chaitanyarearrangements: classification and general mechanistic treatment of nucleophilic, free...

CHAITANYA

(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) (Approved u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956 by MHRD Govt. of India)

HANAMKONDA, WARANGAL URBAN, TELANGANA STATE-506 001

Ph. D. / M.Phil. Eligibility Test-2020 - TEST PATTERN

The Eligibility Test is of 90 minutes duration and the question paper consists of 100 objective

(multiple choice only) type questions. The Test has two parts -- Part-A and Part-B.

o Part-A contains 50 questions from Research Methodology (common to all subjects).

o Part-B contains 50 questions from the specific subject.

The eligibility test consists of any three or four varieties of objective type items such as

analogies, classification, matching, comprehension of a research study / experiment / theoretical

point of view, etc., with multiple answers besides the usual multiple choice items. The items

appear from the syllabus of the Eligibility Test only.

Maximum marks: 100 marks

Nature of the Test: Objective type with multiple-choice questions.

The Medium of the Test: English

SYLLABUS FOR P.hD./M.Phil. ELIGIBILITY TEST

BIOCHEMISTRY

PART-A Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in

Research, Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research

Methods versus Methodology.

Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem, Necessity

of defining the Problem.

Research Design: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a Good

Design. Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps

in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.

PART-B

Unit 1: Statistics and Quantitative Problems in Biochemistry Measures Of Central Tendency – Mean, Median And Mode Of Grouped Data, Variance, Standard

Deviation, Standard Error, Graphical Representation Of Data, Correlation And Regression

Probability In Biology, Normal, Binomial, Poisson Distribution. Student’s T-Test, Chi-Square

Test. Aqueous Solutions (Molarity, Molality And Normality), Acid And Bases, Buffers,

Calculation Of Equilibrium Constants, Oxidation and Reduction Reactions, Radioactivity

(Specific Activity Half Life And Isotope Dilution And Dual Labeling) And Beer Lamberts Laws.

Enzyme Units and Specific Activity Of Enzymes, Km And Vmax, Enzyme Inhibitors.

Unit 2 : Biochemical Techniques And Bioinformatics Principles, Instrumentation and Applications Of VIS, UV Fluorescence Spectroscopy.

Separation Methods: Chromatography And Electrophoresis; Principles And Applications Of

Different Types Of Chromatography (Partition, Adsorption, Ion Ex Change, Affinity Etc.,).

Instrumentation And Applications Of HPLC, GC, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy And MS

(MALDI-TOF). Principle And Applications Of Electrophoresis. Agarose and SDSPAGE. Disc

Gel Electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing, 2D Electrophoresis, Capillary Electrophoresis And

PFGE. DNA Sequencing And Transfer Techniques.

Use Of Databases; Data Mining, DNA Sequence Databases, Protein Sequence And Structure

Databases, Comparing DNA Sequences, Alignment, Multiple Sequence Alignments, Clustalw.

Genomics; HUGO & HGP; Strategies For Sequencing Genomes, Shotgun Sequencing, Physical

Maps, Ests And Hierarchical Sequencing Micro-Arrays For Sequencing And Resequencing,

Snps And Human Disease.

Proteomics: Comparing Protein Sequences, Alignment, Predicting Secondary Structure –

AbInitio,Homology Folding, Threading. MS

Unit 3 : Cell Biology And Biomolecules Cell Division And Cell Cycle, Fundamental Aspects Of Cell Culture, Apoptosis, Stem Cells And

Their Medical Applications, Discovery Of Oncogenes, Proto-Oncogenes, Discovery Of Tumor

Suppressor Genes.

Cell Communication And Type Of Signaling Molecules (Hydrophobic And Hydrophilic), Types

Of Receptors And Their Structures, Second Messengers – Ca, Phosphoinositides, And Camp.

Metabolism; Carbohydrate, Lipid And Nuclei Acid Metabolism. Associated Disorders.

Mechanism of Enzyme catalysis.

Immunology; Overview And Elements Of Immune System, Antibodies - Structure Of Ig,

Function Of Various Domains, Antigen Antibody Interactions – Avidity, Affinity, Idiotypes,

Generation Of Antibody Diversity, Cytokines, Interferons And Autoimmunity, Immunological

techniques (basic and applied)

Unit 4: Molecular Biology Replication Transcription And Translation In Prokaryotes And Eukaryotes: Models Of

Replication – Random, Conservative, Semiconservative, DNA Polymerases In E. Coli &

Mammals, Replication Of Circular Chromosomes -Φx174, E. Coli Replication Of Linear

Chromosomes, Telomeres, Telomerases. DNA Damage, Repair and Recombination.

Transcription And Translation, Protein Synthesis, Sorting, Targeting And Degradation.

Regulation Of Gene Expression; Operon Concept, +Ve & -Ve Control -Lac Operon, Chromatin

Structure In Active And Inactive Regions – DNA Methylation, Transcriptional

Control – Cell Specific Expression - Promoters, Enhancers, DNA Binding Proteins, Regulation

By SiRNA.

Scope and importance of Microbiology Classification of microbial world according to two

kingdoms three kingdoms five kingdoms three domains Outlines of bacterial classification

according to bergeys manual of systemic bacteriology Microbial techniques Sterilization Staining

and isolations. Recombinant DNA Technology: Plasmids And Vectors, DNA Modifying

Enzymes, Restriction Endonucleases, Genomic And Cdna Libraries, Reporter Genes And Fusion

Proteins. Molecular techniques.

BIOTECHNOLOGY PART-A

Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in






Design. Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps

in Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.

PART-B

1. Structure of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Ultra structure and functions of Cell

organelles. Cell division and regulation of cell cycle. Cell-cell interaction. Cell signaling-

Hormones and their receptors.Classification of bacteria and virus.Bacterial staining

techniques. Bacterial growth curve. Microbiology of Soil and water. Clinically important

bacteria and viruses. Bacterial recombination.

2. Classification, structure, properties, functions of Biomolecules-carbohydrates, lipids,

amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins. Metabolic pathways and disorders of

carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids. Enzymes-factors affecting

enzyme activity, Enzyme inhibition, Coenzymes, metalloenzymes, allosteric enzymes,

isoenzymes and ribozyme.

