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Chain Saw andChain Saw andCrosscut SawCrosscut SawTraining CourseTraining Course
Chain Saw andChain Saw andCrosscut SawCrosscut SawTraining CourseTraining CoursexStudent's GuidebookStudent's Guidebook2001 Edition2001 Edition
United StatesDepartment ofAgriculture
Forest Service
Technology &DevelopmentProgram
6700 Safety & HealthJuly 20010167–2815–MTDC
Intermediate Sawyer Name____________________________________________
Unit____________________________________
Qualifications: See reverse side. Cardholder is approved to perform only those tasks signed by qualified trainer/certifier.
Issue Date_________________ Expiration Date_________________
B
MissoulaTechnology &
Development Center
i
Chain Saw andChain Saw andCrosscut SawCrosscut SawTraining CourseTraining Course
Chain Saw andChain Saw andCrosscut SawCrosscut SawTraining CourseTraining CourseStudent's GuidebookStudent's Guidebook2001 Edition2001 Edition
The Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has developed this information for theguidance of its employees, its contractors, and its cooperating Federal and State agencies, and is notresponsible for the interpretation or use of this information by anyone except its own employees. The use oftrade, firm, or corporation names in this document is for the information and convenience of the reader, anddoes not constitute an endorsement by the Department of any product or service to the exclusion of othersthat may be suitable.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on thebasis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or maritalor family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who requirealternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) shouldcontact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination,write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 1400 Independence AvenueSW, Washington, D.C. 20250–9410, or call (202) 720–5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunityprovider and employer.
Chuck Whitlock, Project Leader
R.C. Carroll, Northern Region Chain Saw Program Coordinator
Paul Chamberlin, Northern Rockies Fireline Safety Specialist
David Michael, Pacific Southwest Region Crosscut SawCoordinator and Trails Specialist
Winston Rall, Pacific Northwest Region Chain Saw/CrosscutProgram Manager and Occupational Safety and Health Specialist
Jerry Taylor Wolf, Project Assistant
USDA Forest ServiceTechnology and Development ProgramMissoula, MT
7E72E41—Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Training
July 2001
Intermediate Sawyer Name____________________________________________
Unit____________________________________
Qualifications: See reverse side. Cardholder is approved to perform only those tasks signed by qualified trainer/certifier.
Issue Date_________________ Expiration Date_________________
B
ii
Contents
Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Requirements _______ 1Forest Service Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Program ____________ 1Job Hazard Analysis _______________________________________ 1
First Aid ______________________________________________ 2Emergency Evacuation Plan ______________________________ 2Personal Protective Equipment ____________________________ 2
General Requirements ________________________________ 2Specific Requirements ________________________________ 3
Situational Awareness ______________________________________ 5Checklist of Personal Safety Considerations and Attitude ________ 5Evaluating the Complexity of the Assignment ________________ 5
Glossary ______________________________________________ 6
Sample Job Hazard Analysis ______________________________ 9
Additional Information for Sawyers _______________________ 13
Chapter 2—Chain Saw Use and Maintenance ________________ 14Chain Saw Operation ______________________________________ 14
Chain Saw Components_________________________________ 14Guide Bar Maintenance _________________________________ 17Chain Tension _________________________________________ 18Daily Saw Maintenance _________________________________ 18
Cleaning Exercise ___________________________________ 19Chain Maintenance ____________________________________ 19Chain Filing __________________________________________ 20
Sharpening Cutters With a Round File ___________________ 20How to Set Depth Gauges ____________________________ 21Chain Filing Exercise ________________________________ 22
Saw Transportation _____________________________________ 22Transporting Chain Saws in a Vehicle ____________________ 22Transporting Chain Saws by Hand ______________________ 22
Safe Chain Saw Use ___________________________________ 22Starting Procedures _________________________________ 22Starting the Chain Saw on the Ground ___________________ 23
Operational Safety _____________________________________ 23Handling __________________________________________ 23Reactive Forces ____________________________________ 23
Additional Tools _______________________________________ 25Axes _____________________________________________ 25Wedges ___________________________________________ 25Fuel and Oil Containers ______________________________ 26Peaveys and Cant Hooks _____________________________ 27
Chapter 3—Chain Saw Tasks and Techniques ________________ 28Safe Chain Saw Use ______________________________________ 28
Proper Use of Bumper Spikes (Dogs) ______________________ 28Bucking ________________________________________________ 28
Situational Awareness __________________________________ 28Safe and Efficient Bucking Techniques______________________ 28
Determining Bind ___________________________________ 29Safe Bucking Practices__________________________________ 31
Points to Remember _________________________________ 32
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Limbing ________________________________________________ 32Brushing and Slashing _____________________________________ 33
Sizeup and Safety Considerations _________________________ 33Safe and Efficient Brushing and Slashing Techniques __________ 33
Basic Felling ____________________________________________ 35Situational Awareness __________________________________ 35Sizeup ______________________________________________ 36Escape Routes ________________________________________ 37Felling the Tree ________________________________________ 38Felling Details _________________________________________ 39
The Undercut, Holding Wood, and Backcut _______________ 39Directional Felling ______________________________________ 42Felling Observers and Spotters ___________________________ 43
Chapter 4—Crosscut Saw Tasks and Techniques ______________ 44Understanding Your Crosscut Saw ___________________________ 44
Historical Origin of the Crosscut Saw _______________________ 44Different Types of Crosscut Saws __________________________ 44
One-Person Crosscut Saws ___________________________ 44Two-Person Crosscut Saws ___________________________ 44
Two-Person Crosscut Saw Patterns ________________________ 44Felling Saws _______________________________________ 44Bucking Saws ______________________________________ 44
Saw Grinds ___________________________________________ 45Flat Ground ________________________________________ 45Straight Taper Ground ________________________________ 45Crescent Taper Ground _______________________________ 45
How a Saw Cuts _______________________________________ 46Cutter Teeth________________________________________ 46Rakers____________________________________________ 46Gullets ____________________________________________ 47
Tooth Patterns ________________________________________ 47Plain-Tooth (Peg-Tooth) Pattern ________________________ 47M-Tooth Pattern ____________________________________ 47Great American-Tooth Pattern _________________________ 47Champion-Tooth Pattern ______________________________ 47Perforated Lance-Tooth Pattern ________________________ 47Lance-Tooth Pattern _________________________________ 48
Saw Handles _________________________________________ 48Handle Position _____________________________________ 48Handle Attachment Holes _____________________________ 48Types of Saw Handles _______________________________ 48Handle Installation and Maintenance ____________________ 49
Saw Maintenance ______________________________________ 49Cleaning the Saw ___________________________________ 49Checking for Straightness _____________________________ 50Testing the Saw _____________________________________ 50Brief Overview of Saw Filing Procedure __________________ 50Storage ___________________________________________ 51Transporting Saws __________________________________ 52
Saw-Related Tools and Equipment ___________________________ 52Lubricants ____________________________________________ 53
Types_____________________________________________ 53Functions _________________________________________ 53Applying Lubricants _________________________________ 53
Contents
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Axes ________________________________________________ 53Wedges _____________________________________________ 53
Splitting Wedges ____________________________________ 54Lifting Wedges _____________________________________ 54
Peaveys and Cant Hooks ________________________________ 54Underbucks __________________________________________ 54
Types of Underbucks ________________________________ 54Bucking and Felling Preparation and Techniques ________________ 55
Bucking______________________________________________ 55Safety Considerations ________________________________ 55Bucking Sizeup _____________________________________ 55Planning the Cut ____________________________________ 56
Single-Bucking Techniques ______________________________ 59Single Bucking With No Bind: Top Cutting_________________ 60Single Bucking With Top Bind: Underbucking Required ______ 60Underbucking ______________________________________ 60Single Bucking With Top Bind: Top Cutting ________________ 61Single Bucking With Bottom Bind: Top Cutting _____________ 61Single Bucking With Bottom Bind: Underbucking ___________ 61Single Bucking With End Bind__________________________ 61Single Bucking With Side Bind _________________________ 61
Double-Bucking Techniques ______________________________ 62Felling _______________________________________________ 62
Safety Considerations ________________________________ 62Felling Sizeup ______________________________________ 63Establishing Escape Routes ___________________________ 64Placing the Undercut_________________________________ 64Cutting the Backcut __________________________________ 67
Contents
Project leader Chuck Whitlock wishes to thank the following individuals fortheir contribution to this project.
