Challenges in Managing Energy Security of

Pakistan

Under The Supervision of

Dr. Iram Khalid

Submitted by

Unza Nayyab

M Phil International Relations

Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore

Abstract

Energy shortage in Pakistan is one of the major hurdles in economic and social

developments of the states. Due to the short sighted political leadership and very

less establishment of power projects have led the state to huge power shortage

which is not acceptable in this era of economic development and globalized world.

The government needs to establish new projects, strong institutions, Experts‟ think

tanks and involvements of academics to end the energy crisis in Pakistan. Through

these means new power projects can be constructed which will lead to a strong and

prosper Pakistan. The energy sector has been most neglected sector by all the

governments of Pakistan especially after the era of 1960s. Since then no new major

energy production project has been started by both military and civil governments

in Pakistan. The proper management through internal and external measures will

help the state to overcome this energy shortage on long term bases.

Conceptual Framework

Energy has many forms and is an invaluable asset to a country, having far-reaching

effects on its economy, basic infrastructure, trade, and its political wellbeing. It

ranges from thermal sources which include oil, natural gas and fossil fuels like coal

to hydel power and nuclear resources, moreover the potentially more viable ones

such as geo-thermal, wind and solar power. These all are indeed of essential value

for any nation because the energy resources play a central role in the economy of

that state and if economy is strengthened, it ultimately marks the state as self-

sufficient and relatively stronger in world affairs. So securing energy assets is one

of the major priorities to a state in order to maximize her industrial and political

outcomes and to raise her influence in the world (BP Review, 2010). The reason

behind this is that a sufficient amount of well-guarded energy resources is

imperative. So as to keep industries running at optimum capacity and to gain

higher production rate in all industrial affairs which invariably leads to a much

more stable economy. However it is not a matter of access of energy resources and

plain utilization of those resources, as for a state to be a prosperous one it takes

quite more than just that. The actual point is that how effectively a state is using its

energy reservoirs. Economy of any state is directly dependent upon energy supply.

If a state fails in getting the required amount of energy, it has a wide range of

negative impacts that reach far beyond only the economic aspects of the country.

In the world as it is today, energy security is amongst the top agendas of just about

every nation, having a direct effect on a state‟s policy making regarding even

National Security .However it is not a matter of access of energy resources and

plain utilization of those resource, as for a state to be a prosperous one it takes

quite more than just that. The actual point is that how effectively a state is using its

energy reservoirs. (Statistical Review, 2009) The term “energy security” ,

however, has not been clearly defined and different authors have different

standpoints in this regard. Jessica Jewell mentioned the meaning of energy

security.

Definitions of Energy Security

” Energy security is defined as „low vulnerability of vital energy systems “

http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/

A compelling case can then be made about how this uninterrupted and secure

supply of energy and well-maintained reservoirs for future prospects are found to

be somewhat concerning when it comes to our own country, there exists a complex

web of concerns amongst our relative agencies and departments which is now

being vocally addressed as well. A compelling case can then be made about how

this uninterrupted and secure supply of energy and well-maintained reservoirs for

future prospects are found to be somewhat concerning when it comes to our own

country, there exists a complex web of concerns amongst our relative agencies and

departments which is now being vocally addressed as well .This research will

focus on the following research questions.

Research Questions

1-what is the current standard of energy security in Pakistan in accordance with the

global standards?

2- What are the risks posed to the energy security of Pakistan in changing world

scenario?

3- How can Pakistan step up to manage those energy security risks?

Objectives of the research:

To elaborate the fact that energy security management should be top priority

for Pakistan.

To shed light on the imminent and foreseeable threats to Pakistan.

To evaluate the efforts and policies in place being made towards securing

current energy assets and exploring new feasible resources.

Literature Review:

Dr. Abdul Latif in his book entitled “The implementation of energy policy in

Pakistan” is of the view that Pakistan has tried to set up her energy policy from the

very beginning in order to depend less upon imported energy. He very

intellectually examined the major initiatives in Pakistan energy policy and

explored new dynamics. He mentioned that the nuclear power is yet not effectively

used in Pakistan because there are some very wrong assumptions about the

technology transfer, geo political environment and implementer‟s technical

competency and all these factors affect the implementation of nuclear energy

policy. He said that the Kalabagh dam project is still controversial because energy

bureaucracy adopted wrong strategy at wrong time by involving affected interests

when project was in stage of formulation.

