Challenges and opportunities

for canola production

in Brazil and Paraguay

G.O. Tomm. Ph.D. (www.embrapa.br)

J.L. de Almeida (www.agraria.com.br)

M.Carrafa, C.T. Riffel (www.setrem.com.br)

A.Easton (www.pacificseeds.com.au)

S.Di Paolo (www.advantasemillas.com.ar)

N. Österlein (www.cw.com.py)

Canola at low latitudes: Tropical and Subtropical regions

55º

55º

0º

35º

35º

Primavera do Leste, MT: 15o33’32” Altitude >600 m

Goiás 17º

RS 33º

Paraíba: 6o58’12” Altitude >600 m

Traditional canola development areas

Available area for

expanding grain

production

90 million ha

=

(220 million acres) out of the total Savanna´s area

of 204 million ha

v

Cercospora spp.

Up 80% losses

Diplodia spp.

Micotoxins

Dead

root

Ponta da

raíz

Rápido

crescimento

da raíz

No-tillage pore

Wheat

root

yr 2000

1200 kg/ha.

53 bu/ac

yr 2005

1500 kg/ha.

66 bu/ac

yr 2010

1800 kg/ha.

79 bu/ac

yr 2014

2000 kg/ha.

88 bu/ac

PARAGUAY

1,000 ha*2.47 = acres

Grain yield (kg/ha) Harvested area (ha)

Production (tonnes)

Years Area (ha*2.47=acres) Grain yield

1980-1997 11,400 ha 906 kg/ha (40 bu/acre)

2002-2007 32,300 ha 1,656 kg/ha (73 bu/acre)

2014 49,730 ha 2,500 kg/ha (110 bu/acre)

BRAZIL

Canola

Maize

Spring wheat

SUMMER (October-March): maize, soybean

COLDER SEASON (March-September):

Winter

Spring, from the Northern Hemisphere

HYOLA, Spring hybrids,

from the Southern Hemispere

Passo Fundo:

Lat. 28° 15' 46‘

Long. 52° 24' 24'‘

Altitude 687 m

TROPICAL

all 12 months

have mean temp.

above 18 °C

(64.4 °F).

BRAZIL

Paraguay

TROPICAL Latitudes >23o26’,

All 12 months mean temp.

>18 °C (64.4 °F),

DECREASING ppt

Hybrid cycle <100 days

SUBTROPICAL COLDER REGIONS

1,800 mm ppt/yr (70’)

Blackleg,

Alternaria spp,

Xanthomonas sp

Seeding

Seeding

March 1 - May 30

Seeding

Feb. 15 - March 15

Emergence: April 10

Rainfall: May 351 mm (13.8“)

June 395 mm (15.6”)

Total 746 mm (29.4”)

Photo on July 19, 2013

Town: Cascavel, PR;

Hybrid: Hyola 571

Frost damage from air temperatures as low as -16oC,

year 2007 (Lat. 28° 30' 44''; Alt. 971m), Vacaria, RS

Regrowth

Following

frosts

Uneven

maturation

Harvest

Morenay, Paraguay, Lat. 26o 53’31”, Long. 55o 51’ 10” W, Altitude 241 m; August 8th

FROST/competitiveness:

Canola x Maize 100% loss Little damage

Only 95 mm rainfall, at Latitude 21o

Hibrid

Emergence to start of

flowering

Duration of

flowering

Emergence to

maturation

TKW Grain yield

(days) (days) (days) (g) (kg/ha) Hyola 401 40 D 41 B 97 C 4.2 1589 Hyola 420 61 B 33 C 116 B 4.2 1679 Hyola 43 44 C 52 A 116 B 3.8 1217 Hyola 60 66 A 33 C 125 A 3.7 1213 Mean 53 40 114 3.9 1424

Maracaju, MS, Lat. 21o 78’ 02”, , Altitude 470 m Sown Abril 10

Death of plant apices due to

temperatures of up to 40oC + water stress

August 10

Wheat x canola

Lat. 22º57’45” S,

altitude 464 m

Hyola 401 I 4403 Hyola 60

Hybrid Flowering

period (days)

Cycle (days)

Plant height (cm)

Grain yield (t/ha)

