advisories – The adoption and success of CSA technologies and practices depend on the effective delivery of agro‐advisory services.

• Many countries in SSA trying to provide agro‐advisories (success varies greatly)

• Cell‐phone based information service delivery in Uganda 

• Mali’s 30‐year Agromet advisory by involving farmers

• Ethiopia’s recent pilot 10‐day integrated agro‐advisory services

Early warning for early action

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Improving smallholders’ livelihoods requires much more than just improved maize seed• Generating awareness about improved technologies. Knowledge is power!

• Sustainable intensification (improved varieties + agronomy + policies)

• Buffering farming communities from climate‐induced risks; Agro‐advisory services

• Strengthening linkages to the markets• Policies and incentives for financial institutions to invest better in agriculture and strengthening the value chains

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Thanks to…• Partners in Africa, for tremendous support

• Funding agencies, especially Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, SDC and CRP MAIZE

• CIMMYT colleagues for their commitment to the mission