The book titled “Pakistan‟s Energy Development: The Road Ahead” by Akhtar Ali

discusses about the technological and strategic energy efficiencies and capabilities

of Pakistan. The author gives a detailed outlook of the gap between supply and

demand in Pakistan. The main focus of the book revolves around the performance

of IPPs and rental power plants as they have the capability to fill the gap but still

there is shortage of electricity in shape of regular load shedding in Pakistan. The

author asked the questions about the efficiency of these IPPs and presents the

suggestions to resolve the issue of load shedding by making these rental plants

resourceful.

The report by Islamabad Policy Research Institute (IPRI) under the title of

“Solution of Energy Crisis in Pakistan” gives an overview of the energy capacity

of Pakistan. The report further gives the different prospects, resources and

capabilities of Pakistan‟s energy sector. The piece then discusses about the

different present resources and their importance for Pakistan‟s energy needs. The

resources discussed in this report are Bio-Energy, Nuclear energy, solar energy,

Hydel Power and Coal power present in the country. The institute has given

complete detail of these resources and gives a structure in which they can be

utilized to end the load shedding.

The research article titled “Pakistan‟s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and

Energy Environmental Links” by Tariq Husain discuss about the present energy

resources in Pakistan and their production and utilizing capabilities with the

environmental issues. The paper further gives and outlook of energy resources and

their usage through the external costs as the reports by European Union and UN

has stated that with the use of external cost, Pakistan can utilize these resources

including nuclear, Hydel, coal, bio gas and solar power and end the energy crisis in

the state.

The research article by Hassan Sheikh Power Management System Using

Renewable Resources for Rural Area discusses the different aspects of production

of the energy resources especially for rural areas. Pakistan has the majority of

population with 63% in the rural areas and they are the back bone of state‟s

economy because of their agricultural products which not only use for feeding the

population but also earn the major share of the state‟s economy through the

exports. Henceforth these areas need new energy resources to run their economical

circle efficiently. The paper gives different suggestions for the production of the

energy resources in the areas ranged from Hydel power to the solar energy.

Energy Security in Pakistan: Historical Perspective

“Let us mobilize all our resources in a systematic and organized way and tackle

the grave issues that confront us with grim determination and discipline worthy of

a great nation.” (Quaid-e-Azam).

Initial Years of Independence

At the time of independence, Pakistan‟s economy was very week to begin with,

and the fact that most of the resources were still untapped didn‟t seem to help

much. There were only 34 industries which came in share of Pakistan‟s

government. In addition, Natural gas was yet to be discovered. In result coal was

all the country relied on at the time and it wasn‟t in abundance either. We can then

almost see a road being paved for the energy crisis that we are confronted with

today. Pakistan was facing water crisis with India. Renala Khurd Power plant,

operational since 1925 and just had capacity of 1.1 MW was working.

http://wajahateducation.blogspot.com/p/essay-energy-crisis-inpakistan-outline-

1.html

By December of 1947 an assessment was made as to tackle and better manage the

power need of what was then essentially an infant state at the time. From that time

on for a decade, The fuel policy of the nation was primarily focused on utilizing

the available oil fields and coal mines in order to increase production of oil and

maximizing the exploration rate of fossil fuels. A turning point then came at the

time of the discovery of natural Gas at Sui in Baluchistan, this opened new doors

for future development in the power sector, exclusively for fuel exploration and the

need to secure energy. However while several policies were being developed, a

well rounded policy on the rate of utilizing untapped gas and coal, on setting prices

for the market, and on the area and purpose of the usage of these resources was

absent till the end of 1955. In the year 1960s, the civil and industrial framework for

energy production was devised mainly by the military. Military used financial

support provided by many countries by keeping in view international fiscal and

economic policies (Zaheer, 2010)

Era of 1970s-1980s

At that time the energy is produced mainly by hydroelectric dams and power

plants. In the year 1970 power consumption in Pakistan increased significantly

which also diverted us in the direction of nuclear power as an energy source with

the establishment of the first nuclear power plant in Karachi. The army continued

the engineering and construction of nuclear power infrastructure (Zaheer, 2010)

The 1990s Decade

In 1994 the prime minister of that time, Benazir Bhutto brought out first program

of conservation of energy in our country to generate 13,000MW and letters of

intent for independent power producers which was one of the most important shift

in diverse energy sources in Pakistan. Despite of the fact that Pakistan‟s coal

reserves have more energy potential than the combined energy potential of the

resources of both Saudi Arabia and Iran and stands at 6th

position having largest

coal reserves in the world. But Pakistan in past failed to explore those resources

due to many factors in Past. (Tipo, 2008).To secure energy resources and to

develop and explore them, the Federal government of Pakistan is responsible,

according to constitution of Pakistan. The federal government is also responsible

for the matters related to mineral oil, minerals required to generate nuclear energy

and natural gas. However matters related to the development of coal and other

minerals are responsibility of provincial government.