Hyola 43 34 ab 106 c 130 abc 1.517 a

Hyola 60 29 ab 113 a 122 c 1.494 b

Hyola 61 26 b 94 d 128 bc 1.811 a

Hyola 401 23 c 90 g 109 d 1.559 a

Hyola 432 37 a 106 c 137 ab 1.690 a

I 4403 30 ab 113 a 128 bc 2.085 a

H 4722 27 ab 92 e 129 abc 2.196 a

H 4815 24 b 91 f 129 abc 2.268 a

H4816 29 ab 91 f 130 abc 2.074 a

Canola at Latitude 6º58’12’’ Areia-PB (Long. 35º 42’ 15’’; Altitude 619 m), soil LVA

Emergence: July 25.

Source: T.A.F. DE SOUZA; ROBERTO W.C. RAPOSO, JOÃO T. L.LIVEIRA, 2007

Canola at Latitude 2º49’11’’ , Altitude 85 m Boa Vista, RR (Long. 60º 40’ 24’’.) >> NO GRAIN

Brassica sylvestris (3 genes) > POLIGENIC RESISTANCE

Characterístics1

Hybrid Hyola 401 Hyola 61 Hyola 433 Hyola 50 Hyola 76 Hyola 571CL Hyola 575CL

Duration of

flowering

(days)

19-33

28-52

28-73

26-63

24-62

25-72

35-69

Emergence to

maturation

(days)

107-135

123-155

120-150

116-154

120-164

103-158

123-158

Cycle Very

Short

Medium

Short

Medium

Long

Short

Short

Blackleg3:

Class of

resistance

Suscept

ible

Moderate

Resistant

Resistant

Blackleg3:

Group of

Genes

-- C? D, E A, D A, D B, F? B, F

3AUSTRALIA, GRDC 2008-2014 Blackleg Management Guide Fact Sheet. Presentation of Andrew Easton at SLAC 2014.

Characteristics of hybrids deployed in Brazil and Paraguay

Blackleg

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Lat. 13º 40’ 31’’

Alt. 572 m (C.N.P, MT )

Bacteria Xanthomonas

campestris pv. campestris

Alternaria brassicae, A. raphani e A. alternata

Herbicide tolerance traits of commercial canola

cultivars and correspondent companies

currently breeding for them in Australia.

Company

Trait

Conventional TT RR CL

Pacific Seeds X X X X

Pioneer X X

Nuseed X X Only for specialty oils

Bayer X

Cargill X X Only for specialty oils

Dow X

NPZ X X

CONCLUSIONS Based on the best of our current knowledge:

• Relevant genetic variability for tolerance to strong frosts

is unknown and unlikely since we are unaware of

environments which would impose such selection pressure;

• Screening germplasm for diseases that are causing

increasing losses in commercial canola production in BR

and PY such as Bacteriosis and Alternaria spp. are the

highest priority in cultivar development for canola

production in Brazil and Paraguay;

CONCLUSIONS

• The continuation of current introduction of canola

hybrids with diverse sets of Blackleg resistance

genes, selected under strong selection pressure

to the broadest range of Blackleg types, such as

those ongoing in Australia, along with restrictions

to the introduction and use of susceptible cultivars

in BR and PY likely will avoid losses and costs

associated the control of this disease, especially

while the canola cropping area is relatively small

(<200,000 ha);

CONCLUSIONS

• Availability of germplasm and commercial cultivars that fit

in the two-crops-a-year cropping systems, and

environmental conditions of latitudes lower than 24

degrees South (“Tropical canola”) is limited. It is more likely

to be found in cultivars developed during the colder months

and short-day environments of the Southern Hemisphere,

as those of Australia. The identification of suitable

genotypes requires testing genotypes in the target regions,

since they provide the best conditions for the expression of

the differences and characterization of suitable genotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

•Development of canola cultivars and management

technologies suitable for subtropical and tropical

grain production environments can be decisive for a major expansion of this oilseed´s cropping area

to non-traditional regions of the world.

•Increases in canola production could expand human

consumption of its oil in domestic markets and meet

part of the requests of companies interested in

sourcing large amounts of canola oil for biodiesel

production, mainly in Europe.

Gilberto Omar Tomm

gilberto.tomm@.embrapa.br

Thank you very much