Gary Hoshide, Bert Lindler, Sara Lustgraaf, Emily Ranf, Michelle Beneitone,Bob Beckley, Mark Wiggins, and Ben Croft.
Thanks to everyone who provided input and reviewed the document.
Acknowledgments
1
Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Requirements
In this chapter:
• Students will receive an overview of the chain saw andcrosscut saw training course.
• Students will be provided with information on the requirementsfor successfully completing the chain saw and crosscut sawtraining course.
• Students will be able to identify the elements in a job hazardanalysis (JHA): the task or procedure to be accomplished, thehazards associated with the task or procedure, abatementactions to eliminate or reduce the hazards, first-aid supplies,and emergency evacuation procedures.
• Students will learn why personal protective equipment (PPE)is used, how it is used, and how it is maintained.
• Students will be able to identify common safety mistakes madeby sawyers.
Forest Service Chain Saw andCrosscut Saw Program
As Forest Service employees you must be aware of all lawsand standards that must be met before you operate a chainsaw.
Why do we have a national chain saw and crosscut sawprogram?
This course will provide the skills to safely use chain saws andcrosscut saws, and serve as a refresher class for persons whohave already completed the training. The national chain sawand crosscut saw program was developed to provide all sawyersa solid foundation for safe and efficient saw operation whilefelling, bucking, brushing, or limbing.
Safety is the most critical objective. Your safety, the safety ofyour coworkers, the safety of the public, and property protec-tion should be a part of every plan and every action you take.Careful study and practice of saw operations will improve yourown abilities and help you identify your limitations to ensuresafe saw operation.
This course is designed to train beginning and intermediatesawyers to perform project work safely and efficiently. Thechapters for both courses are summarized below.
The Chain Saw Course:• Chapter 1 (classroom), course information and safety
requirements
• Chapter 2 (classroom), chain saw use and maintenance• Chapter 3 (classroom), chain saw tasks and techniques• Chapter 5 (field), sawyer evaluation process and sawyer
evaluation form
The instructor will describe the certification levels and detailsof restrictions or endorsements for special uses.
The Crosscut Saw Course:• Chapter 1 (classroom), course information and safety
requirements• Chapter 4 (classroom), crosscut saw tasks and techniques• Chapter 5 (field), sawyer evaluation process and sawyer
evaluation form
The instructor will describe the certification levels and detailsof restrictions or endorsements for special uses.
Job Hazard Analysis
A JHA (see Sample Job Hazard Analysis section at the end ofthis chapter) must be prepared (preferably with the assistanceof the involved employees) before beginning any work projector activity. The JHA must:
• Identify the task or procedure to be accomplished. Such taskscould include limbing, bucking, or felling.
• Identify the hazards associated with the task or procedure.These hazards may include physical, biological, environmental,chemical, and other hazards. Examples of hazards include:
—Physical hazards: Rocky terrain, slippery slopes.—Biological hazards: Insect bites, hantavirus.—Environmental hazards: Weather-related hazards such as
hypothermia, wind, lightning.—Chemical hazards: Hazardous materials such as fuel mix
for chain saws and oil for crosscut saws.—Other hazards: Personal security issues, public traffic,
hunting seasons.
• Identify abatement actions that can eliminate or reducehazards. Abatement actions include:
—Engineering controls: The most desirable method of abate-ment (such as ergonomic tools and equipment).
—Substitution: Such as switching to high flashpoint, nontoxicsolvents.
—Administrative controls: Such as limiting exposure by re-ducing work schedules or establishing appropriate workpractices and procedures.
—PPE: The last method of abatement (such as using hearingprotection when working with chain saws).
(Suggested time: 2 hours)
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Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Guidelines
• Identify first-aid supplies and emergency evacuation proced-ures. In the event of an emergency evacuation, be preparedto provide the following information:
—Nature of the accident or injury (avoid using the victim’sname).
—Type of assistance needed (ground, air, or water evacu-ation).
—Location where the accident occurred, best access to thework site (road name or number).
—Radio frequencies.—Contact person.—Local hazards to ground vehicles or aviation.—Weather conditions (windspeed and direction, visibility,
temperature).—Topography.—Number of individuals to be transported.—Estimated weight of individuals for air or water evacuation.
First Aid
Refer to the Health and Safety Code Handbook chapter 20,sections 21.21 and 21.22, for information on handling a medicalemergency. The onsite first-aid kit must have supplies thatmeet Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)specifications and requirements. A Type IV first-aid kit mustbe available as a minimum (General Services Administrationnational stock number NSN 6545-01-010-7754). A morecomplete kit meeting higher standards may be used.
Emergency Evacuation Plan
An emergency evacuation plan is essential for any field project,especially one involving chain saws and crosscut saws. Allemployees need to be proficient in using a radio. They need toknow which frequencies to use and whom to contact in the eventof an emergency. The latitude and longitude and/or the legallocation for an emergency medical helispot shall be determinedand included in the JHA before starting any work. The entirecrew shall know where the helispot is located. The emergencyevacuation plan needs to be updated when the work locationchanges.
The JHA and emergency evacuation plan shall be signed byemployees, signifying that they have read and understood thecontents, have received the required training, are qualified toperform the task or procedure, and will comply with all safetyprocedures.
A copy of the JHA, the bloodborne-pathogen exposure controlplan, the material safety data sheets for products used on thework project or activity, and the emergency evacuation planmust be kept onsite during the project. The JHA can be reviewedand updated during tailgate safety sessions. These sessionstake place before a new project or activity is begun, whenchanges are made (such as changing location, adding crew-members, or changing job responsibilities), or wheneveremployees believe a session is needed. Topics often focus onthe hazards associated with the job and methods to eliminateor abate them.
Personal Protective Equipment(Health and Safety Code Handbook chapter 70, section 72)
Items that must be included in the JHA:
(Chain Saw Operations) (Crosscut Saw Operations)• Forest Service-approved hardhat • Forest Service-approved hardhat• Eye protection • Eye protection• Appropriate gloves • Appropriate gloves• Heavy-duty, cut-resistant or • Heavy-duty, cut-resistant or leather,
leather, waterproof or water- waterproof or water-repellent,repellent, 8-inch-high laced boots 8-inch-high laced bootswith nonskid soles with nonskid soles
• Hearing protection (85 decibels • (Not required)and higher)
• Long-sleeved shirt • (Optional)• Chain saw chaps with a 2-inch • (Optional)
boot overlap
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used withengineering controls, substitution, administrative controls, ora combination of them to protect against hazards. Relying onPPE alone is not adequate.
General requirements should be followed for assessing thehead, eye, face, hand, and foot hazards of a work project oractivity.
General Requirements
• Select PPE based on hazards identified in the JHA.—PPE shall fit properly.—Defective, damaged, or unsanitary PPE shall not be used.—Supervisors shall assure the adequacy of PPE as well as
its proper maintenance and sanitation.