Analysis of Energy Crisis and Security in Pakistan

According to international energy agency energy security can be defined as “the

uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price”. Each country

has now placed energy security as crucial to its economic and overall wellbeing.

Considering the changes in international environment at this point which is volatile

to say the least, the issue of energy security is gaining an immense amount value

with each passing day. It is therefore a safe assumption that the future of the world

belongs to those states that succeed in well maintaining the level of their energy

security as it is the utmost requirement for future economic growth and without a

thriving economy, it will be nearly impossible for any country to establish itself as

a leading nation and to safeguard its sovereignty. The world economy has been

relying on oil as a vital element for over a hundred years (Kazmi, 2013)

Oil is directly responsible for about 2.5% of world GDP, supply.. In 2014, oil has

been responsible for providing up to 38% of the energy needs of the planet, and in

the future and it is expected that oil to continue to provide a major component of

the world energy matrix. Developing economies worldwide are based on greater

use of coal for electricity generation and steel production. China, the fastest

growing economy in the world, consumes more coal can be extracted and depends

on imports by sea to improve service. India also has a rapidly growing economy,

and relies on coal imported by sea to support their claims to increase energy.

According to a report published in USA, „Most renewable energy investments are

spent on materials and workmanship to build and maintain the facilities, rather than

on costly energy imports. Renewable energy investments are usually spent within

the United States, frequently in the same state, and often in the same town.

This means your energy dollars stay home to create jobs and fuel local economies,

rather than going overseas”. It shows that renewable energy sources are important

for the local economy of any state and it helps in strengthening the economy. So

exploring new energy assets, maintained of already existed energy resources and

making sure the availability of enough energy reservoirs is very important for the

economy of states, and so it indirectly has high importance for the survival of state.

So energy security should be top most agenda in Pakistan (Shah, 2011)

Pakistan’s Energy Resources

Hydel Power

Pakistan's energy resources currently consist of natural gas, coal, oil, hydropower,

nuclear power and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). According to a report published

by energy foundation Pakistan, hydropower resources in Pakistan are estimated at

more than 60,000 MW. However, the total hydropower generated at present

Pakistan is 6773 MW, representing approximately 31% of total electricity

production in the Pakistan (Bloomberg Business week, 2010)

Natural Gas Capability

Natural gas is produced in all provinces of Pakistan. Total reserves of gas available

are estimated at about 25 trillion cubic feet. The average natural gas production in

2013 was about 1.5 trillion cubic feet. Natural gas is used in electricity generation,

fertilizer production, transport, as fuel in cement production and in industry in

general and for the operation of the plants home weatherization, government,

public buildings and commercial and hot water and household cooking. Pakistan

has coal reserves estimated at over 185 billion tons, 175 million tons of coal

deposits are present in the area of Thar in Sindh province. Thar lignite is of low

quality and poses many problems for mining; therefore, they could not field

development since its discovery in 1980 (Rizi, 2001)

Coal Reservoirs in Pakistan

The coal deposits present in other parts of Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab and KPK

provinces are lignite and sub-bituminous types have long been exploited. Nearly

90% of coal in the country is used by the brick kilns and 10% for energy

production. Most of the coal used in the cement industry is imported from different

countries. The proportion of domestic coal in power generation is less than two

percent. Pakistan is producing crude oil since 1915. Crude oil currently available

reserves are estimated at 371 million barrels which are present mainly in Sindh,

Punjab and KP provinces (Rizvi, 2001)

The Resource of Crude Oil

Crude oil production average in 2013 was 76200 barrels day. The domestic oil

production only meets 20% of demand in the country. To bridge the gap between

supply and demand, crude oil, fuel oil, diesel oil and gasoline / petrol is imported

from the Middle East countries.

