challenges for marine protected areas - blue...
TRANSCRIPT
Page 1
Challenges for Marine Protected Areas
Vilm Seminar „Biodiversity Conservation for Human Wellbeing“
4 August 2015
- and examples for addressing them
Page 2
Agenda
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
1. Threats to marine and coastal biodiversity
2. What are MPAs?
• Marine vs terrestrial ecosystems and management implications
• CBD strategic plan for biodiversity
3. Challenges in regard to…
• …identification
• …designation
• …management
4. Conclusion and recommendations
Page 3
1. Threats to marine and coastal biodiversity
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Land use change and habitat loss
• Unsustainable fishing
• Eutrophication and pollution
• Climate change
MPAs as one tool to address these threats
Source: Reuters
© C Furlong/Getty Images
© M Potenski
© L Hislop
Page 4 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• IUCN: “A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and
managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-
term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and
cultural values”
• FAO: „any marine geographical area that is afforded greater protection
than the surrounding waters for biodiversity conservation or fisheries
management purposes will be considered an MPA“
2. What are MPAs?
© Rebecca Weeks | Marine Photobank
Page 5 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
As of August 2014,
Source: UNEP-WCMC
Protected areas cover 3.41% of the oceans
Page 6 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Aichi target 11: “By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland
water, and
Marine vs terrestrial ecosystems
Source: Secretariat of the CBD (2014),
Global Biodiversity Outlook 4,
Page 7 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
Multi-dimensionality and connectivity
• Third dimension: changes in species distribution in
water column
• Very large scale over which marine connectivity occurs
Currents and tides
• Surrounding /„up-current“ influences from tides & currents
• More “open” systems: more exchange, influence by e.g.
up-stream pollution
Uncertainty
• More complex: wider diversity of niches and greater
number of trophic levels
• Logistical problems of observing and studying marine
environments; high costs
Marine vs terrestrial ecosystems
© J Ziegler
callmeoverfished.wordpress.com
speakupforblue.com
Page 8 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
Property rights
• Less distinct boundaries; poorly defined rights of access and use
• Marine activities largely regulated on sectoral basis, i.e. different
authorities
Enforcement and management
• Multiple access points
• „Innocent passage“ afforded to all vessels (UNCLOS)
• Detection of illegal/ unregulated activities and their impacts
Marine vs terrestrial ecosystems
Page 9 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Aichi target 11: “By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland
water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of
particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, are
conserved through effectively and equitably managed, ecologically
representative and well connected systems of protected areas and other
effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the
wider landscapes and seascapes.”
Upcoming:
• Sustainable Development Goal 14: „Conserve and sustainably use the
oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development”
CBD Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020
Page 10 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
Biodiversity Hotspots
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“…especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
services…”
• Not only focus on biodiversity hotspots but also ecosystem services
hotspots
• Data on marine ecosystems and ecosystem services and how well
current MPAs protect these
Need for selection criteria
• Data collection is expensive and time consuming
Precautionary approach
3.1. Identification of MPAs
risksense.org
Page 12 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Developed & maintained by students of the University of Pernambuco
• Objectives:
• Improve access to information
• Collect sound information for MPA management plan
• Identify knowledge gaps
• Connect researchers based at geographically distant institutions
• Impacts:
• Up-scaling: new online libraries in/for other MPAs in Brazil
• Reserve known across the region and beyond
https://sites.google.com/site/bibliotecavirtualdaresex/
http://www.panorama.solutions/content/line-library-marine-extractive-reserve-brazilian-northeast-0
Online library of the Acaú-Goiana Extractive Reserve , Brazil
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Objectives of an MPA as defined by IUCN per category
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Conserve outstanding ecosystems, species and/or geodiversity features
• Protect long-term ecological integrity of natural areas
• Protect natural biodiversity, underlying ecological structure and support
environmental processes, promote education and recreation
• Protect specific outstanding natural features and associated biodiversity
and habitats
• Maintain, conserve and restore species and habitats
• Protect and sustain important seascapes, associated nature
conservation and other values created by interactions with humans
through traditional management practices
• Protect natural ecosystems and use natural resources sustainably
Page 14 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Setting the goals – What is the primary objective of the MPA?
Determine optimum size, number and location of MPAs
„… ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and
other area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes.“
• MPA networks
A group of individual sites is not yet a network!
Systems or networks of MPAs over large regions or
between nations
3.2. Designation of MPAs
R Abesamis
Page 15
Lauru Ridges to Reefs Protected Area Network
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• First locally-managed marine area network in Melanesia
• Established in a community-led process and based on
master conservation plan; full ownership by local
communities
• Impacts:
• Stocks of commercial species noticeably recovered
• Alternative livelihood options (ecotourism) generated revenues
• Conservation priorities improve stakeholders bargaining power
when negotiating with mining companies and national
government
• Better knowledge of natural and cultural resources
http://www.panorama.solutions/content/lauru-ridges-reefs-
protected-area-network-lauru-pan
© James Hardcastle
© Jimmy Kereseka
Page 16 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Setting the goals – What is the primary objective of the MPA?
Determine optimum size, number and location of MPAs
„… ecologically representative and well connected systems of protected areas and
other area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes.“
• Three designs most commonly used: small single area, large single area or
network of areas
• MPA networks
A group of individual sites is not yet a network!