• Each employee shall be trained to wear the PPE required bythe JHA. Training shall include:
—The required PPE and when and how it should be worn.—Proper care, maintenance, useful life, limitations, and
disposal of PPE.
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Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Guidelines
• Before performing any work project or activity requiring PPE,employees need to demonstrate an understanding of theirtraining in its use. Employees are accountable for accidentsand injuries that result from failing to use or misusing requiredPPE.
• Additional training may be necessary. Circumstances in whichsupervisors should provide additional training include:
—Workplace changes that make earlier training obsolete.—Changes in the PPE to be used.—Evidence that an employee’s knowledge or use of PPE is
not adequate.
Specific Requirements
• Eye and Face Protection: Appropriate protection (includingside protection) when employees are exposed to eye or facehazards such as flying particles, chemical gases or vapors, orpotentially injurious light (such as ultraviolet light). Face shieldscan be used in saw operations in addition to safety glassesor safety goggles.
• Noise Protection: To comply with 29 CFR 1910.95, employeesneed to be in a hearing conservation program and wear earplugs or ear muffs or both when working with equipment higherthan 85 decibels (Health and Safety Code Handbook chapter20, section 21.13b No. 2).
• Head Protection: All hardhats and helmets should be designedto provide protection from impact and penetration hazards fromfalling objects. Inspect shells daily for signs of dents, cracks,penetration, or any other damage that might compromiseprotection. Suspension systems, headbands, sweatbands, andany accessories should also be inspected daily.
• Hand Protection: Ensure that hand protection protects employ-ees from the specific hazards that will be encountered. Glovesare often relied on to prevent cuts, abrasions, burns, and skincontact with chemicals that can cause local or systemic problemsif they contact the skin (29 CFR 1910.138).
• Foot Protection: Footwear designed to prevent injury due tofalling or rolling objects and objects piercing the soles. Heavy-duty, cut-resistant or leather, waterproof or water-repellent,8-inch-high laced boots with nonskid soles are required forchain saw use.
• Additional Protection: Saw chaps, saw shoulder pads, orother PPE that provide cut resistance or puncture protection.
How Chain Saw Chaps Protect the User—When a chainsaw strikes chain saw chaps, Kevlar fibers are pulled into thechain saw’s drive sprocket, slowing and quickly stopping thechain.
A back-coated nylon shell covers the Kevlar protective padinside the chaps. The shell resists water, oil, and abrasions. Theprotective pad consists of five layers of Kevlar in the followingorder: woven Kevlar, felted Kevlar, woven Kevlar, woven Kevlar,felted Kevlar. Kevlar is an aramid fiber similar to the Nomexmaterial used in firefighter’s clothing. Kevlar is more resistantto flame than Nomex. When chain saw chaps are exposed totemperatures higher than 500 degrees Fahrenheit, the nylonshell may melt, but the protective Kevlar pad will not burn.
Chain saw chaps need to be properly adjusted and worn snugto keep them positioned correctly on the legs. Chain saw usersshall wear chaps. The chaps should provide coverage 2 inchesbelow the boot tops. Proper fit and correct length maximizeprotection!
Chain Saw Chaps Specifications (MTDC-6170-4)—TheForest Service has provided cut-resistant protective chaps forchain saw sawyers since 1965. Chain saw chaps have preventedthousands of serious injuries.
The protective pad in the original Forest Service chain sawchaps consisted of four layers of ballistic nylon. Chain saw chapstests conducted by the Missoula Technology and DevelopmentCenter (MTDC) concluded that four layers of ballistic nylonoffered protection to a chain speed of 1,800 feet per/minute(fpm) without a cut through. In 1981 Forest Service chain sawchaps were redesigned to improve the level of protection to achain speed of 2,500 fpm without a cut through. The weightof the chaps was reduced by 40 percent, making them morecomfortable.
The Center monitors chain saw injuries. Because chain sawsrequire right-hand operation, the majority of chain contactinjuries occur on the left leg. In 2000 the Forest Service chainsaw chaps were redesigned. The new design provides protectionto a chain speed of 3,200 fpm without a cut through and in-creases the area of coverage for the left side of the left leg byabout 21⁄2 inches, and for the left side of the right leg by about11⁄2 inches. The higher level of protection and larger area ofprotection increased the weight of each pair of chaps by 6 to8 ounces, depending on the length (32, 36, or 40 inches). Onlysaw chaps provided by the General Services Administrationmeeting MTDC specifications 6170–4 are approved for purchaseand use.
Inspection and Replacement—Chain saw chaps need tobe inspected and replaced when appropriate. Replace chainsaw chaps when:
• The outer shell has numerous holes and cuts. Holes in theouter shell allow bar oil to be deposited on the protective pad.The oil acts as an adhesive, preventing fibers in the pad frommoving freely, decreasing the protection.
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Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Guidelines
• Wood chips and saw dust are evident in the bottom of thechaps.
• Repairs have stitched through the protective pad. Machineor hand stitching the protective pad prevents the fibers frommoving freely, decreasing the protection.
• Cleaning has been improper. Detergents with bleach additivesdecrease the protection.
• High-pressure washing has destroyed the protective pad.
• The chaps have a cut in the first layer of yellow Kevlar thatis more than 1 inch long.
Caring for Chain Saw Chaps—Treat your chain saw chapsas a CRITICAL piece of safety equipment. Keep them as cleanas possible. Appropriate and timely cleaning reduces theflammability of the chaps and keeps your clothing cleaner. Donot use your chaps as a chain stop.
Use Citrosqueeze, a commercially available citrus-based clean-ing product, to clean chain saw chaps. Citrosqueeze has beentested and approved by Dupont for cleaning Nomex and Kevlar.Do not machine wash or machine dry chain saw chaps.
Cleaning Chain Saw Chaps—Hose and brush off chain sawchaps to remove dirt. Citrosqueeze must be diluted before use.
• For light soiling, use a Citrosqueeze solution in a spray bottle,mixing 1 part Citrosqueeze concentrate to 10 parts water. Spraysolution on the area to be cleaned and brush the solution intothe chaps with a bristle brush. Wait one-half hour, thoroughlyrinse the chaps with cold water, and allow them to air dry.
• For heavy petroleum contamination, soak chain saw chapsin Citrosqueeze solution for a minimum of 4 hours, overnightif possible. Brush the chaps with a bristle brush, rinse themthoroughly with cold water, and allow them to air dry. Many pairsof chain saw chaps can be cleaned in a single soak tank. Use10 to 15 gallons of solution in a soak tank.
A United States manufacturer for Citrosqueeze is:Emco IndustriesNo. 118–2930 Norman Strasse Rd.San Marcos, CA 92069Phone: 888–727–3230
Repairs—Clean all chaps before repairing them. Repair cutsand holes in the outer shell as soon as possible to prevent theprotective Kevlar pad from becoming contaminated with baroil and petroleum products.
When repairing damage to the chaps’ nylon shell, use a com-mercially available product called Seam Grip. Seam Gripprovides a flexible, waterproof, and abrasion-resistant patchthat will prevent petroleum products from contaminating theprotective Kevlar pad.
Remove chain saw chaps from service if they have a cut longerthan 1 inch in the top layer of Kevlar.
To repair holes and tears in the nylon shell:
1. Cut a piece of notebook or printer paper that extendsabout 2 inches beyond the edge of the damage.
2. Slip the paper inside the hole or tear so the paper lies ontop of the protective Kevlar pad.
3. Lay the chaps on a flat, level surface and press the nylonshell down onto the piece of paper.
4. Squeeze Seam Grip onto the paper and onto the sides ofthe tear so that there is good coverage on all sides of thetear or hole.