Nuclear Power Plants

Three nuclear power plants are working in Pakistan now days. Karachi nuclear

power plant with a capacity of 137 MW was installed in 1971 with Canadian

technical assistance. The Chashma nuclear power plants have been established

with the technical support from China in the year 2000.Two plants were

established with a capacity of 325 MW each plant. Pakistan Atomic Energy

Commission plans to increase the capacity of nuclear energy of 8800 MW by

2030. The current share of nuclear power in total generation capacity of Pakistan is

2.3%.

LGP and Energy Production

LPG is environmentally friendly and fuel economic fossils. LPG is about 0.5% of

the total energy supply in Pakistan. LPG is supplied in bottles in remote areas

where the natural gas network is not available, provides nearly 20% of LPG met

through imports. If we compared the Pakistan‟s capacity of energy generation with

the rest of the world then the situation is not very satisfactory. Pakistan is ranked

35th in the world in annual electricity production measured which is 94.65 billion

kilowatt/hour.

Energy Management in Pakistan: Challenges and Barriers

As Pakistan is facing electricity deficit, so it ultimately has 0% export and ranked

182th in the world. An interesting situation is that Pakistan‟s electricity import is

also nil and she ranked 186th

among other nations, ass per data estimated in 2012,

and published by CIA fact book in 2015. Few challenges which act as hurdle in

Pakistan electricity imports from central Asian states are that electricity can be

imported into the summer, the internal problems between the upstream countries

(Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) and downstream countries (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

and Turkmenistan) on the construction of dams and water flow huge transmission

line investment of over $ 2 billion and the Chinese factor. A plan to import up to

4,000 megawatts of electricity from the other side of the eastern border of Pakistan

to overcome the energy deficit has stagnated due to growing extremist sentiments

in India during Narendra Modi‟s rule. Pakistan‟s crude oil production is 61,660

bbl/day, and Pakistan is at 58th number in the world. Refined petroleum production

in Pakistan is 210,100 bbl/day and its is not better that crude oil production and

Pakistan ranked 52 among other nations of the world. With production of 39.15

billion cu m natural gas , Pakistan is at number 23rd

in the world. So in terms of

energy production Pakistan is in worst situation when compared to the rest of the

world (Tariq, 2010)

Challenges to Economic Growth and Energy Shortage of Pakistan

Sui Gas and Issue of Balochistan Instability

Energy is vital for sustained economic growth and development element, energy

consumption is used as a key indicator of people's living standards. Because of

technological and industrial development, energy demand in Pakistan is increased

in recent years. Pakistan is fulfilling 80% of its resources through imports although

there are a variety of minerals, metals, and coal mines resources in Pakistan. With

the decline in energy production and the lack of availability of required energy

resources, industries will face difficulties in the future; Therefore, it is important

that the energy requirements must be followed to reduce energy shortages and

rescue industries facing any crisis. Baluchistan‟s geo-strategic location also makes

it an important nexus in transnational supply of gas to and from Pakistan. Sui gas

field is a natural gas field in Pakistan and it is declared largest in Baluchistan.

Sui gas field accounts for 26% of gas production in Pakistan. The remaining

reserves are estimated at about 800 million cubic feet (TCF) and the daily output is

about 660 million cubic feet (19 million m3) of natural gas. Apart of terrorism,

now Pakistan is also a victim one but not very strong, but this secessionist

movement. Baloch nationalist militant secessionist movement led by some leaders

of Balochistan in order to establish independent Balochistan has been the major

issue for Pakistan government. This and some other militants attack gas fields

passing from Balochistan, This issue is a indirect threat to the energy security of

Pakistan. Not only it affects gas, supply in the country but it can also affect

foreign investment. There are total 230 attacks on gaspipelines in Balochistan since

last 10 years. These nationalist movements are need to be tackled wisely as they

can be fear to the two important international pipeline projects of future , IP and

TAPI passing from Balochistan. Sui Northern Gas Pipeline Limited has 4.7 million

domestic consumers, commercial, industrial and CNG that fed through a common

distribution network. In an average grade each year, the demand for gas increases

from 40 meters to 50 million cubic feet per day (GFCM) during the summer and 80

to 100 million cubic feet during winters. there is no considerable increase in the

input of small fields due to depletion major gas fields supplying gas to SNGPL

system. Excluding domestic and commercial sectors, this gap is filled by the

restriction of gas supply to other sectors, including energy, industry, agriculture

and CNG gas leads to unexpected Load Shedding in Pakistan (Upstream, 2010)