3. Nature of Genetic material, organization of Genetic material in prokaryotes and

eukaryotes, DNA replication, transcription and translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Inhibitors of Protein synthesis. DNA damage and repair. Regulation of gene expression in

prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

4. Principles of Mendelian inheritance, Linkage and crossing over. Cytoplasmic inheritance.

Pedigree analysis. Hardy-Weinburg law. DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling in

gene expression Environmental regulation of gene expression. RNAi and Gene silencing.

5. Plant Tissue culture. Phytohormones. Edible vaccines and plantibodies. Plant secondary

metabolites. Maintenance of Primary and established animal cell lines. Stem cells –

Embryonic and Adult stem cells. Application of stem cells. Concepts of immune response.

Cells and organs of the immune system Antigens. Antibodies-generation of antibody

diversity.

CHEMISTRY

PART-A




Defining the Research Problem: What is a Research Problem? Selecting the Problem,

Necessity of Defining the Problem.


Design.

Sampling Design: Census and Sample Survey, Implications of a Sample Design, Steps in

Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure.

PART B

Metal-ligand bonding: Crystal field theory - crystal field splitting patterns in octahedral,

tetrahedral tetragonal, square planar, square pyramidal and trigonal bipyramidal geometries-

Determination of crystal field splitting energy - calculation of crystal field stabilization

energies - Factors affecting crystal field splitting energies- spectrochemical series - MLCT and

LMCT transitions in coordination compounds - Jahn-Teller effect –Molecular Orbital theory -

ligand field theory.

Electronic spectra: Term symbols - Russell – Saunders coupling - derivation of term symbols

for various configurations - Spectroscopic ground states - selection rules -correlation diagrams;

Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for transition metal complexes (d1-d9 states) - calculations

of Dq, B and β parameters - charge transfer spectra.

Metal-Ligand Equilibria in solutions: Stepwise and overall formation constants and their

interaction -Trends in successive formation constants - Factors effecting the stability of metal

complexes with reference to the nature of metal ion and ligand - The chelate effect -

Determination of formation constants by pH metry and spectrophotometry - The

IrvingWilliams series.

Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-I: Energy profile of reaction - reactivity of metal

complexes - Inert and labile complexes - Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes:

kinetics

of octahedral substitution, acid hydrolysis, factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base hydrolysis,

conjugate base mechanism, anation reactions, reactions without metal ligand bond cleavage -

Substitution reactions in square planar complexes - The trans effect in Pt(II) complexes -

Polarisation and π-bonding theories of trans effect.

Mechanisms of Inorganic Reactions-II: Oxidation-reduction reactions- classification of

redox reactions - mechanism of one electron transfer reactions - Inner sphere redox reactions -

outer sphere redox reactions - mixed inner and outer sphere reactions - two equivalent-one

equivalent reactions of thallium(III)-thallium(I) and Hg(I)-Hg(II).

Bioinorganic Chemistry: Metal ions in Biology; Molecular mechanism of ion transport across

membranes- ionophores; Photosynthesis; Nitrogen fixation; Oxygen uptake proteins -

hemoglobin and myoglobin; Electron transfer proteins - Cytochromes and Ferrodoxins;

Inorganic medicinal compounds - superoxide dismutage mimics, vanadium based diabetic drugs

and platinum containing anticancer agents.

Organometallic Chemistry: Introduction, Nomenclature, the 18-electron rule. Metal

carbonyls, structure and bonding, vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for bonding and

structural elucidation, important reactions of metal carbonyls; preparation, bonding, structure

and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl, dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes;

tertiary phosphine as ligand; Metallocenes-ferrocene; Catalysis by organometallic compounds

- hydrogenation, hydroformylation, and polymerization.

Metal Clusters: Higher boranes, carboranes, metalloboranes and metallocarboranes. Metal

compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds. Preparation, properties and structures of Re2Cl82-

, Mo2Cl84-, Re2(RCOO)4X2, Cr2Cl93-, W2Cl93-, Re3Cl9, Re3Cl123-, Mo6Cl84+,

Nb6Cl122+.

Solid State and Structural Chemistry: Crystal structures - close packing, body centered and

primitive structures; Symmetry in crystals, Crystallographic point groups; Description of

structures - AB structures (NaCl, CsCl, ZnS), AB2 structures (Rutile, Fluorite), A2B3

structures (β-Al2O3), ABO3 structures (perovskite) and AB2O4Spinels.

Nature of bonding in Organic Molecules: Localised and delocalised covalent bond, concept

of aromaticity annulenes and hetero annulenes, inductive and mesomeric effects. Huckel’s rule

for aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid compounds, anti-aromaticity and

homoaromaticity. Introduction to types of organic reactions and reactive intermediates.

Stereochemistry and Stereoisomerism: Conformational isomerism and analysis in acyclic

and simple cyclic systems - substituted ethanes, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane,

cyclo octane and decalins. Optical isomerism - optical activity -molecular dissymmetry and

chirality (Chiral centre, chiral axis, chiral plane), elements of symmetry. Fisher's projection

D,L. and R,S. configurations - relative and absolute configurations, optical isomerism due to

asymmetric carbon atoms, optical isomerism in biphenyls, allenes and spirans. Optical

isomerism of nitrogenous compounds, racemisation and resolution - geometrical isomerism

and E,Z configurations, properties of geometrical isomers. Recognition of symmetry elements

and chiral structures, R-S-nomenclature, diastereoisomerism in acylic and cyclic systems inter

conversions of Fisher, Newman and Saw-horse projections.

Addition Mechanisms: Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bonds. Addition reactions

involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals, cyclic mechanisms, orientation and

stereochemistry.

Rearrangements: Classification and general mechanistic treatment of nucleophilic, free

radical and electrophilic rearrangements, Wagner–Meerwein, Tiffeneau–Demjanov

rearrangement, Neber, Hofmann, Stevens ,Wittig and Fries rearrangements.

Natural Products: Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of alkaloids: atropine,

nicotine, papaverine, purines: caffeine. flavonoids: quercetin: genestein. terpenoids: citral ,α-

terpeneol, camphor.