5. Allow the patch to dry for at least 12 hours before usingthe chaps.
Seam Grip is available through outdoor retailers. To learn ofretailers close to you, contact:
McNett Corp.Box 996Bellingham, WA 98227Phone: 360–671–2227Fax: 360–671–4521Web site: http://www.mcnett.com
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Chapter 1—Course Information and Safety Guidelines
Situational Awareness
The situational awareness checklist can be used for self-assessment during sawing operations. It can also be used fordiscussions, tailgate safety sessions, or one-on-one problemsolving (performance or skill deficiency) in the field.
Checklist of Personal Safety Considerations andAttitude
✔ How do I feel about this sawing assignment?
✔ Am I exercising sound judgment and awareness?
✔ Is my attitude influencing me to go against my better judgment(gut feeling)?
✔ Is my mind on my work project or activity?
✔ Do I have self-confidence?
✔ Am I overconfident?
✔ Am I doing this against my will? (Health and Safety CodeHandbook chapter 20, section 22.48)
✔ Is peer pressure a factor?
✔ Am I professional enough to decline the assignment andask for assistance?
✔ Do I have all of the required PPE and sawing equipmentto do the job safely? Am I committed to using the PPE andequipment correctly?
✔ Am I complacent?
✔ Am I violating any safe operating procedures?
✔ Do I feel hurried or unusually stressed to get the tree on theground or bucked?
✔ Have all options been considered and discussed withothers?
✔ Am I in an unfamiliar environment and timber type?
✔ Do I watch out for my coworkers, contractors, and the public?
Evaluating the Complexity of the Assignment
The individual sawyer must determine the complexity of theassignment.
Your evaluation of the complexity of the assignment must bebased on your individual skill, knowledge, and your understand-ing of your personal capabilities and limitations. The finaldecision to cut any tree is left up to the individual sawyer. Youhave the responsibility to say no and walk away from any sawingsituation that is beyond your capabilities.
If a thorough job of assessing the complexity of the specificsituation has been completed, the decision to cut or not to cutwill be determined by the following Go, No-Go process.
Deciding Whether to Cut a Tree
Go! I feel comfortable with the sawing situation—I will cut the tree.
No Go! I don’t feel comfortable with the situation—I will walkaway from the tree.
Never base your decision on what you think you might be ableto do. Remember…your safety and the safety of your coworkersdepends on the decisions you make.
6
Glossary
This glossary is adapted from the S–212 Wildfire Power Sawstraining course.
Ax—A part of the faller’s safety equipment used for poundingand chopping. It can also be used to plumb the lean of a tree.
Backcut—The last of the three cuts required to fell a tree. It islocated on the opposite side of the tree from the undercut (face)and at least 2 inches (the stump shot) above the horizontal cutof the undercut (face). The backcut must never be continuedto a point at which no holding wood remains.
Barber Chair—A tree that splits vertically when it is beingfelled. This is generally a result of improper facing or backcut-ting. A portion of the fallen tree is left on the stump.
Bind—A series of pressures in a felled tree resulting fromobjects (such as terrain or stumps) that prevent the tree fromlying flat on the ground. The two major components of bindare compression and tension. Binds determine the techniqueand procedure used while bucking.
Blowdown—An area of timber blown over by strong winds orstorms.
Bole—A tree stem thick enough for saw timber or large poles.
Boring—Using the nose or tip of the guide bar to saw into thetree while felling or bucking.
Bottom Bind—One of the four basic tree positions commonlyencountered while bucking. A tree in a bottom bind is tensionedon top and compressed on the bottom.
Brushing—Removing the brush and shrubs while swampingout a work area.
Buck—Sawing through the bole of a tree after it has beenfelled.
Butt—The base of a tree stem.
Calks—Heavy boots containing numerous steel calks or spikes.
Conventional Undercut—The type of undercut commonlyused to fell a tree. The undercut is taken from the butt of thetree.
Corners—The holding wood on either outside edge of the tree.
CPR—Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Danger Tree—A standing tree that presents a hazard due toconditions such as deterioration or physical damage to theroot system, trunk, stem, or limbs, and the direction and leanof the tree.
Dogs (Bumper Spikes)—Chain saw accessory designed forfelling and bucking. Medium-size saws will generally have aninside dog while larger saws will have an inside and an outsideset of dogs. Chain saw dogs increase the sawyer’s efficiencyin felling and bucking operations.
Dolmar—Container for holding saw fuel and oil.
DOT—U.S. Department of Transportation.
Double Jack—A long-handled sledge hammer used to drivesplitting and steel wedges.
Dutchman—A portion of the undercut that is not removed. Adutchman generally results when the horizontal and slopingundercut do not meet or extend beyond each other. A dutchmanis very hazardous because it can change the felling direction.
End Bind—One of the four basic tree positions commonlyencountered while bucking. An end bind situation occurs onsteep terrain where the force of gravity closes the bucking cuts.
EPA—U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Escape Route—A predetermined path used by fallers whenfelling or bucking. Determine the direction and distance of theescape route and clear the route before cutting.
Face Cut—See undercut.
First-Aid Kit—A kit that includes bloodborne pathogen protec-tive equipment (as a minimum, rubber gloves, face masks,eye protection, and CPR clear-mouth barriers) in addition tostandard first-aid supplies.
Forest Service Approved—An item that meets Forest Servicespecifications or conforms to Forest Service drawings.
Guide Bar—The part of the chain saw that the saw chain travelson. Improper use of the bar (particularly the top and bottom ofthe bar at the end of the bar’s nose) results in kickbacks andsaw cuts.
Gunning (Sighting)—Aligning the handlebars or gunning markwith the desired felling direction. Because the handlebars orgunning mark are at a 90-degree angle to the bar, the exactposition of the undercut can easily be established in relation tothe desired felling direction. Some handlebars are not designedfor gunning.
Hanging Wedge—A fan-shaped metal wedge.
Hangup—A situation in which a tree is lodged in another treeand does not fall to the ground.
7
Glossary
Head Lean—One of the two natural leaning forces found inmost trees. Head lean is more pronounced than side lean.
Holding Wood—Section of wood located between the undercutand the backcut. Its purpose is to prevent the tree from perma-nently slipping from the stump before it has been committedto the undercut. It also helps direct where the tree will fall.The holding wood must never be completely sawn off.
Hinge Wood—Same as holding wood.
Horizontal Undercut—The first of the two cuts required toundercut a tree. This level cut is at least one-third the diameterof the tree.
Humboldt Undercut—A type of undercut that is not recom-mended by the Forest Service for felling trees.
Itinerary—Planned route of travel, date of travel, destination,and estimated times of departure and arrival.
Jackstraw—Area where trees have been blown or fallen downin crisscross fashion.
JHA—Job hazard analysis.
Kerf—The slot saw-chain cutters make in the wood.
Kickback—A strong thrust of the saw back toward the fallergenerally resulting from improper use of the nose of the guidebar or from pinching the bar in a cut.
Lay—Refers to either the position in which a felled tree is lyingor the intended location of a standing tree after it has beenfelled.
Lead—The established direction in which all trees in a quarteror strip are to be felled, usually governed by the terrain of thearea, its general slope, or the skid road system.
Lean—The tilt of a tree away from its vertical position. Manytimes two leans may affect the same tree, such as head leanand side lean.
Leaner—A tree that leans heavily.
Limbing—Removing the branches from a felled or standingtree.
MSDS—Material safety data sheet. A compilation of informationrequired under the Occupational Safety and Health Administra-tion’s Hazard Communication Standard that outlines the identityof hazardous chemicals, health, physical, and fire hazards,exposure limits, and storage and handling precautions.
NIOSH—National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health.
Offside—The opposite side of the tree from where the fallerstands while bucking or felling.
OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration.
Pie Shape (Wedge) Cut—A section sawn from a tree duringbucking to allow for the directional pressures of various binds.Removing a pie-shaped section minimizes splits and slabs.
PPE—Personal protective equipment and clothing, respiratorydevices, protective shields, and barriers.
Pistol-Grip Tree—A tree with a curve at the base of the trunkthat makes it difficult to identify the tree’s lean.
Safety Container—As defined by NFPA 30, an approvedcontainer with less than 5-gallon capacity, having a spring-closing lid and spout cover designed so that it safely relievesinternal pressure when during a fire.
Sapwood—The outer layers of wood in growing trees thatcontain living cells and reserve material.
Side Bind—One of the four basic tree positions commonlyencountered while bucking. A tree in a side bind is compressedon one side and tensioned on the other.
Side Lean—One of the two natural leans found in many trees.Side lean is less pronounced than head lean.
Sitback—Refers to a tree that settles back on the stump,closing the backcut’s kerf. Sitback usually occurs because ofimproperly determining the tree’s lean or by the wind.
Slabbing—A lateral split generally caused by improper tech-nique or an improper sequence of bucking cuts.
Sloping Undercut—The second of the two cuts required toundercut a tree. This cut must be angled to allow a wide openingfor the undercut.
Snag—Any standing dead tree.
Sound—Wood that is not rotten.
Spider—A gauge used for setting crosscut saw teeth.
Spike Top—A live tree that has a dead top.
Spring Pole—A limb or sapling that is bent under a tree orother weight.
8
Stump Shot—Two inches or more height difference betweenthe horizontal cut of the undercut (face) and the backcut. Thedifference in height establishes a step that will prevent a treefrom jumping back over the stump toward the faller.
Swamp Out—To clean out brush and other material aroundthe base of trees and where trees are to be bucked to protectagainst saw kickback and to provide safe footing.
Top Bind—One of the four basic tree positions commonlyencountered while bucking. A tree in a top bind situation iscompressed on top and tensioned on the bottom.
Undercut (Face Cut)—A section of wood sawn and removedfrom a tree’s base. Its removal allows the tree to fall and helps
Glossary
direct where the tree will fall. The face is comprised of twoseparate cuts that have constant relationships. The horizontalcut must be at least one-third the diameter of the tree; thesloping cut must be angled enough to allow a wide opening,and the two cuts must not cross each other.
USDA—U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Wedge—A plastic or magnesium tool used by a faller to redis-tribute a tree’s weight in the desired direction and to preventa tree from falling backward. It is also used to prevent the guidebar from being pinched while bucking.
Widow Maker—A loose limb, top, or piece of bark that mayfall on anyone working beneath it.
9
1. W
OR
K P
RO
JEC
T/A
CT
IVIT
Y2.
LO
CA
TIO
N3.
UN
IT
4. N
AM
E O
F A
NA
LYS
T5.
JO
B T
ITL
E6.
DA
TE
PR
EPA
RE
D
7. T
AS
KS
/PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
8. H
AZ
AR
DS
9. A
BA
TE
ME
NT
AC
TIO
NS
(Eng
inee
ring
cont
rols
• s
ubst
itutio
n •
adm
inis
trat
ive
cont
rols
• P
PE
)
FS
-670
0-7
(03/
00)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
For
est S
ervi
ce
JOB
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
(JH
A)
Ref
eren
ces:
FS
H 6
709.
11 a
nd 6
709.
12(I
nstr
uctio
ns o
n re
vers
e)
Sample Job Hazard Analysis
Ch
ain
Saw
Op
erat
ion
Qu
alif
icat
ion
s•
Cur
rent
cer
tific
atio
n by
a n
atio
nally
rec
ogni
zed
orga
niza
tion
to r
ende
r fir
st a
id a
nd p
erfo
rm C
PR
. Par
tici-
patio
n in
an
appr
oved
cro
sscu
t/cha
in s
aw p
rogr
am (
Cla
ssro
om a
nd fi
eld
trai
ning
enc
ompa
ssin
g in
par
t or
in to
tal a
nat
iona
l tra
inin
g pr
ogra
m, s
uch
as W
ildfir
e P
ower
Saw
s S
-212
). S
uper
viso
rs—
Ens
ure
that
saw
oper
ator
s re
ceiv
e tr
aini
ng o
r re
trai
ning
in fi
rst a
id a
nd C
PR
bef
ore
cert
ifica
tions
exp
ire.
Ele
men
ts in
clud
e:•
Dem
onst
ratio
n of
saw
ing
abili
ty (
to a
cer
tifie
d op
erat
or o
r ce
rtifi
ed in
stru
ctor
) in
func
tiona
l are
as.
• S
uper
visi
on b
y a
cert
ified
inst
ruct
or o
r ce
rtifi
ed o
pera
tor
of s
aw w
ork
by n
ew o
pera
tors
. Sup
ervi
sors
—M
onito
r pr
ofic
ienc
y of
saw
yers
to r
ecog
nize
the
need
for
rece
rtifi
catio
n (a
dditi
onal
trai
ning
) in
less
than
3ye
ars.
Per
son
al P
rote
ctiv
e E
qu
ipm
ent
(PP
E)
Em
ploy
ees—
Mai
ntai
n P
PE
in a
cle
an a
nd fu
lly fu
nctio
nal c
ondi
tion.
Req
uire
d P
PE
:Fa
lling
obj
ects
• F
ores
t Ser
vice
-app
rove
d ha
rdha
t.F
lyin
g or
spr
ayin
g ob
ject
s•
Eye
pro
tect
ion.
Noi
se•
Hea
ring
prot
ectio
n (8
5 dB
and
abo
ve).
Sha
rp o
r po
inte
d ob
ject
s•
App
ropr
iate
glo
ves
(cut
-res
ista
nt g
love
s fo
r ch
ain
filin
g).
• Lo
ng-s
leev
ed s
hirt
.•
Cha
in s
aw c
haps
(Fo
rest
Ser
vice
–app
rove
d, m
inim
um o
f 2 in
ches
boo
t ove
rlap)
.•
Hea
vy-d
uty,
cut
-res
ista
nt o
r le
athe
r, w
ater
proo
f or
wat
er-r
epel
lent
, 8-in
ch-h
igh
lace
d bo
ots
with
non
skid
sole
s (h
ard
toes
are
opt
iona
l).•
Fire
she
lter
(wild
fire
and
pres
crib
ed-b
urn
assi
gnm
ents
).
Req
uire
d ch
ain
saw
feat
ures
:• T
hrot
tle in
terlo
ck.
• F
ellin
g an
d bu
ckin
g sp
ikes
for
felli
ng a
nd b
ucki
ng o
pera
tions
(fu
ll se
t of t
wo)
.E
rgon
omic
s, fa
tigue
• A
ntiv
ibra
tion
syst
em.
• C
hain
bra
ke, f
ully
func
tiona
l.•
Pro
per
saw
for
the
job,
fully
ope
ratio
nal (
full
wra
paro
und
hand
le b
ar fo
r fe
lling
ope
ratio
ns is
req
uire
d,th
ree-
quar
ter
hand
leba
rs a
re a
llow
ed fo
r bu
ckin
g an
d lim
bing
onl
y).
• P
rope
r ba
r le
ngth
for
the
spec
ific
wor
k pr
ojec
t or
activ
ity.
• B
ow b
ars
with
top
and
botto
m c
hain
gua
rds
and
stin
gers
.•
Cha
in, f
iled
and
mai
ntai
ned.
Gen
eral
equ
ipm
ent:
• F
irst-
aid
kit.
• F
ire e
xtin
guis
her.