Hydel Power and Issue of Kalabagh Dam

There is not a single large dam has been construct in Pakistan since 1972, while

India was producing 86,000 megawatts of electricity. Kalabagh, Bhasha and Dasu

dams are delayed by many factors. Hydel power‟s future in Pakistan is threatening

in Pakistan and if immediately any big project would not be completed, it will bet

fatal. Kalabagh dam ,if completed, it will have an installed capacity of 2400 MW

and 3600 MW. Water and Power Development Authority Pakistan believes that the

electricity produced annually in Kalabagh will be 20 million oil equivalent barrels

of fuel that would otherwise be required to produce thermal power. Tarbela other

energy infrastructure and has begun to show their age and the repairs are not made

successfully. Poor maintenance led to leaks and opposing the Kalabagh dam losses.

While other Mainly Sindh and KPK have concerns regarding this project, mainly

due to trust deficit problems. The project is not only considered unnecessary over

there, but there is a debate on the serious environmental impacts and the rights of

this building dam. KPK opposed Kalabagh Because it will lead to the displacement

of large numbers of people .In addition, it is believed that Nowshera city home

2000.000 people can get seriously threatened by flooding because it is located on

the Kabul River. Secondly to comment, desertification be a major problem in

Sindh who constantly felt threatened to Punjab and refuse to trust the entire

province. In their view waters of the Indus River, in case of construction of

Kalabagh dam project, will be just remain fulfilling the demands of Punjab (Ali,

2010)

These fears are based on past experience of the operation of Taunsa-Punjnad and

Chashma-Jehlum canal. In the national debate, it is necessary to address the

concerns of Sindh and KPK based on scientific studies of the project. Pakistan a

few years ago used to get half of its electricity from the remaining Hydel and

thermal energy production. However, there is a limit to the extent of the

exploitation of hydropower resources and power plants due to environmental and

other concerns. Terms of overcoming the energy crisis are manifold. To meet the

challenge, it is urgent to go to alternative energy sources. Some people suggest that

the gas in coal conversion processes in the basement of the product can be a good

source of alternative energy. Technically this process is called as underground coal

classification. Through this underground coal deposit is treated with controlled

fire. Gradually, coal is converted into gas.

Thar Coal Reservoirs and Extracting Capability of Pakistan

There are the biggest coal reserves in Thar in Pakistan., plans to exploit coal

resources in Pakistan through some systematic approach, taken no success so far.

Any initiative to develop and exploit the coal resources of Pakistan, in the absence

of an overall strategic plan is doomed to failure. There are many political and

economic issues related to nuclear energy on the old security plan Pakistan.

Nuclear Capability

Planning Commission energy projects 8,000 MW of nuclear capacity installed by

the status of nuclear weapons has not been raised in 2030.Pakistan politically.

Questions concerns and fully accepted from any terrorist attack against nuclear

installations and seize nuclear weapons and therefore somehow fundamentals

denuclearize Pakistan. Having many nuclear power plants are created can make

vulnerable Pakistan political pressure and non- proliferation.

Management of Energy Security crisis in Pakistan:

Before anything else Pakistan requires substantial investments in power generation

and related Infrastructure. However, plans to be implemented would have to be in

correspondence to the dynamics of energy management and security in the current

world, which should have a direct positive impact on supply and price.

Furthermore, not only is Pakistan is an inefficient electricity producer, but to our

misfortune is also a rather inadequate country in its utilization of energy when it

comes to maximizing productivity. In order to accomplish this seemingly gigantic

task, that is managing energy security risks, it is monumental to understand the

whole mechanics of technological innovation, which shall then lead us towards

coping with the increase in the world's energy prices with all its fluctuations and

complications and then to its effects on our own policies regarding the addressed

issue.

The holy grail of all purposed management solutions and suggestions is however,

“the research into renewable sources of energy” such as solar and wind power

which although are not expected to provide significant relief and must be seen as

supplement "because they are available 24/7 and are expensive anyway, this

however should not deter us into investing in using and developing a system to

make them feasible as they have critical potential in the face of our unreasonable

reliance on the already depleting coal and oil, and hydel power which has political

interferences in addition to the lack of dam projects that have been delayed time

and time again.