Aliphatic and Aromatic Substitution Reactions: Nucleophilic - The SN2, SN1, SNi and SET

mechanisms, neighbouring group participation, anchimeric assistance, classical and non

classical carbocations, phenonium ions, norbornyl system, allylic, aliphatic, trigonal and

vinylic carbon, factors effecting substitutions. Electrophilic - SE1, SE2 and SEi Mechanisms

and related effects.

Elimination Reactions: The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms and their orientation of the double

bond. Reactivity-effects of substrate structure, attacking base, leaving group and the medium.

Stereochemistry of eliminations in acyclic and cyclic systems, orientation in eliminations –

Saytzeff and Hoffman elimination, Regio and stereo selectivity reactions.

Basic concepts of some organic reactions: Aldol, Stobbe, Cannizaro, Wittig, Grignard,

Reformatsky Reactions. Openauer oxidation, Clemmensen reduction , Birch reductions,

Michael addition, Mannich Reaction, Diels - Alder reaction, Ene-reaction, Bayer -Villiger

Reaction, Wolf-Kishner reduction, Favorskii reaction, Chichibabin reaction. Vilsmeier,

Robinson annulation.

Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with one heteroatom: Pyrrole, Furan,

Thiophene, Pyridine, Quinoline, Isoquinoline, Indole, Benzofuran and Benzothiophene. Synthesis and Reactivity of the compounds with more than one heteroatom Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole, Isoxazole, Thiazole, Isothiazole, Pyridazine, Pyrimidine ,Pyrazine and Purine.

Organic Synthesis: Synthesis, reactions, mechanisms and selectivity involving the following

classes of compounds – alkenes, alkynes, arenes, alcohols, phenols, aldehydes, ketones,

carboxylic acids, esters, nitriles, halides, nitro compounds, amines and amides. Uses of Mg,

Li, Cu, B, Zn and Si based reagents in organic synthesis.

Carboncarbon bond formation through coupling reactions – Heck, Suzuki, Stille and

Sonogoshira. Selectivity in organic synthesis – chemo, region and stereoselectivity. Protection

and deprotection of functional groups. Concepts of asymmetric synthesis – resolution

(including enzymatic), desymmetrization and use of chiral auxilliaries. Carboncarbon bond

forming reactions through enolates (including boron enolates), enamines and silyl enol ethers.

Michael addition reaction. Stereoselective addition to C=O groups (Cram and Felkin Anh

models).

Pericyclic Reactions and Photochemistry: Electrocyclic, cycloaddition and sigmatropic

reactions. Orbital correlations – FMO and PMO treatments. Photochemistry of alkenes, arenes

and carbonyl compounds. Photooxidation and photoreduction. Diπmethane rearrangement and

Barton reaction.

Theories of reaction rates- Collision theory, Arrhenious reaction; Theory of absolute reaction

rates-Reaction coordinate, transition state, thermodynamic formulation of reaction rates;

Unimolecular reactions- Lindemann’s theory and RRKM theory; Reactions in solution-

primary and secondary salt effects, effect of solvent on reaction rate; effect of substituent on

reaction rate

- Hamett and Taft equations with examples - Linear Free Energy relations.

Catalysis: Homogeneous catalysis- acid-base catalysis- mechanism of acid-base catalysis -

Enzyme catalysis- Michaelis-Menten kinetics - Heterogeneous catalysis- Langmuir adsorption

isotherm- unimolecular and bimolecular reactions-catalytic poisoning-active centers, surface

area-determination of surface area with BET equation.

Complex reactions: Opposing, parallel and consecutive reactions (all first order type)-

derivation of rate-law, Chain reactions- derivation of rate-laws for H2-Cl2 and H2-Br2

reactions; Fast reactions-study of fast reactions by flow methods and relaxation methods.

Second law of thermodynamics- concept of entropy-entropy change in reversible process and

irreversible process-entropy of mixing; Fugacity: concept-Determination- Variation of fugacity

with pressure; concept of partial molar properties- chemical potential-significance-variation

with preassure and temperature- Gibbs-Duhem equation; Van’t Hoff reaction isotherm,

Claussius- Claperyon equation

Third law of thermodynamics- Nernst heat theorem-determination of absolute entropy-

limitations of third law of thermodynamics; Maxwell-Boltzmann, Bose-Einstein and

FermiDiracstatistics, Partition function-rotational, translational, vibrational and electronic

partition functions for diatomic molecules.

Electrochemical cells: Measurement of EMF-Nernst equation-effect of complexation on

electrode potential; Polarization-Decomposition potential and overvoltage- Factors affecting

overvoltage- Importance of over-voltage; Activity and activity coefficients- determination of

mean ionic activity coefficient by EMF method; Debye-Huckel limiting law (DHLL) and its

verification, Extended Debye-Huckel law; Debye-Huckel-Onsagar equation(derivation not

required)-verification and its limitations. Applications: Batteries-primary and secondary cells

– lechlanche cell, lead acid storage battery, Nickel-Cadmium cell; Fuel cells-Oxygenhydrogen

fuel cell; Corrosion- theories of dry and wet corrosion-different forms of corrosion- prevention

and control of corrosion - cathodic protection- sacrificial anodic and impressed current

methods- inhibitors-anodic and cathodic inhibitors; protective coatings-galvanising and tinning

Adsorption: Gibbs adsorption isotherm, types of adsorption isotherms, physisorption and

chemisorption, , Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. BET equation (derivation not required)

and surface area determination. Kinetics of surface reactions involving adsorbed species,

Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism,

Micelles : Surface active agents- classification- critical micellar concentration (CMC)- factors

affecting the CMC of surfactants- determination of cmc. Solubilisation-factors influencing the

solubilisation. Micellization-thermodynamics of micellization. Micro emulsions- comparision

of microemulsions with conventional emulsions-applications. Reverse micelles.