Systems or networks of MPAs over large regions or between nations
• Who pays? – Sustainable, long-term financing is essential
3.2. Designation of MPAs
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Conservation Trust Fund for Sustainable
Financing of MPAs
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Public-private partnership between CONANP and the
Mexican Fund for the Conservation of Nature (FMCN)
which supports basic operation of MPA with the revenue
from the trust
• Impacts:
• Close collaboration for 17 years in this PPP that is considered highly
successful
• Collaboration is expanding to the fisheries sector
http://www.panorama.solutions/content/conservation-trust-fund-sustainable-financing-mpas
© FMCN
Page 18 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
Categories
© K Kiefer
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
(HIMI) Marine Reserve
Page 19 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
Wilderness.net
Aleutian Islands Wilderness
Categories
Page 20 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
• II National Park
Bonaire National Marine Park
(BNMP)
Categories
Page 21 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
• II National Park
• III Natural Monument or Feature
Papahānaumokuākea Marine
National Monument
© papahanaumokuakea.gov
Categories
Page 22 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
• II National Park
• III Natural Monument or Feature
• IV Habitat/Species Management Area
© papahanaumokuakea.gov
Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
© IUCN
Categories
Page 23 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary management objective which
should apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
• II National Park
• III Natural Monument or Feature
• IV Habitat/Species Management Area
• V Protected Landscape/Seascape
© papahanaumokuakea.gov
© parks.it
Area naturale Baia di Ieranto
Categories
Page 24 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Different categories based on primary
management objective which should
apply to min 75% of the area:
• Ia Strict Nature Reserve
• Ib Wilderness Area
• II National Park
• III Natural Monument or Feature
• IV Habitat/Species Management
Area
• V Protected Landscape/Seascape
• VI Protected Area with sustainable
use of natural resources
© papahanaumokuakea.gov
gbrmpa.gov.au
Categories
Page 25 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
Page 26 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
© Fish et al (2004)
Page 27 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
„… effectively and equitably managed…“
Management Plan - Avoid another paper park
• Primary objective of MPA
• Regulations: quotas, equipment restrictions, licenses & permits, …
• Enforcement
• Monitoring
• Governance
• …
3.3. Management of MPAs
Page 28 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
Governance
• Use of marine resources governed by different laws and regulations
• MPAs overlap multiple jurisdictions and involve multiple management
partners with different responsibilities
• Need to
• Effectively coordinate multiple jurisdictions
• Establish a more coordinated program of
management, assistance, and
information-sharing
• Public engagement in MPA planning is vital to
achieving conservation goals
3.4. Management of MPAs
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Management Committees for participatory MPA
management
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Participative processes for establishment and zoning of an MPA,
involving local fishermen in its creation and categorization
• Impacts
• Fishermen are active partner for current
management through the Management
Committee
• Fishermen themselves contribute to control
and surveillance
• Reduced conflicts at the local level
• More sustainable use of marine resources
http://www.panorama.solutions/content/management-committees-participatory-mpa-management
Page 30
Excursion: Protecting biodiversity of the High Sea
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Government representatives agreed to launch a formal preparatory process
for a global and legally-binding instrument for the conservation and
sustainable use of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction
under UNCLOS
• Formal preparatory committee starts in early 2016
Designation of a global system of MPAs
Mainstreaming biodiversity conservation into the governance of high seas
fisheries, shipping and seabed mining
Providing for more effective access to marine genetic resources
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Excursion: EBSAs
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• CBD process to identify most ecologically and biologically important ocean
areas
• Identification based on 7 scientific criteria
• Encouragement of CBD to cooperate to identify and adopt appropriate
measures for conservation and sustainable use (e.g. establishing MPA
networks)
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Excursion: EBSAs
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
= Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas
• CBD process to identify most ecologically and biologically important ocean
areas
• Identification based on 7 scientific criteria
• Encouragement of CBD to cooperate to identify and adopt appropriate
measures for conservation and sustainable use (e.g. establishing MPA
networks)
Source: CBD
Page 33 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• CBD provides an international framework
• But…
even if 10% are protected, 90% are not
“How inappropriate to call this planet
Earth when it is quite clearly Ocean.”
Arthur C. Clarke
4. Conclusion and recommendations
Page 34 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Five factors for effective protection (Edgar et al., 2014):
1) Full protection
2) Enforcement of protection
3) Age greater than 10 years
4) Size more than 100km2
5) Isolation
4. Conclusion and recommendations
Edgar et al. 2014
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4. Conclusion and recommendations
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Increase area covered fully protected
• Ensure management effectiveness of all MPAs
• Increase number of MPA networks
• Integrate MPAs into broader seascape and landscape
• Target protection of both biodiversity and ecosystem services
• Recognise MPAs as solutions for climate change adaptation, mitigation
and DRR, and include them in relevant international conventions and
strategies
• Detect and prevent IUU with focus on MPAs
© L Hislop
© L Hislop
Page 36 Blue Solutions 13 August 2015
• Use new technology, social media and learning networks
• Develop innovative partnerships
• Secure new long-term funding
• Harness business and private sector
• Share data
• Integrate MPAs as a conservation measure into broader area
management plans
Marine Spatial Planning
4. Conclusion and recommendations
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4. Conclusion and recommendations
Blue Solutions 13 August 2015