So I find that while regional energy networks carry a certain appeal, Pakistan failed

to capitalize on these effectively owing to its political defects and limitations and

lack of preparation towards the gas pipelines.

Private Power Generating Plants

Pakistan has been generating the energy and electricity from the Private plants or

IPPs since the government of Benazir Bhutto in 1990s. These private sectors and

companies are given the major share of energy production in Pakistan. The plants

imported from different states like UAE, Turkey and other Middle Eastern states

are producing and supplying the energy according to needs of Pakistan. The

management issues came as hurdle when the payment to these sectors are halted or

delayed by the governments. In the result the production is reduced and the gap

between demand and supply increased resulted in major breakouts across the

country. Pakistan needs to establish a proper infrastructure to deal with these

power producing entities. Through proper management and regular payments can

led to the decrease in power shortage and load shedding.

http://www.ntdc.com.pk/CurrentProjects.php

Hydel Power Capabilities

Pakistan has one of the biggest and structured canal systems in the world. These

Hydel capabilities have been utilized by the state through construction of major

dams like Mangla and Tarbela. Along with that numerous small dams and barrages

have been established for the energy production but the management crisis and no

new Hydel construction has led to the power shortage in Pakistan. The lack of

understanding among the provinces of Pakistan and self interests of political

leadership has refrained Pakistan to construct new dams and utilize the Hydel

power for energy generation. The political leadership understanding and decisions

for benefits of masses need to be established for the future of Pakistan.

Solar Power Production

Solar Energy is considered to be the cheapest in electricity production means.

Pakistan holds the vital environmental advantages for the production of solar

power plants. The areas of Southern Pakistan like South Punjab, Sindh and

numbers of areas of Balochistan can be utilized for this method. A solar power

plant has been established by current government in Bahawalpur but there is an

urgent need of construction of this kind of plants across the country.

http://www.pakssolarpower.com/projects.html

Institutional Management in Pakistan

The institutions and their lack of understanding, professionalism and proper

infrastructure can help Pakistan immensely for the energy production. The

corrupted and short sighted political leadership bureaucratic establishment is the

major reasons for the electricity shortage in the country. With strong institutions

and regular check and balance will most certainly make the country‟s energy

production better and efficient. The strong institutions will play a key role in

managing the energy shortage and further production of energy means.

Think Tanks and Academic Involvement

Pakistan government needs to establish the think tanks for studies and

establishments of new energy resources. A body based on experts of energy,

electricity and other energy resources will certainly help in evaluating the energy

capabilities of the state. Furthermore the involvement of academics which are the

authorities on the subject need to be taken in the loop by governments for

generating the expert opinion and methods for dealing with the energy shortage in

Pakistan.

Summary:

Management of energy resources is undoubtedly one of the major issues being

raised in the current world scenario. More importantly however, it is a matter that

warrants Pakistan‟s urgent attention. In essence, the effects of poor energy security

management are catastrophic to every pressure point of Pakistan such as economy,

infrastructure, political status and the technological development, which is why I

have argued for it to be made a top priority for this country . Recent years and

months have seen increasing attention being paid to the issue of energy security all

around the Globe. There are a various concerns and fears behind this such as the

rapid consumption of oil and other fossil fuels like peak oil and coal. Studies have

been indicating for years that a worldwide depletion of these resources is nothing

but inevitable at this rate .Pakistan, now more than ever needs to shift its priorities

and focus on energy security not only to protect and secure its industrial and

economical wellbeing but to maintain toe-to-toe with leading nations. Whilst we

keep relying on primary modes of resources such as Oil, Coal, Hydro-electric

power, sources which all statics indicate are depleting at an ever so rapid rate.

Owing to the substantially poor state of our energy conservation programs and

sloppy policy making procedures I doubt that the future holds any promises for

Pakistan‟s Energy security to hold up to its supposed role which is keeping the

modern economy up and running and fend us any vulnerabilities pertaining to

National Security. Thus legging far behind in this age of conflicts over power

resources, propelling wars and tension all around the world, Pakistan needs to stop

crawling and start running towards renewable energy resources and cheap power

plans, which would require us to free ourselves from the chains of debt, political

notoriety, and corrupt contractors.

