chain computerisation prof. dr jan grijpink utrecht university / dutch ministry of justice

Chain Computerisation

Prof. dr Jan Grijpink

Utrecht University / Dutch Ministry of Justice

Chain concept

What is a (value) chain?

• temporary co-operation between independent organizations

to solve a dominant chain problem a chain-wide problem that puts the whole

value chain at risk, no chain partner being able to solve it on his own

• no co-ordinating, commanding nor enforcing authority:

the dominant chain problem is the ‘boss’ but only as long as the problem has the chain

in its grip

Importance of chain thinking

Chains are becoming increasingly important:• advancing specialisation• increasing mutual dependence• mounting social demands• increasing interaction and cooperation

Chains form a difficult domain:• absence of overall authority• shared interests often limited and unclear• irrationality and unpredictability at chain level • the dominant chain problem ‘rules’ the chain!

Chain approach

Chain approach

•Irrational context •Dominant chain problem•The chain is a multi-level concept

(1) The irrational context of a chain

If:Objectives are unclear, instable or inconsistentThere is difference of opinion about the appropriate line of approach There is uncertainty about who is or should be involved

there will only be a coincidental relation between:(1) problems(2) solutions(3) participants

(4) decision situations

The enormous amount of possible coincidental combinations is limited by:- social context: habits, etc.;- social structure: formal relations, etc.;- the importance of the decision: more important decisions attract more participants

Some basic chain ‘laws’

1. Any large-scale solution is lacking of support; incremental change is the better way!

2. Do not interfere in other organisations’ internal affairs:

a. computerise before you reorganise; b. infrastructure: the leaner, the better; c. no coercion nor obligation, try pressure or rewards instead.

3. The dominant chain problem is the chain’s ‘boss’

4. A crisis can provoke change, but only temporarily

(2) The dominant chain problem determines the chain!

• the common challenge• any chain partner’s influence• which communication is critical• which chain information system is needed

As soon as another chain problem gets on top, the chain changes and every aspect with it!

a chain-wide problem that puts the whole value chain at risk, no chain partner being able to solve it on his own

Identity chain

source document

legal proofof identity

cards, PIN,personalnumbers

trans-actions

dominant chain problem:combating tampered ID-documents

document fraud

dominant chain problem : combating wrong person-right document (number, foto, etc)

identity fraud or theft

gradual shift

• base level of a value chain: bilateral communication between independent organizations working together

• chain level: common chain information systems facilitating chain-wide communication

• supra-chain level: general information systems without explicit chain relations

(3) A value chain is a multi-level concept

A chain is a multi-level concept

base level of a chain

source register

chain level

chain information system

link between a source register and a chain information system Key:

chain information system

source register

supra-chain level

Two-level computerisation for drug addicts’ health care

LCMR

Addictis

chain information systems

source registers

chain level

base level ofthe chain

Key: interface between source registers interface between a source register and a chain information system

source register chain information system

Chain information strategy

Chain computerisation for drug addicts’ health care

GPPharmacist

LCMR-nr

reference

drug addicts’ health care chain

medical file

coordinating doctor

LCMR-chip card

card number andbiometric template

Is this patient known and is he the right person?Who is his coordinator?

additional treatment advise

patient file last contact

chain levelbase level ofthe chain

base level ofthe chain

features of chain communication:alerts

• alerts are integrated in the work processes, do not require extra human effort

• critical information is offered, not te be looked for

• at the right moment and on the right place of the decision or the action, part of the workflow

• by means of a lean information infrastructure

• data are deleted after use (documentation excepted)

• no rigid follow up

Chain level

Chain computerisation for disaster prevention and management

alertalert

inspectors

mobile command center

coordinates of objects andreferences

signaling specialrisks

alert

emergency centeremergency center

advise

GIS withA referenceindex Register of objects

with special risks and their coordinatessubscription

Base level of the chain

Chain Analysis

Chain profile

• Mission• Collective challenge• Dominant chain problem• Focus group• Chain partners• Process steps• Intermediary products of a link of the chain• Critical detail• Important meeting points, portals, frontoffices• Criterion to be a chain object

Process structure

1 Parallel

2 Lineair

3 Convergent

4 Divergent

5 Knot

6 Wheel

Coordination profile

Coordinating mechanisms

Process structure

1 Parallel

2 Lineair

3 Convergent

4 Divergent

5 Knot

6 Wheel

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Coordinating mechanisms

Process structure

1 Parallel X X

2 Lineair X X X X

3 Convergent X X X X

4 Divergent X X X X

5 Knot X X X X X X

6 Wheel X X X X X X

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Information profile

crime case person

establish violation

x

investigate x

trigger a decision

x

decide x

implement x

Rehabitation x

Chain co-operation profile

phase of development

processes at chain level

Informal talks

Formal meetings

Co-decision making

Chain-project

Chain-organi-sation

Facilitating process

Main process

Policy making process

A C

D

B

E

Chain analysis procedure

Is that chain information system indispensable to bridge fault lines in the chain’s information structure?

Chain analysis procedure

What is the dominant chain problem?

Which chain parties are involved?

What are the steps in the chain process?

What is the critical information?

Who has it? Who needs it?

Which chain information system is needed?

Is that chain information system indispensable to coordinate the chain collaboration?

Is it feasible as common chain facility?

chain computerisation prof. dr jan grijpink utrecht university / dutch ministry of justice

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