Polymer chemistry : Basic concepts- monomers, repeat units, degree of polymerization,

linear, branched and network polymers, classification of polymers. Polymerization-Free

radical, ionic and co-ordination polymerization. Kinetics of condensation (step-growth),

freeradical and ionic polymerizations. Physical characterization: Number and mass average

molecular weights (Mn, Mw), Determination of molecular masses – Osmometry, viscometry

and light scattering methods

Wave equation-interpretation of wave function-properties of wave function-normalization and

orthogonalisation, operators-linear and non linear commutators of operators. Postulates of

quantum mechanics, setting up of operators observables- Hermitian operator-Eigen values of

Hermitian operator Particle in one dimensional box.

Particle in a three dimensional box, rigid rotor, wave mechanics of systems with variable

potential energy- simple harmonic oscillator- solution of wave equation-selection rules.

Approximation methods: Perturbation theory- application to ground state energy of Helium

atom; Variation principle-applications- calculation of zero point energy of harmonic oscillator.

Many electron atom-Hartee-Fock Self consistent field method (qualitative treatment only).

Bonding in molecules: Born-Oppenheimer approximation- Hydrogen molecule ion,

LCAOMO and VB treatments of the hydrogen molecule (fundamental concepts only); electron

density, forces and their role in chemical bonding. Hybridization and valence MOs of H2O,

NH3 and CH4. Huckel pi-electron theory and its applications to Ethylene, Butadiene and

Benzene.

Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry: Symmetry elements and symmetry operations

and point groups, Schoenflles symbols, classification of molecules into point groups, Axioms

of group theory, group multiplication tables for C2v and C3v point groups, representations-

reducible and irreducible representations, Mulliken symbols, orthogonality theorem (without

proof) and its implications, Character table and its anatomy.

Spectroscopy-Unifying Principles: Electromagnetic radiation- interaction of electromagnetic

radiation with matter- absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion and

scattering Polarization: polarization of light; plane of vibration,plane of polarization, optical

activity, factors effecting the angle of rotation, specific rotation, optical rotator dispersion and

circular dichroism, cotton effect .

Vibrational and rotational Spectroscopy : Rotational spectra of diatomic molecules- rigid

rotor-selection rules- calculation of bond length- isotopic effect- second order stark effect and

its applications, infrared spectra of diatomic molecules-harmonic and anharmonic oscillators-

Selection rules- overtones-combination bands-calculation of force constant-anharmonicity

constant and Zero point energy . Fermi resonance, simultaneous vibration-rotation spectra of

diatomic molecules .

Raman Spectroscopy: Raman effect-Classical and quantum mechanical explanations- pure

rotational, vibrational and vibrational-rotational Raman spectra- selection rules, mutual

exclusion principle.

Electronic Spectroscopy: Electronic spectra of diatomic molecules- vibrational course

structure- intensity of spectral lines- Franck-Condon principle –applications- rotational fine

structure –band head and band shading- charge transfer spectra.

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: Basic principles, zero field splitting- factors

affecting the ‘g’ value. Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants- experimental

technique - applications of ESR studies:deuterium,methyl free radical,benzene free

radical,parabenzo semi quinine, copper phthalo cyanine, chloroform,hemoglobin, glycene and

alanine.

COMPUTER SCIENCE

PART-A







Design.



PART-B

Unit I: Data Structures: Understanding of fundamental data structures- Lists, Stacks, Queues,

Heaps, Trees, Graphs and their applications. Searching and Sorting Techniques.

Unit II: Operating Systems: Functions, Types of OS, Operating System Structure, Services,

System Boot, Process, CPU Scheduling, Process Synchronization, Deadlocks, Memory

Management, File Access Methods, Unix Structure and Simple Commands.

Unit III: Object Oriented Programming: Principles of Object Oriented Programming, C++

Tokens, Expressions, Control Structures, Functions in C++, Classes and Objects, Constructors

and Destructors, Operator Overloading, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Exception Handling.

Unit IV: Database Management System: Introduction, Data Models, Schemas and Instance,

ThreeSchema Architecture and Data Independence, E-R Diagrams, Relational Model, Database

Design, Integrity Constraints, Normal Forms, SQL Queries.

COMMERCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT

PART-A







Design.



PART-B

Unit-I : Introduction to Management – Management though – functions and principals of

management: Planning – Planning premises, type and steps in planning – Decision

making and forecasting, steps in decision making – Management by objectives (MBO)

and decision tree analysis – organizing structure, type of organizations, Principals of

Organizing, Delegations, and Decentralization of authority – line and staff functions –

leading-leadership, styles of leadership, Theories of leadership – Blake and Mouton’s

Managerial grid- Motivation, process, Maslow’s McGregor and Hertzberg theories of

Motivation – Controlling – Importance, Process of Controlling – Techniques of

controlling.

Unit –II : Concepts in HRM; Human Resource planning –objectives, process and techniquesjob

analysis-job description-selecting human resource-induction, training and development-

performance appraisal and evaluation- job evaluations industrial relations and trade unions-

labour welfare and social security measures.

Unit III : Financial management -Nature and scope of Financial Management-Time Value of

Money- Valuation Concepts and Models-Risk and Return-Financial Statement & its

Analysisstatement of changes in Financial Position-Cash Flow statement-Ratio Analysis-

Financial Planning - cost of capital- Form of Capital Structure: Capital structure-

LeveragesBusiness/Financial Forecasting - sources of Finance-control of capital Issues:

Securities and Exchange Board of India- Working capital Management - Management of

Earnings-Dividend Policy and Decision, Bonus Issue and Right Issue- Financial markets and

Marketing of securities- Underwriting of capital issues- Merchant Banking - Investment Trusts

and Mutual Funds- Long term Investment Decision: Capital Budgeting (Including Risk and

Decision Tree Analysis)- Cash Flows for investment Analysis: Concepts and Determination-

Lease Financing and Hire purchase- short term financing instruments. Mergers, Acquisitions and

Restructuring- financial institutions & markets and derivatives instruments.

Unit IV: Marketing environment and consumer behavior market segmentation targeting and

positioning: product decisions, product mix, product life cycle: New product development:

Branding and packing: Pricing methods and strategies – promotion mix channel Management:

Making of service: Customer relation management: New issues in Marketing, E-Marketing.