Findings

Energy is the basic source of economic progress of any state of the world

whereas Pakistan is lacking behind in the field immensely

Due to the shortsightedness of political and military rulers the mega power

projects has not been established in Pakistan since 1960s

Lack of experts and proper structure has led to the major power shortcoming

in Pakistan

The governments have only work on the projects which are short termed and

mainly self-interested

The lack of harmony among the provinces of Pakistan has become the major

reason of no new power project establishment in the country

Lack of understanding at social level regarding energy security and

management is one of the major reasons of the energy crisis in Pakistan

The role of academic is very less in the study of management of energy

security in Pakistan

Suggestions

Solar energy one of the most obviously feasible energy resource on planet

and carries tremendous amount of potential of Pakistan.

Fortunately Pakistan receives high levels of solar radiation all year round.

Solar energy is at our disposal at a rate of 1,000 watts per square meter. It

can be converted to electricity with the help of photovoltaic cells that could

be used to cater to most industrial and domestic needs directly during

daytime.

The energy conserved during the day can then be put to use at night using

specific cells to power all sorts of appliances on a domestic level which will

serve to relieve some pressure off of our current hydro-electric plants.

The exiting prospect of optimizing and regulating our use of solar power is

that this can open doors to establishing a market that will attract business

investments if the government devices favorable policies to interest investors

in further progress of projects regarding harnessing solar

energy.(Noor,2011).

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth. It's clean and sustainable.

Geothermal energy is now currently being looked at as one of the most

sophisticated and eco-friendly sources of energy.. Luckily, Pakistan

possesses ample potential concerning geothermal energy and technically can

utilize as an alternate source, given that we are economically equipped for

such investment. Geothermal reservoirs were detected and identified ages

ago in the northern areas of Pakistan; however any subsequent efforts

towards tapping these reservoirs are practically non-existent.

Biogas typically refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the

breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Pakistan typically is

a nation that can be said to have just about most of its population as rural.

Given the enormous count of animals which provide about 652 million kg of

manure daily from cattle and buffalo this alone is more than enough to

produce as much as 16.3 million m3 biogas per day and 21 million tons of

bio fertilizer per year. Installing biogas plants in order to adequately tackle

our energy crisis may not then be such a bad idea. Especially, as they require

a small sum in comparison to coal or hydel sources in order to be viable

sources of energy. Large investments are certainly not an object in this case.

So, it is safe to say that a national policy to facilitate farmers in this regard is

in need.

Conclusion:

My Idea of the management of energy security in Pakistan in the current world

scenario along with the evaluation of the provided facts and opinions is one that

admittedly consists of sheer concern regarding the ghastly challenges that we are

up against. Knowing that the world is at war out of terror of the inevitable

depletion of fossil fuels and traditional modes of energy resources, I find myself

appalled at the utter disregard of Pakistan towards channeling its resources in

exploring new more feasible ways to conserve and in turn secure its energy assets.

Which can be accomplished by switching our priorities towards finding out ways

to harness renewable ,cleaner, readily available, and in the long run much more

sustainable and cheaper. As faulted as our political system maybe, we can no

longer stand to be blind to our energy security concerns that are being lost in the

echoes of our constant state of turmoil over terrorism and various stigmas

surrounding our system. Nevertheless; I see hope in the fact that this issue is now

being more vocally addressed than ever and in that new horizons opening wide in

shape of pending projects and collaborations en route with other countries that

share the same concerns as ours. Efforts are indeed being made towards creating a

more stable supply of energy, and it is now only a matter of time till we see a fine

change in pace towards managing our energy security.

References

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Statsitcal Review. (2009). Energy Consumption in the World. BP: Washington DC

http://www.iea.org/topics/energysecurity/

Latif, Abdul. (2000) The implementation of energy policy in Pakistan. Royal Book

Company: Lahore

Ali, Akhtar. (2010). Pakistan’s Energy Development: The Road Ahead. RBC:

Lahore

IPRI. (2009). Solution of Energy Crisis in Pakistan. IPRI: Islamabad

Shiekh, Hussain. (2010). Power Management System Using Renewable Resources

for Rural Area. Journal of University of Gujrat

Husain, Tariq. (2010). Pakistan‟s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and

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The journal of Economics. 1

http://wajahateducation.blogspot.com/p/essay-energy-crisis-inpakistan-outline-

1.html

Kissana, Zaheer. (2010). History of Energy Crisis From 1947-2010. SCRIBD.

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