• C
hain
saw
wre
nch.
• C
hain
file
with
han
dle
and
guar
d.•
App
rove
d sa
fety
con
tain
er f o
r fu
el.
• C
hain
and
bar
oil
cont
aine
r , cl
early
mar
ked.
• P
rope
r w
edge
s fo
r th
e sp
ecifi
c w
ork
proj
ect o
r ac
tivity
(w
oode
n w
edge
s ar
e no
t per
mitt
ed).
• S
ingl
e-bi
t ax
or m
aul,
3 to
5 p
ound
s
10
1. W
OR
K P
RO
JEC
T/A
CT
IVIT
Y2.
LO
CA
TIO
N3.
UN
IT
4. N
AM
E O
F A
NA
LYS
T5.
JO
B T
ITL
E6.
DA
TE
PR
EPA
RE
D
7. T
AS
KS
/PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
8. H
AZ
AR
DS
9. A
BA
TE
ME
NT
AC
TIO
NS
(Eng
inee
r ing
cont
rols
• s
ubst
itutio
n •
adm
inis
trat
ive
cont
rols
• P
PE
)
FS
-670
0-7
(03/
00)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
For
est S
ervi
ce
JOB
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
(JH
A)
Ref
eren
ces:
FS
H 6
709.
11 a
nd 6
709.
12(I
nstr
uctio
ns o
n re
vers
e) Sample Job Hazard Analysis
Tran
spo
rtin
g t
he
Saw
Saf
ety
Pra
ctic
es:
Dar
knes
s•
No
felli
ng a
t nig
ht.
Wal
king
• C
arry
so
the
bar
(tee
th)
poin
t dow
nhill
and
aw
ay fr
om th
e bo
dy—
cove
r th
e ba
r if
carr
ying
on
your
shou
lder
. Pre
vent
inju
ry fr
om c
utte
rs, d
ogs,
and
muf
fler.
• S
hut d
own
the
saw
whe
n ca
rryi
ng fa
rthe
r th
an tr
ee to
tree
, or
whe
n sl
ippe
ry s
urfa
ces
or b
rush
cre
ate
addi
tiona
l haz
ards
.•
Act
ivat
e th
e ch
ain
brak
e fo
r sh
orte
r di
stan
ces.
Veh
icle
• D
o no
t car
ry s
aws
or fu
el (
incl
udin
g em
pty
fuel
con
tain
ers)
in th
e pa
ssen
ger
com
part
men
t.•
Do
not s
tore
fuel
and
food
toge
ther
.
Sit
uat
ion
al A
war
enes
s an
dA
naly
ze th
e cu
tting
are
a by
con
side
ring:
Siz
eup
• Lo
catio
n of
peo
ple,
str
uctu
res,
pow
erlin
es, a
nd o
ther
obs
tacl
es.
• R
oads
and
trav
el in
the
cutti
ng a
rea.
• Top
ogra
phy
and
stee
p gr
ound
.•
Nea
rby
haza
rds
such
as
tree
s, lo
w-h
angi
ng a
nd d
ead
limbs
, roc
ks, a
nd b
rush
.•
Prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y es
cape
rou
tes,
saf
ety
zone
s, a
nd a
ltern
ates
.•
Win
d di
rect
ion
and
velo
city
suc
h as
ste
ady
vers
us g
ustin
g an
d/or
cha
ngin
g di
rect
ions
.• T
ree
spec
ies,
bot
h liv
e an
d de
ad.
• D
iam
eter
and
hei
ght o
f tre
es.
• S
ound
ness
of t
ree
(spl
it, li
ghtn
ing
stru
ck, b
roke
n-of
f top
, rot
, det
erio
ratio
n or
phy
sica
l dam
age
to th
e ro
otsy
stem
, tru
nk, s
tem
, lim
bs, o
r ba
rk).
• Le
an d
irect
ion.
• Li
mb
dist
ribut
ion.
• W
idow
mak
ers.
• S
pike
d to
p.•
Bur
ning
top.
• M
oist
ure
(rai
n, s
now
, or
ice)
.
Ch
ain
Saw
Op
erat
ion
Pri
mar
y an
d S
eco
nd
ary
Esc
ape
Ro
ute
s, S
afet
y Z
on
es, a
nd
Alt
ern
ates
Slip
s, tr
ips,
and
falls
• S
elec
t and
pre
pare
the
wor
k ar
ea b
y cl
earin
g a
prim
ary
esca
pe p
ath
and
an a
ltern
ate
path
bef
ore
star
ting
the
cut.
Wal
king
sur
face
s•
Wal
k ou
t and
thor
ough
ly c
heck
the
inte
nded
lay
of th
e tr
ee.
• P
lan
the
rout
e fr
om th
e st
ump
to th
e sa
fety
zon
e, g
ener
ally
not
less
than
20
feet
aw
ay; t
he fa
rthe
r th
ebe
tter.
Falli
ng o
bjec
ts•
If po
ssib
le, s
tand
beh
ind
anot
her
tree
, pre
fera
bly
quar
terin
g ba
ck fr
om th
e pl
anne
d di
rect
ion
of fa
ll. W
ait
and
wat
ch fo
r at
leas
t 30
seco
nds
afte
r th
e tr
ee h
its th
e gr
ound
for
bran
ches
and
oth
er b
roke
n tr
ee p
arts
to fa
ll. T
he s
hiel
ding
tree
sho
uld
be s
ound
and
larg
e en
ough
to p
rovi
de p
rote
ctio
n.
Bu
ckin
g, B
rush
ing
, an
dK
ickb
ack
• K
now
whe
re th
e tip
of t
he b
ar is
at a
ll tim
es.
Lim
bin
gB
ind
• A
ntic
ipat
e lo
g te
nsio
ns (
bind
s) a
nd c
ompr
essi
ons
and
plan
miti
gatio
n.R
ollin
g lo
gs•
Use
wed
ges
and/
or th
e pi
e cu
t. In
itiat
e th
e cu
t slo
wly
to o
bser
ve th
e bi
nd.
• U
se c
autio
n w
hen
cutti
ng li
mbs
sup
port
ing
the
log
off t
he g
roun
d. D
o no
t saw
from
the
dow
nhill
sid
e. O
nst
eep
grou
nd, p
reve
nt b
ucke
d se
ctio
ns fr
om r
ollin
g or
slid
ing.
Lim
b fr
om th
e to
p of
larg
e lo
gs.
Tens
ion
• W
atch
f or
and
care
fully
red
uce
tens
ion
on s
aplin
gs a
nd li
mbs
with
a s
erie
s of
sm
all c
uts
on th
e te
nsio
ned
side
.
11
1. W
OR
K P
RO
JEC
T/A
CT
IVIT
Y2.
LO
CA
TIO
N3.
UN
IT
4. N
AM
E O
F A
NA
LYS
T5.
JO
B T
ITL
E6.
DA
TE
PR
EPA
RE
D
7. T
AS
KS
/PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
8. H
AZ
AR
DS
9. A
BA
TE
ME
NT
AC
TIO
NS
(Eng
inee
ring
cont
rols
• s
ubst
itutio
n •
adm
inis
trat
ive
cont
rols
• P
PE
)
FS
-670
0-7
(03/
00)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
For
est S
ervi
ce
JOB
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
(JH
A)
Ref
eren
ces:
FS
H 6
709.
11 a
nd 6
709.