Unit – V: Role and scope of production management; facility location; layout planning and

analysis; production planning and control - production process analysis; demand forecasting for

operations: determinants of product mix; production scheduling: work measurement; time and

motion study; statistical quality control. Role and scope of operations research.

Unit – VI: Managerial Economics: Demand analysis and demand forecasting, Production

function cost–output relation, market structure and précising practices, national income concepts,

business cycles Phase effects and controlling measure. Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship

Concepts, Types, Motivation, Factors, Stages, Barriers, small scale Industries definition, Features

steps in setting of a small Unit Problems and financial Institution support.

Unit – VII : Emerging Technologies in Management: Industry 4.0, Disruptive Technologies,

Technology trends in Business - Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, Digital Currency,

Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning,

Robotics, 3D Printing, Drones, Augmented and Virtual Reality.

Unit – VIII : Business, International Business and Global Business – Meaning and Definition,

International Business – Nature and Scope, Globalization – Issues, Opportunities and Challenges,

International Business – Institutions and Regulations, Indian Politics and the International

Business environment.

ECONOMICS

PART-A







Design.



PART-B

Unit-1 : Role & Significance of Micro & Macro Economics- Theory of Demand: Demand

Analysis, Demands Forecasting; Indifference Curve Analysis; Substitution Effect. The Slutsky

Theorm. Theory of Production Cost, Linear Homogeneous Production Function; Technical

Progress & Production Function, Traditional Modern Theories of Cost, Rent & Profit.

Unit-11 : Market Structure & Pricing Policies under different Market Structures- Perfect,

Monopoly, Discriminating Monopoly and Oligopoly. Break-Even Analysis, Game Theory,

Theories of Distribution- Classical, Neo-Classical & Modern , Eulers Theorem- ClarkWicksteed,

Walras Production. Exhaustive Theorem- Welfare Economics. Pure Optimality, Arrow’s

Impossibility Theorem, Amathya Sen’s Theory of Social Choice.

Unit-3 : Concepts, Components, Measurement & problems of National Income. Keynesien

Theories- Consumption Function, Investment Multiplier & Accelerator, IS-LM Curves- Rational

Expectations Hypothesis, High Powered Money & Multiplier. Monetary & Fiscal Policies-

Structural Adjustment Policies, Financial Sector Reforms- New Economic Policies.

Unit-4 : Mean, Median, Mode Geometric Mean & Harmonic Mean- Measurement Of

Dispersion, Regression Co-Efficient, Probability Types, Baye’s Theorem Law Of Addition

Theorem & Multiplication Theorem. Sampling Techniques, Index Numbers- Lapeer’s Pascoe’s

& Fisher’s Theory.

Unit-5 : Theories of International Trade-Classical, Neo-Classical & Modern Theories- Correction

to Disequilibrium in the Balance of Payment. Expenditure Reducing & Switching Policies-

International Financial Institutions- IMF, WORLD BANK, WTO, FDI, MNC etc.

Unit-6 : Public Finance- Multiple Theory Of Public Household, Ability To Pay Approach,

Benefit Pay, Causes For Growing Public Expenditure, Wagner’s Law- Peacock Wiseman

Hypothesis, Investment Criteria, Zero-Based Budget, Public Debt Management, Pricing Policies

In Public Enterprises, Functions Of Nitiayoy, Tax System, GST.

Unit-7 : Development Studies- Growth Models; Mahalonobis Two & Four Sector Models,

Harrod-Domar Model, R.M. Solow, Big Push, Critical Minimum Efforts, Balanced &

Unbalanced Growth, Lewis Model, Spread & Backwash Effect, Rural-Urban Migration, HDI,

GEI, GDI, Environmental Pollution- Causes & Remedies, New Industrial Policies.

Unit-8 :Poverty-Causes & Remedies, Income Inequalities –Self-Employment Generation

Schemes-Startup & Make In India Programmes Issues of Food Security, Problems of Industrial

Labour In India, FERA, Dis-Investment Measures, Privatization, Liberalization & Globalization.

MATHEMATICS

PART-A





of Defining the Problem.

Research Designing: Meaning of Research Design, Need for Research Design, Features of a

Good Design.

Sampling Design : Census and Sample Survey, Implications of Sample Design, Steps in

Sampling Design, Criteria of Selecting a Sapling Procedure.

PART-B

Real Analysis : Finite, countable and uncountable sets, Metric spaces, compact sets, perfect

sets, connected sets. Limits of functions, continuous functions, continuous and compactness,

continuity and connectedness, discontinuities, monotone functions, infinite limits and limits at

infinity. The Continuity of Derivatives, Derivatives of Higher Order-Taylor’s Theorem,

Differentiation of Vector-valued Functions. Definition and Existence of the Integral-Properties

of the Integral-Integration and Differentiation.

Complex Analysis : Analytic functions and harmonic functions, Cauchy-Riemann equations,

sufficient conditions. Contour integration, Cauchy-Goursat theorem antiderivatives, Integral

representation for analytic functions, theorems of Morera and Liouville, uniform convergence

of series, Taylor and Laurent series representations, singularities, zeros and poles, Applications

of Taylor and Laurent series.

Differential Equations : Ordinary differential equations, existence and uniqueness of solutions

of initial value problems for first order ordinary differential equations, singular solutions of first

order ordinary differential equations, Boundary value problems. Partial Differential equations :

Lagrange and Charpits methods.

Linear Algebra :Vector spaces, subspaces ,quotient spaces ,linear independence and linear

dependence, Bases and dimension, kernel, range, isomorphism, Matrix representation of linear

transformation, dual spaces Cayley Hamilton theorem, Canonical forms, Inner product spaces.

MICROBIOLOGY

PART-A







Design.



PART-B

Unit I : Morphology and ultrastructure of microorganisms. Sterilization techniques, Types of

media, cultivation of microbes, preservation of microbial cultures, Microscopy, staining

techniques, bacterial growth kinetics. Fermented foods, SCP, food microbiology. Biofertilizers,

Biopesticides. Microbial ecology, Extremophiles. Design and types of fermentors, upstream and

downstream processing.

Unit II : Classification, chemistry, properties and functions of metabolism Carbohydrates, Lipids,

proteins, nucleic acids –of carbohydrates, amino acids, Enzymes : classification, nomenclature,

assay & kinetics. Ribozymes and abzymes. Enzyme inhibition. Enzyme purification.

Centrifugation, chromatographic techniques and electrophoresis.

Unit III : Types of immunity. Antigens & antibody, Ag-Ab reactions. The complement system.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) restriction.

Hypersensitive reactions, Autoimmunity. Immunodeficiency diseases, MABs.; Immunization.

Major infectious diseases. Antimicrobial agents, new emerging pathogens.

Unit IV : Microbial genetics- genome organisation, DNA structure function, mutations and

repairs, recombination in bacteria. Recombinant DNA technology, Blotting techniques. PCR.

Cloning vectors. Genomic / gene libraries. DNA sequencing methods. Restriction mapping.

Microarrays. Transgenic organisms. Gene therapy. Bioethics.

PHYSICS

PART-A







Design.



PART-B Unit-I : Classical, Quantum and Statistical Mechanics Classical Mechanics

D-Alembert's Principle, lagrange's equation, hamilton's equation of motion and conservation

theorems. Euler angles, canonical transformation and poisson brackets.

Quantum Mechanics : General formalism of wave mechanics, schrodinger’s wave equation,

angular momentum operators, time independent and dependent perturbation theory. Scattering

phenomena, differential – cross section and Born approximation.

Statistical Mechanics : Postulates of statistical mechanics, probability calculations and general

interaction between systems. Ensemble- its types- probability calculations, mean energies and

dispersions of ensembles. Quantum Statistics .Equation of state for Ideal Bose and Fermi gas,

Bose -Einstien condensation, theory of white dwarf stars.

Unit-II : Electrodynamics

Electromotive force-ohm’s law, Motional EMF, electromagnetic induction –Faraday laws,

induced electric field, inductance, energy in magnetic fields. Maxwell equations-magnetic

charge, Maxwell’s equations in matter, charge and energy equation, Poynting theorem in

electromagnetic theory.

Unit-III : Solid State Physics & Nuclear Physics

Crystal structure, latticevibrations -mono and diatomic,specific heat theories- Einstein’s and

Debye’s theories. Energy bands in solids- Kronig Penney model, concept of effective mass.

Polarisability- theory of electronic, ionic and orientational polarization and classification of

magnetic materials. Nuclear Physics: General properties of nuclei, scattering of α-particles – Experimental

verification – Nuclear size – Theories of nuclear composition,– Binding energy – semi empirical

mass formula and applications. Interaction of gamma rays with matter – photo electric effect,

Compton effect, pair production. Detection of nuclear radiation- ionization chamber and

proportional counter. Nuclear fission and fusion

Unit-IV : Low dimensional Physics and ElectronicsElectromagnetic Spectrum, molecular

energies, classification of molecules, rotational, vibrational and vibrational-rotational spectra of

diatomic molecules, characteristic group absorptions, IR spectrometer, electronic spectra, frank

condon principle. Hydrogen atom-spectrum, orbital angular momentum, larmor precession, Stern

and gerlach experiment, Energy levels and transitions in helium atom, normal and anomalous

zeeman effect.

Electronics: Basics of semiconductor, semiconductor diodes, transistors, rectifiers, amplifiers,

active Filters and oscillators. Basics of OPAMPs and their applications. Basics of digital

electronics.

STATISTICS

PART-A







Design.



1. Probability : Sample space, events, relations among events, classical and relative frequency

definitions of probability, probability as a measure. Basic results on probability of events.

Conditional probability and Baye’s theorem. Independence of events.

Random variables (discrete and continuous). Distribution function and its properties. Joint

distribution of two and more random variables. Marginal, conditional distributions and

densities. Expectation of random variables, moments and generating functions. Conditional

expectation. Characteristics function and its properties. Inversion theorem. Statement of

continuity theorem.

Convergence of a sequence of events. Borel – Cantelli lemma, Borel 0-1 law and statement

of Kolmogorov 0-1 law with applications. Convergence of a sequence of random variables.

Convergence in law, in probability, with probability one and in quadratic mean and other

inter-relationships. Convergence in law of Xn + Yn, XnYn and Xn/Yn. Definition and

examples of weak law of large numbers. Khintchene’s theorem and strong law of large

numbers.

Statement of CLT. Lindberg-Levy and Liapunov forms of central limit theorems, statement

of Lindberg – Feller form of CLT with simple illustrations.

Stochastic processes with examples. Markov Chains transition probability matrix and

classification of states of a Markov chain with examples.

2. Distribution Theory : Theoretical distribution – Binomial, Poisson, negative binomial,

geometric, hypergeometric, multinominal, rectangular, normal, lognormal, exponential,

gamma, beta, Cauchy, weibull and Pareto distributions with properties.

Transformation of random variables. Distribution of Chi – squares, t and F distributions and

their properties. Distribution of X and s2 for samples coming from normal population.

Distribution of order statistics and range. Joint and marginal distribution of order statistics.

Distribution of sample quantiles.

Multivariate normal distribution and its marginal and conditional distribution with examples.

Simple correlation and lines of regression.

3. Estimation : Unbiasedness, sufficiency, consistency and efficiency of a point estimate with

examples. Statement of Neyman’s factorization criterion with applications. Minimum

variance unbiased estimation, Crammer – Rao lower bound and its applications. Rao –

Blackwell theorem, completeness and Lehman – Scheffe theorem. Estimation by method of

maximum likelihood, moments and statement of its properties. Confidence intervals for the

parameters of normal, exponential, binomial and Poisson distribution.

4. Testing of Hypotheses : Concepts of tests of statistical hypothesis, types of error, level of

significances, power, critical region and test function. Concepts of MP and UMP tests.

Neyman – Pearson lemma and its applications, one parameter exponential family of

distributions. Concepts of unbiased and consistent tests. Likelihood ratio (LR) criterion with

simple applications (including homogeneity of variances). Statements of asymptotic

properties of LR tests. Large sample tests of population means, proportions and correlation

coefficients. Relation between confidence intervals, and hypothesis testing. Wald’s SPRT

for testing a simple null hypothesis against simple alternative hypothesis and its OC and ASN

functions. SPRT procedure for binomial, Poisson, normal and exponential distributions.