12(I
nstr
uctio
ns o
n re
vers
e)
Fel
ling
Hum
an fa
ctor
s•
Con
side
r yo
ur m
enta
l and
phy
sica
l con
ditio
n.O
ther
haz
ards
(ki
ckba
ck,
• S
aw fr
om a
saf
e st
andi
ng h
eigh
t. B
e al
ert a
nd lo
ok u
p fr
eque
ntly
. The
und
ercu
t mus
t be
clea
n w
ith a
nbi
nd, r
ollin
g lo
gs)
open
ing
larg
e en
ough
to c
ontr
ol th
e tr
ee n
early
to th
e gr
ound
. Do
not u
se c
orne
r or
sid
e cu
ts in
hol
low
tree
s un
less
ade
quat
e ho
ldin
g w
ood
can
be m
aint
aine
d. G
ive
a w
arni
ng s
hout
bef
ore
begi
nnin
g th
eba
ckcu
t. G
ive
anot
her
war
ning
sho
ut ju
st b
efor
e th
e tr
ee fa
lls. I
nser
t a w
edge
into
the
back
cut a
s so
on a
spo
ssib
le. I
n sm
all-d
iam
eter
tree
s, w
edge
into
a c
orne
r cu
t. D
o no
t cut
off
all o
f the
hol
ding
woo
d. A
s th
etr
ee c
omm
its to
the
unde
rcut
, wat
ch th
e to
p as
you
get
qui
ckly
way
from
the
stum
p. If
the
tree
mov
es in
adi
rect
ion
that
com
prom
ises
the
prim
ary
esca
pe r
oute
, use
the
alte
rnat
e ro
ute.
Do
not l
eave
a p
artia
lly c
uttr
ee w
ithou
t mar
king
it a
nd w
arni
ng o
ther
s. W
hen
situ
atio
ns a
re d
eem
ed u
nsaf
e, u
se a
ltern
ate
met
hods
or
canc
el th
e ta
sk.
Han
dlin
g F
lam
mab
le a
nd
Bur
ns, f
lam
mab
ility
, and
Saf
ety
Pra
ctic
esC
om
bust
ible
Liq
uid
sto
xic
fum
es•
A h
azar
d co
mm
unic
atio
n tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am p
rovi
des
info
rmat
ion
rela
ted
to g
ener
al a
war
enes
s, h
azar
dch
emic
al in
vent
ory,
and
MS
DS
s.•
A h
azar
dous
-che
mic
al in
vent
ory
shal
l be
mai
ntai
ned
and
shal
l be
read
ily a
cces
sibl
e to
all
empl
oyee
s.•
Nev
er h
andl
e ha
zard
ous
chem
ical
s th
at d
o no
t hav
e an
MS
DS
. An
MS
DS
is r
equi
red
from
the
man
ufac
ture
r/su
pplie
r of
eac
h ch
emic
al u
sed
onsi
te a
nd s
hall
be r
eadi
ly a
cces
sibl
e to
em
ploy
ees
at a
lltim
es.
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
• A
ll co
ntai
ners
(sa
fety
can
s, d
rum
s, ta
nks,
or
tank
truc
ks)
used
for
tran
spor
ting
haza
rdou
s m
ater
ials
mus
tbe
cor
rect
ly la
bele
d or
pla
card
ed to
ens
ure
quic
k id
entif
icat
ion
of th
e m
ater
ials
in a
n em
erge
ncy.
Dis
pen
sin
g•
Gen
eral
Saf
ety—
All
hand
ling
and
disp
ensi
ng o
f fla
mm
able
liqu
ids
shal
l be
done
in a
wel
l-ven
tilat
ed a
rea
free
of s
ourc
es o
f ign
ition
, with
bon
ding
bet
wee
n th
e di
spen
sing
equ
ipm
ent a
nd th
e co
ntai
ner
bein
g fil
led.
Wo
rkin
g A
rou
nd
Po
iso
no
us
Acc
iden
tal c
onta
ctP
roce
du
res
Pla
nts
• Tea
ch a
ll em
ploy
ees
who
are
sub
ject
to e
xpos
ure,
esp
ecia
lly th
ose
know
n to
be
high
ly s
ensi
tive,
tore
cogn
ize
pois
onou
s pl
ants
. Whe
n po
ssib
le, d
o no
t ass
ign
alle
rgic
em
ploy
ees
to jo
bs th
at e
xpos
e th
em to
pois
onou
s pl
ants
.•
Pro
vide
and
app
ly a
ski
n pr
otec
tant
or
barr
ier
crea
m. F
aste
n pa
nt le
gs s
ecur
ely
over
boo
t top
s (a
dhes
ive
tape
may
be
nece
ssar
y).
• W
ear
glov
es a
nd k
eep
them
aw
ay fr
om th
e fa
ce a
nd o
ther
exp
osed
par
ts o
f the
bod
y. D
o no
t tou
ch s
kin
with
han
ds, c
loth
es, o
r eq
uipm
ent t
hat m
ay h
ave
cont
acte
d po
ison
ous
plan
ts.
• W
hene
ver
the
skin
con
tact
s a
pois
onou
s pl
ant o
r no
xiou
s w
eed,
was
h th
e ar
ea w
ith c
old
wat
er w
ithin
1to
3 m
inut
es o
r as
soo
n as
pos
sibl
e. U
se li
bera
l am
ount
s of
wat
er to
ens
ure
that
all
pois
onou
s oi
ls a
rew
ashe
d of
f. W
hile
wor
king
aro
und
pois
onou
s pl
ants
, do
not w
ash
with
soa
p an
d/or
hot
wat
er b
ecau
se th
eyca
n re
mov
e na
tura
l pro
tect
ive
oils
from
you
r sk
in.
• D
estr
oy p
oiso
nous
pla
nts
arou
nd im
prov
ed a
reas
.•
Avo
id th
e sm
oke
of b
urni
ng p
oiso
nous
pla
nts .
Inha
ling
this
sm
oke
can
caus
e f e
ver,
mal
aise
, res
pira
tory
prob
lem
s, a
nd s
e ver
e ra
sh.
• U
pon
retu
rnin
g fr
om th
e fie
ld, u
se r
ubbi
ng a
lcoh
ol to
cle
anse
ski
n th
at c
onta
cted
poi
sono
us p
lant
s .•
Cle
an to
ols
with
citr
ic-b
ased
sol
vent
bef
ore
stor
ing
(use
app
ropr
iate
glo
ves
and
adeq
uate
ven
tilat
ion)
.•
Avo
id e
xpos
ure
thro
ugh
mis
hand
ling
cont
amin
ated
clo
thes
. Was
h co
ntam
inat
ed c
loth
ing
sepa
r ate
ly fr
omot
her
clot
hes
in h
ot w
ater
and
det
erge
nt.
Sample Job Hazard Analysis
12
1. W
OR
K P
RO
JEC
T/A
CT
IVIT
Y2.
LO
CA
TIO
N3.
UN
IT
4. N
AM
E O
F A
NA
LYS
T5.
JO
B T
ITL
E6.
DA
TE
PR
EPA
RE
D
7. T
AS
KS
/PR
OC
ED
UR
ES
8. H
AZ
AR
DS
9. A
BA
TE
ME
NT
AC
TIO
NS
(Eng
inee
r ing
cont
rols
• s
ubst
itutio
n •
adm
inis
trat
ive
cont
rols
• P
PE
)
FS
-670
0-7
(03/
00)
U.S
. Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
For
est S
ervi
ce
JOB
HA
ZA
RD
AN
ALY
SIS
(JH
A)
Ref
eren
ces:
FS
H 6
709.
11 a
nd 6
709.