5. Non – Parametric Tests : Non – parametric tests for (i) one sample case: sign test, Wilcoxon

signed rank test for symmetry, runs test for randomness, Kolmogorov – Smirnov (k-s) test

for goodness of fit (ii) two sample case: sign and Wilcoxon tests for paired comparisons.

Wilcoxon - Mann Whitney test and K –S test and test for independence based on spearman’s

rank correlation. Kruskal-Wallis test and Friedman’s test.

6. Multivariate Tests : Principal Component Analysis, Factor analysis, Canonical Correlation,

Cluster analysis. Multivariate tests based on Hotelling’s T2 and Mahalanobis D2 statistics

for one sample problem, two sample problem and classificatory problems between two

normal populations based on Fisher’s discriminant function.

7. Sampling Techniques : Estimation of population mean, population total and variance of the

estimator in the following sampling methods: simple random sampling with and without

replacements and equal and unequal probabilities. Horwitz Thompson and Yates and Grundy

estimators. Selection of sample and determination of sample size. Stratified random

sampling, proportional and optimum allocations and comparisons. Systematic sampling with

N=nk and comparisons in populations with linear trend. Cluster sampling with clusters of

equal and unequal sizes. Two stage sampling with equal and unequal first stage units. Ratio

and regression estimation in case of simple random sampling and stratified random sampling.

Non – sampling errors.

8. Linear Models and Analysis of Experimental Designs: Gauss – Markov linear model, BLUE

for linear functions of parameters Gauss – Markov theorem, analysis of multiple regression

models, multiple and partial correlations. Tests of hypothesis on regression and correlation

parameters, tests of sub – hypothesis. Aitken’s generalized least squares. Concept of

multicollinearity.

Introduction of selecting the best regression equation, all possible regressions: backward,

stepwise regression procedures. Variations on these methods. Ridge and robust regression

procedures. Probit and logit analysis, Introduction to non-linear regression model building,

least squares in non-linear case, estimating the parameters, non-linear growth models.

Statement of Cochran’s theorem for quadratic forms, analysis of variance one – way

classification model, two – way classification model with one - observation per cell with

more than one (equal) observations per cell with interaction. Fisher’s least significance

difference (LSD) method. Analysis of covariance one-way and two – way classification.

Fundamental principles of experimental designs. Analysis of completely randomized design

(CRD), Randomized Block Design (RBD), and Latin Square design (LSD). Analysis of RBD

and LSD with one and more than one observation missing.

Estimation of main effects, interactions and analysis of 22 , 23 , 24 , 2n and 32 factorial

experiments. Total and partial confounding of 22 , 23 , 24 and 32 factorial designs. Concept

of balanced partial confounding. Fractional factorial designs. Split plot design and its

analysis.

Balanced incomplete block design (BIBD) - parametric relations, Intra – block analysis and

recovery of inter block information. Partially balanced incomplete block design with two

associate classes (PBIBD (2)) – parametric relations and intra –block analysis. Youden

Square design, Lattice design and intra – block analysis of simple lattice design.

9. Optimization Techniques : Meaning and scope of Operations research, formulation of Linear -

rule, optimum solution for Linear programming problem (LPP), rule of steepest ascent, and

programming problem by graphical method and simplex algorithm using artificial variables

(Big M/penalty method and two phase simplex methods). Dual of a symmetric Linear

programming problem and reading the optimal solution to the dual from the optimum

simplex table of primal. Complementary slackness theorem, dual simplex algorithm.

Definition of transportation problem, initial basic feasible solution by north west, matrix

minimum methods and VAM. Optimal solution through MODI tableau for balanced and

unbalanced transportation problem, degeneracy in transportation problem, transportation

problems as a special case of linear programming problem. Assignment problem as a special

case of transportation problem and LPP. Optimal solution using Hungarian method.

Sequencing: Optimal sequence of ‘n’ jobs on two and three machines without passing.

Non–linear programming problem – Formulation, generalized Lagrange multiplier

technique, Kuhn - Tucker necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality of an NLPP.

Game theory: 2 person zero sum game, pure strategies with saddle point, principles of

dominance and games without saddle point.

Introduction to simulation, generation of random numbers for uniform, Normal, Exponential,

Cauchy and Poisson distributions. Estimating the reliability of the random numbers,

simulation to queuing and inventory problem.

Queuing Theory: Introduction, essential features of Queuing system, Operating

characteristics of Queuing system (transient and steady states). Queue length, General

relationships among characteristics. Probability distribution in queuing systems, distribution

of Arrival and inter arrival. Distribution of death (departure) process, service time

.Classification of Queuing models and solution of Queuing models; M/M/1: ∞/FIFO and

M/M/1: N/FIFO. Integer Programming Problem: Gomory’s cutting plane algorithm for pure

and mixed IPP; Branch and bound Technique.

Human Resource Management

Human Resource Management- Objectives and scope; Emerging Issues & Challenges in

Human Resource Management; Strategic Human Resource Management; Human Resource

Planning; Potential appraisal & Succession Planning; Managing Employee Separation;

Employee Empowerment; Total Quality Management & Quality of Work Life; Stress

Management; Ethical Issues in Human Resource Development.

Introduction to Research in Management and Organizational Behaviour; Current Researches

in HRM; Problem Formulation in Management Research; Hypotheses & Research Designs;

Methods of Analysis with an Emphasis on Techniques of Analysis of Qualitative Data;

Applications of Analytical Techniques in Management Studies; Report Writing:

Formulating Chapter Plan, Bibliography.

References:

1. Aswathappa K., Human Resource Management, McGraw Hill, New Delhi.

2. Rao V.S.P., Human Resource Management, Excel Books, New Delhi.

3. Fisher, Shaw et. Al., Human Resource Management, Wiley Publications, New Delhi.

4. Donald R. Cooper and Pamela S. Schindler- Business Research Methods, McGraw Hill,

New Delhi.

5. Kothari, C.R. Research Methodology, Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.

6. Francis J. Rummerl and Wesley C. Balline, Research Methodology in Business, Harper

& Row, New York.

7. Sharma, K.R., Research Methodology, National Publishing House, Jaipur.

8. Hooda, R.P. Statistics for Business and Economics, Macmillan India Ltd., New Delhi.

9. Sharma, J.K. Business Statistics, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 2004.

10. Arya, P.P. and Yesh Pal, Research Methodology in Management, Deep & Deep

Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2001.

11. Sharma, R.A., Essentials of Scientific Behavioral Research, Surya Publication, Meerut.

Tourism Management

PART – A

Concept of Research: Art of knowing Research – Types of Research – Research Strategies –

Goals of Research – Research Variables – Scale Developments in Research – Types of Scales.

Qualitative Methods in Research: Reasons – Five Qualitative Inquiry – Philosophical and

Theoretical Frameworks – Methods of Qualitative Research – Projective Technique – Content &

Historical Analysis – Preparation of field notes.

Conceptual Frame Work: Guidelines on subject knowledge – Communicating Arguments –

Originality – Research Constructing Parameter – Mapping and Analyzing Ideas – Questionnaire

Design – Types of Questionnaire – Hypotheses.

Sampling: Types of Sampling – Variables – Errors – Sources of Data – Data Coding and

Collection.

Testing of Hypotheses: Development of Hypotheses – Normality- Parametric Tests (T Test, Z

Test, ANOVA – MANOVA) – Non Parametric Tests (Chi-Square, Median and Paired

Samples).

Report Preparation and Presentation Process: Report writing format and tips – Written and

Oral presentation – The Art of writing Research Paper – Art of citing References.

PART – B

UNIT – 1:

Tourism Basic Concepts: Definitions i.e., Tourist/Visitor/Traveler/Excursionist and

Abbreviations of Tourism & Travel – Tourism Components and Elements – Types of Tourism –

Emerging Tourism Concepts: Eco/Rural/Agri/Niche/Country side/Sustainable Tourism – Travel

Motivators – Push and Pull factors – Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environmental impacts of

Tourism – Tourism Organisations and functions of WTO, IATA, UFTAA, PATA, TAAI, FHRAI

& IATO.

UNIT – 2:

Tourism Products: Unique features of India Tourism – Natural tourism resources of India

(Mountains, Lakes, Beaches, Coastal Areas & Islands). Popular Adventure tourist destinations,

Land Based (Soft/hard trekking, ice skiing, mountaineering, desert safaris, car rallies), Water

Based (Rafting, Kayaking, Surfing, Water Skiing, Scuba Diving) Air Based (Para Sailing, Para

Gliding, Ballooning and Gliding) – Wildlife tourism and conservation. Man made tourism

resources (Heritage sites, Palaces, forts, theme parks).

UNIT – 3:

Travel Management: Origin and Development in India – Tourism Transport System – Growth

and Development of Road, Rail & Air Transport in Tourism industry - Travel Agent & Tour

Operator – Types of Itinerary – Procedure of Itinerary planning – Tour formulation and designing

process for FIT and GIT, Group Tour Planning – Components – Special Interest Tours – Tour

Packaging: Importance of Package Tour – Classifications and Components of Tour Packages –

Travel Documentation – Current Trends of Travel Business.

UNIT – 4:

Tourism Marketing: Core Concepts of Tourism Marketing – Marketing Management

Philosophies – Service Characteristics of Tourism Marketing – Unique features of tourism

demand and products – Tourism marketing mix – Measuring and forecasting Tourism Demand

– Market segmentation and positioning – Planning Marketing Programs - Marketing of Tourism

Services (Airlines, Hotels, Resorts, Travel Agencies and other services) – Challenges &

Strategies.

UNIT – 5:

Tourism Planning: Origin, Concept and Approaches – Levels and types of Tourism Planning –

Integrated, Complex, Centralized and Decentralized, Product Life Cycle Theories in Tourism

Planning – Tourism Planning and Policy perspectives ; Planning at National, State & Regional

levels – India’s Tourism Policy – Tourism Planning Process; Objective setting, Background

Analysis, Detailed Research Analysis, Goal Setting and Plan formulation, Evaluation of Tourism

Project – Tourism Master Plan.

UNIT – 6:

Hospitality Business: Characteristics and key Features of Hospitality industry - Types of Hotels

– Supplementary Accommodation Units – Star Hotels - Organizational structure, functions and

responsibilities of the various Departments of a standard hotel – Leading national and

multinational hotel chains of India – Hospitality Industry Business Network – Determinants of

Hospitality industry – Network Demand & Supply for Accommodation in India – Current Trends

of Hospitality Business.

SYLLABUS FOR M.Phil. / Ph.D.

ENGLISH

No. of Questions: 100 Max. Marks: 100

A hundred questions in objective type with four alternatives are covered in the test of PG standard.

Candidates are required to attempt all the questions.

PART-A


Research Methodology: Meaning of Research, Objectives of Research, Motivation in Research,

Types of Research, Research Approaches, Significance of Research, Research Methods versus

Methodology.




Design.



PART-B


Syllabus

1. Chaucer to Shakespeare, Jacobean to Restoration Periods

2. Augustan Age, Romantic Period

3. Victorian Age, Modern Period, Contemporary Period

4. American and other non-British Literatures

5. Literary Theory and Criticism

6. English Linguistics

7. Literary Comprehension, Prosody and Rhetoric

8. Classics in Translation, Regional Literature in Translation

9. Academic Writing and Research Methodology

Some sample questions:(may consist of any 3 or 4 varieties of objective type items such as

analogies, classification, matching, comprehension of a research study / experiment / theoretical

point of view, etc., with multiple answers besides the usual multiple choice items)

1. Which of the following literary critics said that “Shakespeare could not say things

plainly in the directest language”?

a. Matthew Arnold b. Walter Pater c. T.S. Eliot d. Oscar Wilde

2. Identify the rhetorical figure used in the following line of Tennyson “Faith unfaithful kept

him falsely true.”

a. Oxymoron b. Metaphor c. Simile d. Synecdoche

chaitanyarearrangements: classification and general mechanistic treatment of nucleophilic, free...

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