12(I
nstr
uctio
ns o
n re
vers
e)
Eva
cuat
ion
Pla
n (s
ee a
ttach
ed E
mer
genc
y E
vacu
atio
n P
lan)
10. L
INE
OF
FIC
ER
SIG
NA
TU
RE
11. T
ITL
E12
. DA
TE
Fie
ld S
ite
EM
ER
GE
NC
Y E
VA
CU
AT
ION
PL
AN
Wor
k pr
ojec
t/act
ivity
: G
ener
al s
aw u
se__
____
____
___ _
____
____
_Lo
catio
n:__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
_Le
gal d
escr
iptio
n:__
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
____
__
To p
repa
re fo
r an
em
erge
ncy
that
req
uire
s fir
st a
id a
nd/o
r im
med
iate
eva
cuat
ion
of p
erso
nnel
due
to s
erio
us in
jury
, the
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n sh
all b
e av
aila
ble
to a
llcr
ewm
embe
rs:
• D
esig
nate
d fir
st-a
id p
rovi
der(
s): a
t lea
st o
ne p
erso
n on
eac
h cr
e w s
houl
d be
des
igna
ted
to p
rovi
de fi
rst a
id.
• C
omm
unic
atio
n pr
oced
ures
to f o
llow
in th
e e v
en o
f an
emer
genc
y.•
Mea
ns o
f com
mun
icat
ion
durin
g du
ty h
ours
: For
est r
adio
to c
onta
ct f o
rest
fire
dis
patc
h.
Wo
rkin
g A
rou
nd
Inse
cts
Tic
ksS
afet
y P
roce
du
res
• S
pray
clo
thes
with
an
inse
ct r
epel
lant
, whi
ch m
ay p
rovi
de a
n ad
ditio
nal b
arrie
r ag
ains
t tic
ks. R
epel
lant
s,su
ch a
s di
ethy
l met
atol
oam
ide
(DE
ET
), d
o no
t kill
tick
s. S
ome
spra
ys d
o co
ntai
n pe
rmet
hrin
, whi
ch k
ills
ticks
on
cont
act.
Alw
ays
follo
w th
e m
anuf
actu
rer’s
app
licat
ion
inst
ruct
ions
for
inse
ct r
epel
lant
s an
dtr
eatm
ents
.•
Wea
r lig
ht-c
olor
ed c
loth
ing
that
fits
tigh
tly a
t the
wris
ts, a
nkle
s, a
nd w
aist
. Eac
h ou
ter
garm
ent s
houl
dov
erla
p th
e on
e ab
ove
it. C
over
trou
ser
legs
with
hig
h so
cks
or b
oots
and
tuck
shi
rtta
ils in
side
trou
sers
.•
Sea
rch
the
body
rep
eate
dly
(suc
h as
dur
ing
rest
per
iods
and
lunc
h), e
spec
ially
hai
ry r
egio
ns a
nd in
side
clot
hing
, as
ticks
sel
dom
atta
ch th
emse
lves
with
in th
e fir
st fe
w h
ours
.•
Rem
ove
ticks
with
fine
-tip
ped
twee
zers
or
finge
rs. G
rasp
the
tick
as c
lose
as
poss
ible
to th
e po
int o
fat
tach
men
t and
pul
l str
aigh
t up,
app
lyin
g ge
ntle
pre
ssur
e. W
ash
the
skin
with
soa
p an
d w
ater
then
clea
nse
with
rub
bing
alc
ohol
. Do
not t
ry to
rem
ove
the
tick
by b
urni
ng it
with
a m
atch
or
cove
ring
it w
ithch
emic
al a
gent
s. If
the
head
pul
ls o
ff w
hen
the
tick
is b
eing
rem
oved
, or
if th
e tic
k ca
nnot
be
rem
oved
,se
ek m
edic
al a
ttent
ion.
• O
nce
the
tick
has
been
rem
oved
, pla
ce it
in a
n em
pty
cont
aine
r so
it c
an b
e gi
ven
to a
phy
sici
an if
you
expe
rienc
e a
reac
tion.
Rec
ord
the
date
s of
tick
exp
osur
e an
d re
mov
al. A
n ea
rly w
arni
ng s
ign
to w
atch
for
is a
larg
e re
d sp
ot o
n a
tick
bite
. Rea
ctio
ns w
ithin
2 w
eeks
incl
ude
feve
r, ch
ills,
hea
dach
e, jo
int a
nd m
uscl
eac
he, s
igni
fican
t fat
igue
, and
faci
al p
aral
ysis
.
Sample Job Hazard Analysis
13
Additional Information for Sawyers
Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Documents
Oregon Maintenance and Safety Manual. Blount, Inc., OregonCutting Systems Division; 4909 SE. International Way; Portland,OR 97222–4679; (or) P.O. Box 22127, Portland, OR 97269–2127.
Falling and Bucking Training Standard and Fallers and Buckers’Handbook. Workers Compensation Board of British Columbia,Films and Posters Section; P.O. Box 5350; Vancouver, BCV6B5L5.
An Ax to Grind (9923–2833–MTDC). Missoula Technology andDevelopment Center; Bldg. 1, Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT59804–7294.
Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Videos
An Ax to Grind (99–01–MTDC). Missoula Technology andDevelopment Center; Bldg. 1, Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT59804–7294.
Be Smart—Be Sharp—Be Safe. Blount, Inc., Oregon CuttingSystems Division; 4909 SE. International Way; Portland, OR97222–4679; (or) P.O. Box 22127, Portland, OR 97269–2127.
Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Presentations
Situational Awareness Exercise for Chain Saws and SituationalAwareness Exercise for Crosscut Saws. PowerPoint presen-tations. Missoula Technology and Development Center; Bldg.1, Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT 59804–7294.
Chain Saw Videos
Chain Maintenance Clinic: Oregon Cutting. Workers Compen-sation Board of British Columbia, Films and Posters Section;P.O. Box 5350; Vancouver, BC V6B5L5.
Principles of Safe, Correct, and Efficient Chain Saw Use inAll Tree Felling Operations. D. Douglas Dent, Inc.; P.O. Box1099; Prineville, OR 97754.
Chain Saw Presentations
S–212 Wildfire Power Saws. Slide presentation. This trainingcourse is scheduled for revision fall of 2001. National Intera-gency Fire Center; 3833 S. Development Ave.; Boise, ID 83705.
Crosscut Saw Documents
Crosscut Saw Manual (7771–2508–MTDC). Revised May1988. Missoula Technology and Development Center; Bldg. 1,Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT 59804–7294.
Lightly on the Land: The SCA Trail-Building and MaintenanceManual. Birkby, Robert C., ISBN# 0–89886–491–7, TheMountaineers, Seattle, WA, 1996.
Now You’re Logging. Griffiths, Bus, ISBN# 1–55017–072–4,Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC Canada, 1992.
Handtools for Trail Work. (8823-2601-MTDC). Revised February1997. Missoula Technology and Development Center; Bldg. 1,Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT 59804–7294.
Northeastern Loggers’ Handbook. Simmons, Fred C., USDAAgricultural Handbook No. 6, Northeast Forest ExperimentStation, January 1951.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, BasicTechnology in Forest Operations. FAO Forestry Paper #36,ISBN# 92–5–101260–1, Rome, 1982.
Saws and Sawmills for Planters and Growers. Morris, John,ISBN# 1–871315–11–5, Cranfield Press, Bedford, UK, 1991Logging Principles & Practices in the U.S. and Canada.Brown, Nelson Courtland, John Wiley & Son, Inc., 1934.
Country Woodcraft. Langsner, Drew, ISBN# 0–87857–200–7,Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA, 1978.
Crosscut Saw Reflections in the Pacific Northwest. Deaton,Jim, ISBN# 0–87770–675–1, Ye Galleon Press, Fairfield,WA, 1998.
Crosscut Saw Videos
Handtools for Trail Work (98–04–MTDC). Missoula Technologyand Development Center; Bldg. 1, Fort Missoula; Missoula, MT59804–7294.